Health-related quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral treatment: A questionnaire-based study

Introduction: The knowledge of the effect of sociodemographic and disease-related factors on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is important for planning comprehensive health-care services for them. Material and Methods: Two hundred PLWHA on antiretroviral therapy (ART) volunteered to complete a self-reported World Health Organization’s Quality of Life?HIV brief questionnaire (WHOQoL-HIV-BREF) that examines six domains each with four items (physical, psychological, level of independence, social, environmental, and spiritual) with 25 facets and additional 5 facets specific to PLWHA (symptoms of HIV, social inclusion, forgiveness, worries about the future, and death and dying). Results: Only 135 questionnaires from 73 (53.3%) men and 63 (46.7%) women (male: female – 1.14:1) aged 20–82 years(mean ± standard deviation: 42.9 ± 10.5 years) were found complete. Eighty-five (63%) individuals were aged 41–60 years, 78 (57.8%) individuals were matriculates, graduates, or postgraduates, 76 (56.3%) respondents were married, and 38 (28.1%) were widows/widowers. Staying-alone workers comprised 43 (31.8%) individuals. Overall health and HRQoL were rated satisfactory (n = 85.2%) and good/very good (n = 74.8%) by a significantly greater number of individuals (P = 0.001). Pearson’s Chi-squared test showed no statistically significant (P > ?) associations between good HRQoL and variables such as age >40 years, gender, education, marital status, duration of disease, disclosure of serostatus to family, ART for >3 years, and CD4 >200 cells/mL. Conclusion: Regular ART can result in adequate control of immunosuppression and no comorbidities in a majority of PLWHA, family and social acceptance, and financial security can result in overall good HRQoL in all six domains within the WHOQoL-HIV-BREF. The study is limited by its cross-sectional study design and small sample size.

Immunological CD4+ T-cell recovery and prognostic influencing factors in elderly HIV/AIDS patients of different genders after antiviral therapy / 中国热带医学

@#Objective　To investigate the prognostic influencing factors and recovery of CD4+ T lymphocytes in elderly HIV/AIDS patients after antiviral therapy by analyzing basic data and clinical follow-up data of elderly HIV/AIDS patients. Methods　The clinical data of 3 618 elderly AIDS patients aged ≥50 yeas who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) at HIV ART sites in Liuzhou City from 2005-2015 were collected. The data, including basic information, CD4+ T cell count, WHO clinical stage, infection route and follow-up, were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the differences in patient survival, multivariate Cox regression to analyze the independent influencing factors influencing the risk of death, and to compare the recovery of CD4+ T cell counts during follow-up of patients of different genders. Results　During the follow-up period, the 5-year cumulative survival rate up to the observation endpoint was 0.82 (female) and 0.66 (male). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors affecting the effect of antiviral treatment were age (OR=1.909, 95%CI:1.474-2.464, P<0.001), body mass index (BMI) (OR=0.744, 95%CI: 0.574-0.965, P=0.026), opportunistic infections (OI) (OR=1.223, 95%CI:1.028-1.454, P=0.023), gender (OR=0.692, 95%CI:0.503-0.952, P=0.023) and baseline CD4+ T lymphocytes count (OR=0.563, 95%CI:0.429-0.739, P<0.001). Recovery of CD4+ T lymphocyte counts showed when baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte counts were less than 200 cells/mm3, older women with HIV/AIDS had higher CD4+ T lymphocytes than men at all times of ART treatment (P<0.05). Conclusions　Older women have a higher survival rate than older men after five years of antiviral therapy. Age, BMI, gender, OI and baseline CD4+T lymphocyte count may be important indicators that affect the survival of elderly HIV/AIDS patients. Older women showed better recovery of CD4+ T lymphocytes than older men during the 4-year follow-up period after ART.

Quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS before and after receiving antiretroviral therapy

Background- HIV/AIDS is a chronic illness. Besides having serious morbidities, opportunistic infections, it also adversely affects quality of life of People Living with HIV/AIDS (QOL- PLHIV). Early and prompt initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) might improve quality of life of PLHIV in various domains like psychological, physical, environment level of independence, social relationship and spirituality/religion/personal beliefs. Material and methods- The study was conducted at a medical institute of North India. Patients attending ART centre of the institute for the treatment of HIV/AIDS were interviewed on WHOQOL-HIV questionnaire. Aim and objectives- To assess and compare quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS at initiation and after 6 months of receiving antiretroviral therapy. Result- QOL-PLHIV was improved in various domains when assessed after six months of receiving ART. For physical domain mean score increased from 12.83 to 13.85, for psychological domain from 12.54 to 14.31, for level of independence from 12.95 to 13.21, for social relationship from 12.46 to 14.15, for environment domain from 11.98 to 13.15 and for spirituality/religion/personal belief mean score increased from 11.41 to 11.96. Respective standard deviation was decreased when compared from before initiation of ART to six months after receiving ART. Conclusion – Quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS was improved significantly after receiving ART.

Risk factors for leptospirosis and brucellosis in people living with human immunodeficiency virus who attended a referral hospital in southeastern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis and brucellosis cause immunosuppression that worsens the clinical condition of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). We investigated the serological profile and risk factors of PLWHA. METHODS: Serum samples (n=238) were researched for Brucella spp. antibodies using Rose Bengal and tube agglutination tests and Leptospira spp. antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test. RESULTS: All samples were negative for Brucella spp. For leptospirosis, four samples (1.69%) were positive, and Andamana was the prevalent serovar. CONCLUSIONS: Low or no detection of these zoonoses does not reduce their importance in PLWHA. Vigilant, educational, and preventive measures should be adopted.

Análise da estigmatização no contexto do HIV/AIDS: concepções de pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS / Analysis of stigmatization in the context of HIV/AIDS: concepts of people living with HIV/AIDS

A presente pesquisa buscou identificar as concepções acerca do estigma social entre pessoas vivendo com o HIV/AIDS. Participaram 44 soropositivos, com idade entre 23 e 67 anos (M = 41,00; DP = 10,60), que estavam em acompanhamento no centro de testagem e aconselhamento (CTA) da Secretária da Saúde da Prefeitura Municipal de Parnaíba/PI. Utilizou-se entrevista semiestruturada e questionário sociodemográfico para caracterização da amostra. Constatou-se que, apesar de quase três décadas passadas da epidemia e da sua mudança epidemiológica, as pessoas que convivem com HIV/AIDS ainda sofrem e internalizam estigmas, que são construções históricas, culturais e sociais, que giram em torno da doença, assim demonstrando medo do julgamento moral da sociedade. Espera-se que esses dados possam subsidiar futuras intervenções em saúde coletiva que possam contribuir para atenuar as vivências de estigma social no contexto da soropositividade para o HIV/AIDS.

The current research sought to identify the conceptions about the social stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS. Participated 44 HIV-positive individuals, aged between 23 and 67 years (M = 41,00, SD = 10,60), who were being monitored at the testing and counseling center (CTA) of the Secretary of Health of the Municipality of Parnaíba/PI, Brazil. Semi-structured interview and sociodemographic questionnaire were used to characterize the sample. It was found that, despite almost three decades after the epidemic and its epidemiological change, people living with HIV/AIDS still suffer and internalize stigmas, which are historical, cultural and social constructions, revolving around the disease, as well showing fear of the moral judgment of society. It is expected that these data may support future public health interventions that can contribute to alleviate the experiences of social stigma in the context of HIV/AIDS seropositivity.

Therapeutic Approach To Concurrent Pcp And Pulmonary Tb In People Living With Hiv/Aids With Various Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP) and Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) are the most frequent Opportunistic Infection (OI) in People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), especially whose CD4 counts<200 cells/mL. There is no pathognomonic sign and symptom of pneumocystis, radiographic imaging (chest radiograph) and blood examination. An intractable microorganism cannot be isolated or sustained in culture. The diagnosis of PCP is complicated, based on the presumptive diagnosis. PCP should be treated optimally as soon as possible in order not to be fatal. We report a complicated case of a female 26 y-old, diagnosed with HIV infection on Highly Active Anti Retro Viral Therapy (HAART), PTB on Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (ATD) concurrent with PCP. She also has a history of various Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions (DHR) include Rifampycin, Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole. DHR is unpredictable, and Clindamycin and Primaquin are the recommended alternative drugs for PCP, the strategic therapy is by Desensitization Protocols.

Factors affecting disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus among people living with HIV/AIDS attending an antiretroviral therapy center of Eastern India

Background: HIV serostatus disclosure plays an important role in reducing the risk of HIV transmission. However, its negative effects may include rejection, assault, separation, divorce, stigma, and discrimination. Objectives: This study was undertaken to find out the proportion of HIV-positive serostatus disclosure to any family member and different factors influencing disclosure among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among all patients aged 18� years with confirmed HIV infection registered at the antiretroviral therapy center of a tertiary care hospital in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, India, for the duration of 1 year, from July 2017 to June 2018. Results: Most of the respondents were aged 30� years (79.9%), male (63.2%), married (85.4%), rural residents (60.4%), Hindu (96.5%), literate (84%), employed/driver (61.8%), and belonged to lower/lower middle class (62.6%). The rate of disclosure of HIV-positive status to any family member was quite high in this study (238/288 or 82.6%), among which 92.9% (221/238) to the spouse only. The number of sexual partners before disclosure, educational status, and socioeconomic status of the respondents were found to be independent predictors of disclosure of HIV-positive status to any family member (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study indicates the need of giving more emphasis on creating awareness regarding the importance of HIV serostatus disclosure to any family member, especially to spouse, and encourage all PLWHA in the community to disclose their status. Effective strategies also need to be evolved that will target those not likely to disclose their status to anybody.

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV/AIDS in northeastern Brazil: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) may lead to viral replication and development of antiretroviral resistance. OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with nonadherence to ART among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a tertiary-level hospital in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Intake of less than 90% of the antiretroviral drugs prescribed in the last week prior to the interview was defined as nonadherence. Intake was evaluated using a questionnaire. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted on the study population, with estimation of the respective odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The prevalence of nonadherence was 28.4%. Significant associations were found regarding the following variables: age less than 35 years, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, lack of medication and lack of knowledge regarding the patient's HIV status, on the part of the patient's partner or family. CONCLUSIONS: Encouragement of adherence to antiretroviral therapy is one of the fundamental pillars of treatment for HIV-infected patients. The high proportion of nonadherence (28.4%) and the predictive factors related to this indicate that it is necessary to improve patients' adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

Synthesizing evidence on nutrition challenges among people living with HIV/AIDS in sub- Saharan Africa: a protocol for a scoping review

Background: Good nutritional status is highly significant for individuals who are infected with HIV. However, they still face a number of nutritional challenges. The proposed scoping review will map literature on the nutritional challenges facing people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) and guide future research in nutritional management to improve health outcomes for PLWH. Here we outline a scoping review protocol designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P 2015 Guidelines).Methods: The Arksey and O’Malley’s 2005 scoping methodological framework further improved by Levac et al. 2010 will guide the search and reporting. Searches will be conducted for eligible articles from MEDLINE (PubMed), MEDLINE, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete and ISI Web of Science (Science Citation Index) electronic databases. Two independent reviewers will conduct the search guided by an inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality appraisal of the included articles will be conducted guided by the mixed methods appraisal tool 2018 version. We will employ NVivo version 12 for thematic content analysis.Conclusions: The findings of this review will guide future research in nutritional management to improve health outcomes for PLWH in sub-Saharan African. This review will be disseminated electronically in a published peer reviewed article and in print

Quality of Life (QOL) among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) attending Tertiary Care Hospital of Delhi, India

As estimated by WHO, globally a total of 36.9 million [34.3 – 41.4 million] people were living with HIV in 2014. Quality of life (QOL) of HIV/AIDS patients is becoming an important element for understanding and assessing the overall health care and management in health care settings. The objective of this study was to determine the QOL of patients living with HIV/AIDS in Delhi. Systemic Random sampling method was used to identify the subjects from the antiretroviral therapy clinic (ART) situated in tertiary care hospital in Delhi. Methods: 200 patients were interviewed with the WHOQOL-HIV instrument. Questionnaire included items on socio-demographic data, multi-item scales and had six domains namely physical, psychological, level of independence, social relationships, environment and spirituality religion. Results: Study subjects were aged between 18-60 years with mean age of 34.46±8.76 years, and comprised of 41%females. 29 % of studied subjects were illiterate. More than 1/3rd of the patients (84% females) were unemployed and did not have any source of income. All QOL domains were observed to be higher for males in comparison to females. Single/widow patients had better QOL in comparison to married patients. QOL was observed to be better among those who were young, had better educational qualifications, were employed, asymptomatic, had shorter duration of treatment and those who stayed closer to the ART center. Conclusion: Correlation of scores of six domains with overall QOL score and among individual domains was found to be statistically significant.

Amoebic Liver Abscess in Newly Detected HIV Infection

Amoebic Liver Abscess (ALA) is a most commonextraintestinal manifestation of amoebiasis which ismost commonly present with high grade fever withright upper quadrant abdominal pain. Here we present acase of 32 year male patient newly diagnosed as PeopleLiving with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) with ALA. Patientwas treated with Metronidazole (500 mg 8 hourly) andtherapeutic drainage.

Factors influencing dental caries in HIV/AIDS patients

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) / Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most significant public health challenges in Surabaya, Indonesia where the greatest number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among key populations is in areas served by Sememi Public Health Center. HIV-infected persons have a greater risk for developing dental caries, such as salivary gland enlargement, and decreased salivary glands function. Given the fact that PLWHA are at high risk of dental caries, utilization of dental health service among PLWHA are still low.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This study aims to know the factors influencing dental caries in HIV/AIDS patients.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted on 16 HIV-seropositive individuals. They were asked to complete a WHO questionnaire concerning basic oral health and quality of life. Dental caries was assessed using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Whole stimulated saliva samples were also collected.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Nine out of 16 respondents had low salivary flow rate (56.3%). One patient had low DMF-T score (6.3%) and eight had high DMFT score (50%). Among seven respondents who had normal salivary flow rate (43.8%), two of whom had low DMFT score (12.5%) and five of whom had high DMFT score (31.3%).</p>

Suicidal status and its risk factors of people living with HIV/AIDs / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Although antiretroviral therapy appears to prolong the lifespan of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH), but the suicidal risk of these people is still significantly higher than the general population. Some PLWH had suicidal ideation, attempted suicide, and suicidal plan. The reasons for the high risk among these people mainly include as follows. ①The demographic factors include gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, race, etc. ②The social psychological factors are stressors (stressful or traumatic life events, social or interpersonal problems and mental illness), stigma, hiding HIV history, etc. Social or interpersonal problems include discrimination, social isolation, lack of social support, etc. Mental diseases include depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, etc. In order to reduce the suicidal risk of PLWH, the government and related organizations can research and improve these social psychological factors.

Current status of national free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating people living with HIV/AIDS and influencing factors, China, 2011-2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the current status of national free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and influencing factors in China.Methods Descriptive and trend test analyses were performed to evaluate the historical characteristics and trends of main descriptive indicators on national free antiretroviral therapy for the interprovincial migrating PLWHA by using the data collected from National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Information System from 2011 to 2015.Logistic regression model was used to explore the main factors that influencing the coverage of national free antiretroviral therapy among the interprovincial migrating PLWHA in China.Results The proportion of interprovincial migrating PLWHA gradually increased in last 5 years from 7.1％ (17 784/250 645) in 2011 to 10.3％ (54 596/528 226) in 2015 (Z=51.38,P＜ 0.000 1) in China.The coverage rate of free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating PLWHA increased from 37.3％ (6 641/17 784) in 2011 to 71.0％ (38 783/54 596) in 2015,showing a significant rising tendency (Z=96.23,P＜0.000 1),but it was slightly lower than that in non-interprovincial migrating PLWHA in 2015 (71.5％,338 654/473 630).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the PLWHA who were females,aged ≥50 years,of Han ethnic group,married or had spouse,had the educational level of high school or above,infected through homosexual intercourse,with CD4+T cells counts ≤500 cells/μl at the first visit,identified to be infected with HIV in medical setting,living in urban areas et al,were more likely to receive free antiretroviral therapy.Conclusions The coverage rate of free antiretroviral therapy varied among the interprovincial migrating PLWHA with different characteristics.It is still necessary to take effective measures to further increase the coverage of free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating PLWHA and to include the free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating PLWHA into standardized management system as soon as possible.

Programs on mobility, status of follow-up and CD4+T cell testing among people living with HIV/AIDS, in China 2011-2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the mobility,status of follow-up and CD4+T cell testing (CD4 testing) programs among people living with HIV (PLHIV) between 2011 and 2015 and to improve the prevention program on HIV secondary transmission.Methods Data were collected from both Case Reporting Cards and Follow-up Cards through the National HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Control and Prevention data system.Changes of residence among the newly reported cases and survival cases between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed by SPSS 24.0 software.Results The number of newly reported inter-provincial mobile PLHIV had been increasing,with proportions of the total reported cases from 10.0％ (5 576/55 805) in 2011 to 13.3 ％ (15 348/115 231) in 2015.After adjusting for related confounders,percentages of follow-up and CD4 testing were lower in inter-provincial and inter-prefectural mobile cases than those without.Conclusion Service regarding the follow-up and CD4 testing programs was affected by mobility of people living with HIV/AIDS.Programs on communication and personal contact should be strengthened in the follow-up management services for PLHIV.Information on potential mobility of PLH1V should be gathered timely by health workers during the subsequent follow-up period to avoid the loss of follow-up and CD4 testing on patients.

Current status of national free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating people living with HIV/AIDS and influencing factors, China, 2011-2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the current status of national free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and influencing factors in China.Methods Descriptive and trend test analyses were performed to evaluate the historical characteristics and trends of main descriptive indicators on national free antiretroviral therapy for the interprovincial migrating PLWHA by using the data collected from National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Information System from 2011 to 2015.Logistic regression model was used to explore the main factors that influencing the coverage of national free antiretroviral therapy among the interprovincial migrating PLWHA in China.Results The proportion of interprovincial migrating PLWHA gradually increased in last 5 years from 7.1％ (17 784/250 645) in 2011 to 10.3％ (54 596/528 226) in 2015 (Z=51.38,P＜ 0.000 1) in China.The coverage rate of free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating PLWHA increased from 37.3％ (6 641/17 784) in 2011 to 71.0％ (38 783/54 596) in 2015,showing a significant rising tendency (Z=96.23,P＜0.000 1),but it was slightly lower than that in non-interprovincial migrating PLWHA in 2015 (71.5％,338 654/473 630).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the PLWHA who were females,aged ≥50 years,of Han ethnic group,married or had spouse,had the educational level of high school or above,infected through homosexual intercourse,with CD4+T cells counts ≤500 cells/μl at the first visit,identified to be infected with HIV in medical setting,living in urban areas et al,were more likely to receive free antiretroviral therapy.Conclusions The coverage rate of free antiretroviral therapy varied among the interprovincial migrating PLWHA with different characteristics.It is still necessary to take effective measures to further increase the coverage of free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating PLWHA and to include the free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating PLWHA into standardized management system as soon as possible.

Programs on mobility, status of follow-up and CD4+T cell testing among people living with HIV/AIDS, in China 2011-2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the mobility,status of follow-up and CD4+T cell testing (CD4 testing) programs among people living with HIV (PLHIV) between 2011 and 2015 and to improve the prevention program on HIV secondary transmission.Methods Data were collected from both Case Reporting Cards and Follow-up Cards through the National HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Control and Prevention data system.Changes of residence among the newly reported cases and survival cases between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed by SPSS 24.0 software.Results The number of newly reported inter-provincial mobile PLHIV had been increasing,with proportions of the total reported cases from 10.0％ (5 576/55 805) in 2011 to 13.3 ％ (15 348/115 231) in 2015.After adjusting for related confounders,percentages of follow-up and CD4 testing were lower in inter-provincial and inter-prefectural mobile cases than those without.Conclusion Service regarding the follow-up and CD4 testing programs was affected by mobility of people living with HIV/AIDS.Programs on communication and personal contact should be strengthened in the follow-up management services for PLHIV.Information on potential mobility of PLH1V should be gathered timely by health workers during the subsequent follow-up period to avoid the loss of follow-up and CD4 testing on patients.

A study of knowledge and attitude of health care providers working at tertiary care hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan (having HIV/AIDS treatment facility) towards HIV/AIDS

A very few health care providers look after HIV/AIDS people because of their poor knowledge and either their lack of positive attitude or usually both. The rationale of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of health care providers (tertiary care hospitals in Lahore, having HIV/AIDS Treatment Facility) towards patients with HIV/AIDS. In this cross sectional study, a random sample of 180 healthcare providers was assessed for their knowledge and attitudes. In the questionnaire of knowledge, items were measured in the form of dichotomous scale. Whereas in the five domains of attitudes, items were measured as a five-point likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Results were discussed in the outlook of two variables which showed that the presence of negative attitude and lack of awareness increase the level of stigma and discrimination. HIV in our country needs positive attitude of rendering care and effective control measures by creating awareness in the community. The study reinforced the need for an ongoing education focused on experiential learning, and professional socialization.

Path analysis of social support and perceived stigma on depression for people living with HIV/AIDS / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the impact of social support and perceived stigma on depression for people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods A total of 114 patients recruited into our study. Date were collected by Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), Social Supporting Rating Scale (SRSS) and Berger HIV Stigma Scale (BHSS) for patients. Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 7.0 software was used to conduct the path analysis. Results The total score of patients′depression, SRSS and BHSS were (52.22± 10.28), (29.09±5.98), (109.02±14.59) points, and there was correlation between the three (r=0.425-0.676, P<0.05). Social support revealed direct effects on depression and affected depression indirectly via BHSS.The paths′ total coefficients was-0.47. BHSS as intermediary variable between social support and depression, the paths′ total coefficients was 0.64. Conclusions The level of depression, SRSS and BHSS were not fine for HIV/AIDS. Depression are directly affected by SRSS and BHSS, BHSS has a greater moderating effect on these relationships. Interventions developed on the basis of influencing factors of depression should be applied to improve patients′depression status.

A Study on Etiopathological Evaluation of Anaemia in Newly Diagnosed HIV-Infected Adults at a Tertiary Health Care Centre of Eastern India.

Background: Anaemia is a common feature among HIV infected people and has been uniformly demonstrated that the severity of anaemia increase the morbidity and mortality in PLWH independent of CD4 count. There are wide variations in the prevalence of anaemia from different countries all over the world and gender specific variation observed in different studies. Aims and Objectives: Aims of our study were to study the different types and the various etiologies of anaemia in newly diagnosed HIV infected adults. Also to find out the relation between absolute CD4 counts and severity of anaemia. Methods: Fifty newly diagnosed HIV infected adults with anaemia were included in the study. Study conducted from July 2014 to June 2015 at a tertiary care hospital and medical teaching institute in eastern India. Detailed medical history was taken, thorough physical examination was done and relevant routine laboratory investigations were done in all patients. Few special investigations were done in selected patients. Results: In this study 70 % of the patients belonged to the lower socio economic group and 58% of the cases were addicted to alcohol which is also a significant associated risk factor. The mean CD4 count was 170.1 with a standard deviation of 123.16. The mean Hb% of the population was 7.13 with a standard deviation of 1.27031492. The most common etiology found was anaemia of chronic disease (34%) and other etiologies were HIV induced myelodysplasia (32%), iron deficiency anaemia (16%), helminth infection (14%) and vitamin B12 deficiency leading to megaloblastic anaemia was seen in 4% cases. Conclusion: Anaemia of chronic disease is the most common etiology, which has correlation with disease activity.