Clinical and microbiological assessment in a subpopulation of young Argentine patients with severe periodontitis / Periodontitis severa en jóvenes argentinos. Evaluación clínica y microbiológica en jóvenes argentinos con periodontitis severa

ABSTRACT Aggressive periodontitis (AP) is the most serious entity of periodontal disease (stage III/IV, grade C periodontitis according to the latest classification, 2017). Aim: to enhance knowledge of periodontal microbiota in AP in native Argentine patients and describe the effect of a combined pharmacological-mechanicalperiodontal treatment on clinical and microbiological parameters. Materials andMethod: The study analyzed 42 periodontal sites in 11 patients diagnosed with AP. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline, 45, 90 and 180 days. Microbiological samples were taken before treatment and at 180 days. PCR was used to determine presence of the periodontopathic bacteria Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). Patients underwent periodontal therapy including antibiotics (Amoxicillin 500mg + Metronidazole 250mg; 8hs/7 days), and were reevaluated at 45, 90 and 180 days. Results: Mean age was 28.4 ± 7.9 years. The initial PCR detected the following frequencies: Aa 14.3%, Pi 61.9%, Pg 71.4%, Tf 81.0%, Fn 95.2% and Td 97.6%. Baseline microbiological samples revealed significantly higher prevalence of Pg over Aa (p=0.012). Clinical parameters improved significantly after treatment (73.8% PS<5 mm; PS, NIC, SS p<0.001). At 180 days, a significant decrease in microbiological detection rates was observed (Fn, Td, Tf, Pi, Aa p<0.05). Aa was no longer detectable while Pg did not decrease significantly (p=0.052). Fn was the only study species detected in 100% (n=11:42) of residual pockets (PS>5 mm) (p=0.053). Conclusion: In the initial samples, there was significant prevalence of Pg over Aa. Significant clinical improvement was achieved after the mechanical-pharmacological treatment, with undetectable levels ofAa, while Fn persisted in residual pockets, and Pg was present at most of the treated sites.

RESUMEN La periodontitis agresiva (PA) es la entidad más grave de la enfermedad periodontal (clasificación 2017: periodontitis estadio III/IV, grado C). Objetivo: mejorar el conocimiento sobre la microbiota periodontal de la PA en sujetos nativos argentinos y describir el efecto de un tratamiento mecánico-farmacológico periodontal sobre los parámetros clínicos y microbiológicos. Materiales y Método: se estudiaron 42 sitios periodontales correspondientes a 11 pacientes con PA. Los parámetros clínicos se registraron a 0, 45, 90 y 180 días. Las tomas microbiológicas se realizaron antes de iniciar el tratamiento y a los 180 días. La determinación de especies periodontopáticas (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf, Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) y Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn)) se realizó por PCR. Los pacientes iniciaron terapia básica periodontal junto con antibioticoterapia (Amoxicilina 500 mg + Metronidazol 250 mg; 8 hs/7 días) y fueron evaluados a los 45, 90 y 180 días. Resultados: la edad media fue 28,4 ± 7,9 años. Las detecciones iniciales fueron: Aa 14,3%, Pi 61,9%, Pg 71,4%, Tf 81,0%, Fn 95,2% y Td 97,6%. En las muestras iniciales la prevalencia de Pg sobre Aa fue significativamente superior (p=0,012). Los pacientes tuvieron una respuesta clínica favorable al tratamiento (73,8% PS<5 mm; PS, NIC, SS p<0,001). A 180 días, se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la detección microbiana (Fn, Td, Tf, Pi, Aa p<0,05). En igual plazo, Aa no fue detectado, mientras que Pg mostró una disminución no significativa (p=0,052). Fn fue el único detectado en el 100% (n=11:42) de las bolsas periodontales residuales (PS>5 mm) (p=0,053). Conclusión: Las muestras iniciales evidenciaron prevalencia significativa de Pg sobre Aa. El tratamiento logró una significativa mejora clínica con niveles indetectables de Aa. La persistencia de Fn en las bolsas residuales y de Pg en la mayoría de los sitios tratados, caracterizaron la muestra poblacional estudiada.

Research progress on berberine in the prevention and treatment for periodontitis / 口腔疾病防治

@#Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Rhizoma Coptidis and other Chinese herbal medicines. Since berberine has a variety of biological effects, such as bacteriostasis, anti-inflammatory, anti-bone resorption and blood sugar-lowering effects, and is associated with few side effects, studies are increasingly discovering its potential application in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis. This review summarizes the relevant research progress of berberine in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis in recent years, aiming to provide a new strategy for the clinical prevention and treatment of periodontitis. The results of the literature review showed that berberine could prevent the occurrence and development of periodontitis by inhibiting periodontal pathogens, reducing periodontal tissue inflammation and inhibiting alveolar bone resorption. However, the mechanism of periodontitis is complicated, and current research remains limited. In the future, more in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to further explore the mechanism of berberine in inhibiting the occurrence and development of periodontitis, and more large-sample prospective clinical studies should be conducted to confirm the effect of berberine on the prevention and treatment of periodontitis.

Research progress of correlation between periodontal pathogens and systemic diseases / 南方医科大学学报

Periodontal pathogens are the main pathogenic factor of periodontitis. Periodontal pathogens have a large variety of virulence factors such as lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae and proteases, which enables the pathogens to infect periodontal tissues and stimulate the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, causing chronic systemic inflammation. Periodontal pathogens may invade multiple systems such as the circulatory system, immune system, respiratory system and digestive system to cause systematic diseases. Recent studies have shown that periodontal pathogens may have close relations with systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Among the periodontal pathogens, can be found in atherosclerotic plaques to impairing the function of the vascular endothelium; may also increase the level of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α to promote insulin resistance and diabetes. Many of the periodontal pathogens such as , and can be detected in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients, suggesting their involvement in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. may cause alterations in the intestinal microbiome in mice and promote the occurrence of intestinal tumors. Herein we review the recent progresses in the relationship between periodontal pathogens and systemic diseases.

Comparative evaluation of antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of an herbal and chlorine dioxide mouthwashes: A clinicomicrobiological study

Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of herbal mouthwash and chlorine dioxide mouthwash in reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Settings and Design: In a randomized clinical trial, forty patients were randomly selected and divided equally into two groups. Materials and Methods: After professional oral prophylaxis, the clinical parameters plaque index, gingival index, and modified sulcular bleeding index were recorded at baseline, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day. The plaque samples were collected from gingival sulcus with an absorbent sterile paper point and were stored in a thioglycollate broth, then sent for microbiological examination. The microbial colony-forming units were assessed at baseline, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day for Streptococcus mutans, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Results: There was a statistical significant reduction in both clinical and microbiological parameters were observed with use of both the mouthwashes. However, herbal mouthwash was more effective in reducing the plaque and gingivitis than chlorine dioxide mouthwash. Conclusion: Herbal mouthwash was statistically efficacious in controlling plaque and gingivitis with potent antimicrobial activity.

Antibacterial activity of TiO2 nanotube arrays on periodontal pathogens before and after loaded with minocycline hydrochloride / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To investigate the effects of titanium dioxide(TiO2)nanotube arrays on the early adhesion behavior of Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg),Tannerella forsythia(Tf)and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(Aa)be-fore and after loaded with minocycline hydrochloride(MN).METHODS: TiO2nanotube arrays were prepared by ano-dization and loaded with MN.Titanium slices were divided into 3 groups according to different treatment methods: pure polishing titanium(Ti)group,TiO2nanotube titanium(TiO2)group, and MN(120 μg)TiO2nanotube titanium(MN TiO2)group.The antibacterial properties of the titanium tablets were evaluated by the bacteriostasis test.RESULTS:The Ti had no antibacterial activity.The antibacterial activity of TiO 2to Aa,Pg and Tf was poor,with only about 20%of anti-bacterial rate after 4 h.After loaded with MN,its antibacterial activity was enhanced,and the antibacterial rate was up to 77%after 4 h.CONCLUSION: No antibacterial activity in the Ti group was observed.If TiO2nanotube arrays were formed on the surface and MN was loaded,the antibacterial activity on periodontal pathogens was stronger.

Antibacterial effect of Nd:YAG laser on Fusobacterium nucleatum / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To investigate the antibacterial effect of Nd:YAG laser on Fusobacterium nucleatum(F.nucleatum)in vitro. Methods·The laser effect on the biofilm formation ability of planktonic F.nucleatum were observed by crystal violet test;confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) was used to detect the effect on the bacteria viability of mature biofilm; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to investigate the effect on the morphology of mature bioflm. Results·After 15 s radiation the biofilm formation ability of F.nucleatum went down.The viability of F.nucleatum in mature biofilm went down under 35 s iradiation. The deformation of mature biofilm and bacterium became distincted with the iradiation time raised. Conclusion·Nd:YAG laser shows the inhibition of biofilm formation ability on planktonic F.nucleatum.The vitality of F.nucleatum in mature biofilm is depressed after laser radiation. Laser can destroy the construction of the mature biofilm and bacteria.

Research progress in influence of periodontal disease on dental implantation / 口腔疾病防治

@#Dental implantation is a popular way to replace natural teeth. Its prognosis is affected by a number of factors including periodontitis. A large number of studies have shown the incidence of peri-implant disease and implant failure rate in periodontal compromised patients are higher than periodontal healthy patients. Peri-implant disease is closely related to the pathogens in periodontitis. What's more, the long-term success of dental implants is affected by multiple risk factors of periodontitis such as regular oral hygiene maintenance and smoking. This paper reviews the survival rate, the pathogens and the prognosis of implants in periodontal compromised patients.

Antibacterial effect of Nd:YAG laser on Fusobacterium nucleatum / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial effect of Nd:YAG laser on Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in vitro. Methods: The laser effect on the biofilm formation ability of planktonic F. nucleatum were observed by crystal violet test; confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to detect the effect on the bacteria viability of mature biofilm; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to investigate the effect on the morphology of mature bioflm. Results: After 15 s radiation the biofilm formation ability of F. nucleatum went down. The viability of F. nucleatum in mature biofilm went down under 35 s iradiation. The deformation of mature biofilm and bacterium became distincted with the iradiation time raised. Conclusion: Nd:YAG laser shows the inhibition of biofilm formation ability on planktonic F. nucleatum. The vitality of F. nucleatum in mature biofilm is depressed after laser radiation. Laser can destroy the construction of the mature biofilm and bacteria.

Clinical effects of photo-activated disinfection as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of chronic periodontitis / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective · To investigate the clinical effects of photo-activated disinfection (PAD)-assisted non-surgical therapy on the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Methods · Eleven patients with chronic periodontitis (totally 118 selected sites) were randomly enrolled. A split-mouth self-control method was adopted. Selected sites with the probing depth (PD) of bilateral homonymous teeth ≥ 5 mm were randomly assigned to the group A (receiving scaling and root planning, SRP) and the group B (receiving SRP+ PAD). Periodontal clinical indexes, inflammation indexes, and periodontal pathogens at selected sites were examined at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks after treatment. Results · Both SRP alone and SRP+PAD improved the periodontal inflammation significantly. The positive rate of bleeding on probing (BOP) 12 weeks after treatment was remarkably lower in the group B than in the group A (37.3% vs 57.6%, P=0.042). Both SRP and SRP+PAD effectively decreased matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in gingival crevicular fluid. The IL-1β levels 6 and 12 weeks after treatment were significantly lower in the group B than in the group A [(17.99±14.26) pg/mL vs (32.64±30.69) pg/mL, P=0.007; (11.37±10.25) pg/mL vs (23.85±15.55) pg/mL, P=0.000]. Both treatments decreased the ratio of P. gingivalis and F.nucleatum in total bacteria. Conclusion · PAD can serve as a potential adjunctive therapy to conventional SRP in the treatment of chronic periodontitis with better improvement of bleeding gums and control of periodontal inflammation.

Research advances in relationship between chronic periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#Many prevalent risk factors are shared by periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases. Strong evidence supports an independent association between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases. However, the pathogenic mechanisms is not very clear. This article summarizes the relationship between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases, and the effects of periodontal treatment on the cardiovascular diseases risks. In addition, both direct and indirect mechanisms proposed are also elucidated.

Microorganismos en lengua y saliva de pacientes edéntulos y con periodontitis crónica y su posible conexión con la Proteína C reactiva / Microorganisms in the Tongue and Saliva of Edentulous and Chronic Periodontal Disease Patients and the Possible Relation to the C-Reactive Protein

Antecedentes: Existe evidencia clínica y experimental que la proteína C reactiva (PCR) es un marcador de inflamación sistêmica asociado a periodontitis crónica. Esta enfermedad es la principal causa de cdcntulismo y ambas condiciones presentan, en algunos casos, los mismos microorganismos. Objetivo : Identificar microorganismos periodontopatógenos presentes en pacientes cdéntulos y en pacientes con periodontitis moderada/avanzada y establecer su relación con la PCR ultrasensible (PCR-us). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en 61 pacientes mayores de 30 años de edad, divididos en dos grupos: con periodontitis crónica y cdcntulos. A cada paciente se le tomó una muestra de saliva y del dorso de la lengua, para identificación microbiológica de microorganismos, y muestra sérica, para evaluación de PCR-us. Se analizó la asociación entre microorganismos, PCR-us y por grupo de pacientes. Resultados: La PCR-us mostró un valor máximo de 1,12 mg/1 en el grupo de cdéntulos sin mostrar diferencia estadísticamente significativa con el grupo de periodontitis crónica (p = 0,29). Sin embargo, valores mayores de PCR-us se observaron en pacientes con microorganismos como Candida albicans, Porphiromona gingival is, Actinomyces nacslundii (A. nacslundii), Capnocytophaga sp., Streptococcus intermedius (S. intermedius) y Bactcroidcs thctaiotaomicron. Conclusión: De acuerdo con los resultados de este estudio, no hay diferencia en PCR-us entre pacientes cdéntulos y aquellos con enfermedad periodontal. Se encontraron periodontopatógenos en cdéntulos principalmente Capnocytophaga sp., A. nacslundii y S. intermedius, tanto en lengua como en saliva.

Background: Ihcrc is clinical and experimental evidence that C-Rcactivc Protein (CRP) is a systemic inflammation marker associated to the chronic periodontal disease. This disease is the main cause of cdcntulousncss and, in some eases, both conditions involve the same microorganisms. Objective: To identify the pcriodontopathic microorganisms appearing in both edentulous patients and patients with moderate/advanced periodontal disease and to determine how they relate to the ultrasensible CRP (US-CRP). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 61 patients with ages above 30 years divided into two groups: patients with chronic periodontal disease and edentulous patients. Each patient was taken a saliva sample from the tongue dorsum for microbiologic identification of microorganisms, and scrum samples for US-CRP evaluation. The relation between microorganisms and US-CRP was analyzed and described per group. Results: Ihc US-CRP showed a maximum value of 112 mg/L in the edentulous group without any statistically significant difference as compared to the periodontal chronic disease group (p = 029). However, higher values of US-CRP were observed in patients with microorganisms such as Candida albicans, Porphiromona gingivalis, Actinomyces nacslundii (A. nacslundii), Capnocytophaga sp., Streptococcus intermedius (S. intermedius) and Bactcroidcs thctaiotaomicron. Conclusion: Based on the results herein, no difference is observed for che US-CRP between edentulous patients and chronic periodontal disease patients. 'Ihc main periodontal pathogens found in the edentulous subjects include Capnocytophaga sp., A. nacslundii and S. intermedius, both in the tongue and the saliva.

Comparative evaluation of sutures coated with triclosan and chlorhexidine for oral biofilm inhibition potential and antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study

Background: Surgical site plaque accumulation is one of the challenging problems leading to unfavorable healing. The antibacterial sutures can be used to reduce or inhibit plaque formation. Presently there is no study comparing efficacy of sutures coated with triclosan and chlorhexidine in terms of oral biofilm inhibition and antimicrobial property against periodontal pathogens. Aim: The aim of present study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy and oral biofilm inhibition around chlorhexidine and triclosan coated polyglactin sutures in comparison to uncoated sutures. Materials and Method: Equal segments of chlorhexidine and triclosan coated polyglactin sutures (3-0) were incubated at 370°C in saliva collected from 10 chronic periodontitis patients for 7 days. Plain uncoated suture served as control. Biofilm formation was analyzed with Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Quantitative assessment was done using Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL).The antibacterial efficacy of the sutures was tested against specific periodontal pathogens (S.mutans, F.nucleatum, A.actinomycetomcomitans, P.intermedia, P.gingivalis) using agar diffusion method. CLSM and SEM were not subjected to statistical analysis. ANOVA test was used for colony forming units and agar diffusion test. (P < 0.05) Results: CLSM and SEM showed substantial biofilm inhibition around chlorhexidine-coated sutures followed by triclosan-coated when compared to plain uncoated suture. The antibacterial coated sutures showed statistically significant difference in CFUs/ml and zone of inhibition compared to plain uncoated sutures. Among coated sutures, chlorhexidine-coated sutures showed better results. Conclusion: The antibacterial coated sutures have a promising potential in preventing the colonization of periodontal pathogens around it thereby inhibiting biofilm formation.

In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Morus alba leaf against periodontal pathogens.

Context: Antibiotic resistance is a major problem with inadvertent usage. Thus, there is a need to search for new antimicrobial agents of herbal origin to combat antibiotic resistance. One such plant is Morus alba which has a long history of medicinal use in traditional Chinese medicine. Aim: To compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of M. alba leaves with chlorhexidine gluconate against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia. Settings and Design: Experimental in vitro study. Methodology: Crude extract from the leaves of M. alba were prepared by Soxhlet extraction method by using ethanol as a solvent. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was assessed against A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, and compared with that of chlorhexidine gluconate by broth dilution method. Results: P. gingivalis was the most sensitive organism against the M. alba extract with an MIC value of 1.95 mg/ml; while T. forsythia and P. gingivalis both were most sensitive organisms against chlorhexidine gluconate with MIC values of 0.00781 mg/ml. Conclusion: M. alba possess good antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia and thus would be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. However, chlorhexidine gluconate was found to be more effective when compared to M. alba.

Correlation between full-crown restorations and periodontitis observed by periodontal pathogen test / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of different full-crown materials on the periodontal tissues.Methods:120 defected teeth were restored by full-crown with Ni-Cr alloy,Co-Cr alloy and all ceramic respectively(n =40).Periodontal clinical examination (include SGI,PLI,PD)and PCR detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg),Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(Aa),Prevotella intermedia(Pi)and Fusobacterium nucleatum(Fn)in subgingival plaque of the abutment teeth were performed before and after restora-tion.Results:6 -24 months after restoration SGI,PLI and PD of Ni-Cr and Co-Cr groups were increased(P 0.05).12 months after restoration the detection rate of periodontal pathogens of Ni-Cr and CO-Cr groups was higher than that of all ceramic group(P <0.05).Conclusion:All ceramic is superior to Co-Cr and Ni-Cr in crown resto-ration for periodental tissue.

Detección Temprana Mediante PCR de Patógenos Periodontales en Relación a Implantes Oseointegrados / Early Detection of Periodontal Pathogens by PCR in Relation to Osseointegrated Implants

El objetivo de este trabajo fue valuar la presencia temprana en sitios dentarios e implantarios de cuatro bacterias periodontopatógenas (A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis y T. denticola) luego de dos semanas de la cirugía de segunda fase, además se propone comparar la presencia de estas 4 bacterias en sitios subgingivales dentarios e implantarios. Se estudiaron mediante reacción en cadena de polimerasa muestras de placa subgingival de implantes y de dientes vecinos a ellos, dos semanas luego de la cirugía de segunda fase. Dieciséis implantes y trece dientes en diez pacientes fueron seleccionados. Luego de dos semanas se encontró presencia de bacterias periodontopatógenas en sitios tanto periodontales como peri-implantarios, no se encontró relación entre diente e implante para P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis y T. denticola. Se encontró una relación significativa para A. actinomycetemcomitans (P<0,005). La bacteria detectada con mayor frecuencia fue P. gingivalis y la menos encontrada fue T. denticola. La dependencia para A. actinomycetemcomitans estuvo relacionada a pacientes con historia de periodontitis. Dentro de los límites de este estudio, los resultados muestran la presencia temprana de los cuatro patógenos periodontales alrededor de los sitios implantarios, y una relación estadísticamente significativa (P<0,005) entre implante y diente para A. actinomycetemcomitans.

The aim of this study was to assess the early colonization of four periodontopathogenic bacteria (A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis and T. denticola) on titanium implants immediately after two weeks following second stage surgery; to compare the presence of these four periodontopathogenic bacteria at subgingival implant and adjacent tooth sites. Subgingival plaque samples from implant and neighboring teeth were studied by PCR after two weeks following second stage surgery. Sixteen implants and thirteen teeth, in ten patients were selected. At two weeks, pathogenic bacteria presence was found in both peri-implant and periodontal sites, there was no relation found between tooth and implant for P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis and T. denticola. A significant relation was found for A. actinomycetemcomitans (P<0.005). The more frequently detected bacteria were P. gingivalis, and the less was T. denticola. The dependence for A. actinomycetemcomitans was related to patients with a history of periodontitis. Within the limits of this study, the findings showed the early presence of the four periodontopathogenic bacteria around implant sites and a statistically significant (P<0.005) relation between implants and teeth sites for A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Can periodontal disease act as a risk factor for HIV-1 reactivation.

HIV infection is global health problem of unprecedented dimensions. Periodontal diseases are associated with HIV infection and involvement has been suspected specifically for HIV virus. Reports of increased prevalence of chronic periodontitis in HIV-positive subjects suggest that HIV infection predispose to Periodontitis. But on the contrary, current literature suggests that the course of HIV infection is also modified by the periodontal conditions. Research needs to be done regarding the HIV infection and periodontal health inter-relationship, as it can help in better understanding and treatment by the Periodontist.

Patógenos periodontales y sus relaciones con enfermedades sistémicas / Periodontal pathogens and their relationships with systemic diseases

Las enfermedades periodontales son infecciones caracterizadas por la presencia de más de 200 especies bacterianas que, por infestación metastásica, pueden llegar a diferentes órganos anatómicos y ocasionar cambios patológicos. En este artículo se describen los datos más importantes sobre el descubrimiento de los diversos patógenos periodontales en diferentes sistemas del organismo humano, sus aspectos epidemiológicos, mecanismos de acción, así como su relación con la patogenia de las diferentes enfermedades. También se hace mención especial de la presencia de estos gérmenes como iniciadores y perpetuadores de procesos sépticos en los sistemas cardiovascular, respiratorio, gastrointestinal, renal, nervioso, oftálmico y en el embarazo.

Periodontal diseases are infections characterized by the presence of more than 200 bacterial species that, through metastasic infection, can reach different anatomical organs and can cause pathological changes. In this work the most important data are described on the discovery of the diverse periodontal pathogens in different systems of the human organism, their epidemiological aspects, action mechanisms, as well as their relationship with the pathogenesis of different diseases. Special mention is also made on the presence of these germs as begginners and perpetuators of septic events in the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, nervous, ophthalmic systems and in pregnancy.

Presencia de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola y Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans en el biofilm subgingival de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2: estudio transversal / Presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival biofilm of diabetic mellitus 2 patients: a cross sectional study

Antecedentes: La investigación de la microflora subgingival en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con periodontitis ha presentado resultados contradictorios. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forshytia, Treponema denticola y Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, en el biofilm subgingival de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 y relacionarlo con el grado de control metabólico. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, en el cual se analizaron 23 pacientes diabéticos derivados consecutivamente del Policlínico de Especialidades de la Universidad de los Andes. Previo consentimiento informado, se realizó un examen clínico periodontal que incluyó mediciones de profundidad al sondaje, nivel de inserción clínica y sangrado gingival. Fueron clasificados según severidad de periodontitis y control metabólico de la diabetes determinado por un promedio de 3 exámenes de hemoglobina glicosilada. La detección microbiológica se realizó mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Resultados: En el grupo de pacientes estudiados, Treponema denticola y Tannerella forsythia fueron las bacterias más prevalentes (65.2 por ciento), seguida por Porphyromonas gingivalis (17.3 por ciento) y Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (13 por ciento). Los pacientes con peor control glicémico tuvieron una mayor presencia de Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis y Agreggatibacter actinomycetemcomitans y un aumento en el índice de sangrado al sondaje. Conclusiones: En el grupo de pacientes diabéticos estudiado, las bacterias más prevalentes fueron Treponema denticola y Tannerella forsythia. Los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con moderado y mal control glicémico presentaron mayor presencia de los microorganismos estudiados, comparado con los grupos con mejores niveles de control glicémico.

Background: The investigation of subgingival microflora in type 2 diabetic patients with periodontitis presented conflicting results. Aim: To determine the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forshytia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival biofilm of patients with diabetes type 2 and to relate it to the degree of metabolic control. Method: A descriptive study, which analyzed 23 diabetic patients consecutively referred from the Internal Medicine Unit of Medicine Faculty at Universidad de los Andes was conducted. After obtaining an informed consent from the patients a clinical examination that included measurements of periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment level and gingival bleeding was performed. The patients were classified according to the severity of periodontitis and metabolic control of diabetes as determined by an average of 3 of glycosylated haemoglobin tests. Microbial technique was performed by chain reaction of polymerase. Results: In the group of patients examined the most prevalent bacteria were, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia (65.2 percent), followed by Porphyromonas gingivalis (17.3 percent) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (13 percent). Patients with poor glycemic control had a greater presence of Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Agreggatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and an increase in the rate of bleeding on probing. Conclusions: In the group of diabetic patients studied, the most prevalent bacteria were Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia. Type 2 diabetic patients with moderate and poor glycemic control had a higher presence of these microorganisms, compared to groups with higher levels of glycemic control.

Detection of five periodontal pathogens in coronary atherosclerotic plaque / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

ObjectiveTo detect five periodontal pathogenic bacteria in coronary atherosclerotic plaques.MethodsAtherosclerotic plaque specimens were obtained from 101 patients who scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery.The bacteria DNA was obtained from coronary atherosclerotic plaques using the chelex-100 method.The extracted DNA were examined by PCR.ResultsWithin the 101 pieces of atherosclerotic plaque samples Porphyromonas gingivalis( Pg,31％ ),Tannerella forsythensis(Tf,42％ ),Prevotella intermedia( Pi,26％ ),Fusobacterium nucleatum( Fn,21％ ),Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans( Aa,23％ ).PCR products were sequenced and were compared with GenBank sequences,the homology was 99％-100％.ConclusionPeriodontitis might affect the development of atherosclerosis and there is a correlation between coronary heart disease and chronic periodontitis.

16S rRNA-based detection of oral pathogens in coronary atherosclerotic plaque.

Background: Atherosclerosis develops as a response of the vessel wall to injury. Chronic bacterial infections have been associated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The ability of oral pathogens to colonize in coronary atheromatous plaque is well known. Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the presence of Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Campylobacter rectus in the subgingival and atherosclerotic plaques of patients with coronary artery disease. Materials and Methods: Fifty-one patients in the age group of 40-80 years with coronary artery disease were selected for the study. DNA was extracted from the plaque samples. The specific primers for T. denticola, C. rectus and P. gingivalis were used to amplify a part of the 16S rRNA gene by polymerase chain reaction. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square analysis, correlation coefficient and prevalence percentage of the microorganisms were carried out for the analysis. Results: Of the 51 patients, T. denticola, C. rectus and P. gingivalis were detected in 49.01%, 21.51% and 45.10% of the atherosclerotic plaque samples. Conclusions: Our study revealed the presence of bacterial DNA of the oral pathogenic microorganisms in coronary atherosclerotic plaques. The presence of the bacterial DNA in the coronary atherosclerotic plaques in significant proportion may suggest the possible relationship between periodontal bacterial infection and genesis of coronary atherosclerosis.