RESUMO
Abstract Despite an economy based mostly on agriculture, literature on viral diseases of plants is scarce in Paraguay. Only recently, researches on plant viruses took an impulse resulting in a precise identification of many of them affecting plants either cultivated or not. To provide reliable information regarding plant viruses present in Paraguay, an annotated list of them was prepared, covering descriptions from 1920 to present day. There have been some important outbreaks with severe yield losses in crops as cucurbits, citrus, sesame, bean, maize, peanuts and tomato. Many of older descriptions are included for their historical significance, but most identifications made require confirmation. On the other hand, recent descriptions have been completed, based on several assays, especially molecular characterization. This list is organized alphabetically following scientific names of the plant species found naturally infected by viruses, with comments about symptoms, geographical distribution, incidence, identification procedures, and other information, with due literature references. It is based on a compilation of publications made on plant virus diseases in Paraguay. Described virus species, in a total of 38 recognized by ICTV, belonging to 17 different genera (Alphaendornavirus, Ampelovirus, Begomovirus, Benyvirus, Carlavirus, Cilevirus, Closterovirus, Comovirus, Cucumovirus, Dichorhavirus, Fabavirus, Luteovirus, Ophiovirus, Orthotospovirus, Potexvirus, Potyvirus and Tobamovirus), besides two unclassified, and four unidentified. There is also a case of viroid described in Citrus spp. Infections caused by potyviruses are the most numerous. These viruses were described in more than 40 plant species, belonging to 18 botanical families. Because of crop diversity and richness in native flora, many more viruses must be present in Paraguay, which future works will certainly reveal, especially with the increase in manpower involving researches, especially cooperative with foreign centers, on plant viruses, which has been very limited until now. Also, knowledge on existing viruses may have relevance in understanding their epidemiology and provide the basis for their control strategies and quarantine measures, to avoid new variants of existing viruses or new viruses being introduced.
Resumo A pesar de una economía basada principalmente en la agricultura, la literatura sobre enfermedades virales de las plantas es escasa en Paraguay. Sólo recientemente se han impulsado las investigaciones sobre los virus de plantas, lo que ha permitido identificar con precisión muchos de ellos que afectan a plantas cultivadas o no. Para brindar información confiable sobre los virus de plantas presentes en el Paraguay, se elaboró una lista comentada de los mismos, abarcando descripciones desde 1920 hasta la actualidad. Se han producido algunos focos importantes con severas pérdidas de rendimiento en cultivos de cucurbitáceas, cítricos, sésamo, frijol, maíz, maní y tomate. Muchas de las descripciones más antiguas se incluyen por su importancia histórica, pero la mayoría de las identificaciones realizadas requieren confirmación. Por otro lado, las descripciones recientes han sido completadas, basadas en varios ensayos, especialmente de caracterización molecular. Esta lista está organizada alfabéticamente siguiendo los nombres científicos de las especies de plantas que se encontraron naturalmente infectadas por virus, con comentarios sobre síntomas, distribución geográfica, incidencia, procedimientos de identificación y otras informaciones, con las debidas referencias bibliográficas. Se basa en una recopilación de publicaciones realizadas sobre enfermedades virales de plantas en Paraguay. Especies de virus descritas, en un total de 38 reconocidas por el ICTV, pertenecientes a 17 géneros diferentes (Alphaendornavirus, Ampelovirus, Begomovirus, Benyvirus, Carlavirus, Cilevirus, Closterovirus, Comovirus, Cucumovirus, Dichorhavirus, Fabavirus, Luteovirus, Ophiovirus, Orthotospovirus, Potexvirus, Potyvirus y Tobamovirus), además de dos sin clasificar y cuatro sin identificar. También existe un caso de un viroide descrito en Citrus spp. Las infecciones causadas por potyvirus son las más numerosas. Estos virus fueron descritos en más de 40 especies de plantas, pertenecientes a 18 familias botánicas. Debido a la diversidad de cultivos y la riqueza de la flora nativa, muchos más virus deben estar presentes en Paraguay, lo que seguramente revelarán trabajos futuros, especialmente con el aumento de la mano de obra involucrada en investigaciones, en cooperación con centros extranjeros, sobre virus de plantas, que ha sido muy limitada hasta el momento. Además, el conocimiento sobre los virus existentes puede ser relevante para comprender su epidemiología y proporcionar una base para sus estrategias de control y medidas de cuarentena, para evitar la introducción de nuevas variantes de virus existentes o nuevos virus.
RESUMO
Abstract: A list of plant species, in alphabetical order by their scientific name, and the viruses found naturally infecting them in Brazilian territory, with some comments, was prepared . The production of such a list was based on a yearly catalog of publications on plant viruses collected by the author, from 1926 to 2018. Listed species of viruses were those recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), but also those characterized and still waiting official recognition, were included. Several cases of putative viral diseases were listed for historical reasons expecting to raise interest for their clarification. This list includes 345 plants species belonging to 74 families naturally infected by plant viruses in Brazil. Fabaceae and Asteraceae had most virus-infected species, respectively 49 and 36. Until 2018, a total of 213 plant virus and 6 viroid species belonging to 57 genera and 22 families and 6 orders, officially recognized by ICTV, were found naturally infecting these plants. Begomovirus and Potyvirus genera have most representatives, with 45 and 42 species, respectively. There are 59 characterized plant viruses, up to species level, described in Brazil waiting for the inclusion in the ICTV Master Species List. One hundred and thirteen viruses were identified up to genus level but still uncharacterized, while four putative isometric viruses and eleven presumptive viral diseases ("unidentified") are included in the list. A reverse catalog, listing viruses and the plant species in which they were found is also included.
Resumo: Esta publicação consiste em uma listagem de espécies de plantas, em ordem alfabética de seus nomes científicos, e dos vírus que foram encontrados naturalmente infetando-as em território brasileiro, com alguns comentários. O preparo de tal lista foi basedo nas publicações sobre vírus de plantas e as doenças que eles causam, colecionadas pelo autor de 1926 a 2018. Os vírus listados incluem aqueles já oficialmente reconhecidos pelo International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), constantes do "Master Species List 2018". Também estão incluídos vírus já caracterizados, aguardando oficialização pelo ICTV, e outros casos de possíveis viroses, cujo agente causal ainda não se acha adequadamente caracterizado. A listagem inclui 345 espécies de plantas, pertencentes a 74 famílias, que foram encontradas naturalmente infetadas por diferentes vírus. Fabáceas e Asteráceas foram as famílias que tiveram mais espécies infetadas por vírus, respectivamente 49 e 36. Até 2018, 213 espécies de vírus e 6 de viróides, pertencentes a 57 gêneros e 22 famílias e 6 ordens, oficialmente reconhecidas pelo ICTV, acham-se descritas no Brasil. Os gêneros Begomovirus e Potyvirus têm mais espécies representadas, com 45 e 42 respectivamente. Além das espécies identificadas e aceitas pelo ICTV, foram incluídas na lista 59 possíveis espécies que ainda aguardam oficialização, 113 vírus identificados a nível de gênero, quatro possíveis vírus isométricos e onze presumíveis viroses, de agentes etiológicos não confirmados. Foi incluída também uma lista reversa, com catalogação dos vírus e viróides descritos no Brasdil e suas respectivas plantas hospedeiras.
RESUMO
Asparagus sekukuniensis is at risk of extinction in South Africa due to over-collection as herbal medicine. However,there is a scant of literature on the diseases cured by the species, parts used, dosage, and how it is administered.Therefore, this study was aimed at documenting ethnomedicinal uses of A. sekukuniensis, in the Soutpansberg Region,Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, Limpopo province, South Africa. Data on ethnomedicinal uses of A. sekukuniensis weregathered with an aid of semi-structured dialogues, observations, and guided field walk by 125 participants betweenMay and December 2018. Among the participants, laypeople were 35.2% and subsistence farmers were 14.4%.Specialist herbal healers include child health-care healers (29.6%), wound healers (11.2%), and general healers(9.6%). The recorded uses of A. sekukuniensis include the enhancement of fontanelle closure in an infant (24.8%),convulsions in an infant (22.4%), vaccinating epilepsy in an infant (17.6%), unhealed or cancer-related wounds(15.2%), genital wounds (12.0%), and boils (8.0%). Asparagus sekukuniensis appeared to be an important herbalmedicine against infant ailments, wounds, infections, and infestations. These findings, therefore, call for an evaluationof the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of this species.
RESUMO
Allergic diseases can be induced by abundant airborne allergenic pollens with symptoms such as allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma,which can seriously threaten human health.The species and distribution of airborne pollens differed in different regions,based on the difference of geographical environment and climate conditions.Therefore,the occurrence of pollinosis was of obviously regional and seasonal divergence.Inappropriate urban greening,tree species selection and environmental pollution have contributed to a dramatic increase in the number of pollen sensitizing plants and hay fever.The species and dispersal regularity of allergenic pollen plants in different administrative areas in China in recent 10 years are reviewed in present paper for providing scientific basis on controlling pollinosis and reasonable greening of urban environment.
RESUMO
The life and professional work of the Costa Rican botanist Jorge Gómez Laurito (1947-2014) are here depicted. His 91 scientific publications and 50 new plant taxa (including a family, a genus, and 48 species) represent a long-lasting legacy. The description and publication of Ticodendraceae was his most notable professional achievement. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (4): 1261-1272. Epub 2014 December 01.
Aquí se relata la vida y se analiza la obra profesional del botánico costarricense Jorge Gómez Laurito (1947-2014). Su legado más perdurable son 91 publicaciones científicas y 50 taxa nuevos de plantas (una familia, un género y 48 especies). La descripción y publicación de Ticodendraceae fue su mayor logro profesional.
Assuntos
História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Botânica/história , Costa RicaRESUMO
Evaluation of mineral contents from three selected plant species of Fabaceae family growing in arid region of Rajasthan Desert was carried out. The roots, shoots and fruits of Clitoria ternatea, Sesbania bispinosa and Tephrosia purpurea collected from two different areas Chhatargarh area (Bikaner district) and Ratangarh area (Churu district) were analysed for mineral contents. The maximum Calcium (3.86%), Phosphorus (0.48%), Potassium (0.92%) and Sodium (1.08%) contents were found in roots and shoots of Grewia tenax collected from study area.
RESUMO
This work constitutes a record of vascular plant species used for therapeutic purposes on Santiago Island, located in the Rio de La Plata, southeast of the Party of Ensenada, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The island has an area of 8 km2 and consists of alluvial land, with natural and rich floristic environments. Eighty three households were sampled, plant specimens were collected in-situ, were identified using specific literature and binocular magnifying glass, and a digital photographic record was made. We identified 40 species of vascular plants, used by the islanders in folk medicine, mostly exotic and herbaceous. Also, 32 therapeutic uses and 11 affections were reported. The digestive and skin disorders were the most representative.
Este trabajo constituye un registro de especies de plantas vasculares utilizadas con fines terapéuticos en la Isla Santiago, ubicada en el Río de La Plata, al SE del Partido de Ensenada, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. La isla, tiene una superficie de 8 km2 y está formada por tierras de origen aluvional, con ambientes naturales de gran riqueza florística. Se muestrearon 83 unidades domésticas, se recolectaron ejemplares vegetales in-situ, se identificaron utilizando bibliografía específica y lupa binocular y se hizo un registro fotográfico digital. Se identificaron 40 especies de plantas vasculares, utilizadas por los isleños en medicina popular, la mayoría exóticas y herbáceas. Asimismo, se reportaron 32 usos terapéuticos y 11 afecciones; los trastornos digestivos y de la piel fueron los más representativos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Etnobotânica , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Plantas Medicinais , Argentina , Entrevistas como AssuntoRESUMO
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) calculated for various plant species growing in vicinity of three different industrial areas (Paper mill, Sugar mill, Thermal Power Plant) and Yamuna River belt of Yamuna Nagar. Studies were carried out to determine the physiological response of ten plant species. The leaf samples collected from these plant species were used to determine their plant APTI by calculating the ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, pH, and relative water content for all selected sites. Highest pH, relative water content, ascorbic acid and total chlorophyll was observed in Castor (9.86), Parthenium (96.99%), Ficus benghalensis (14.90 mg g-1) and Amaranthus (7.08 mg g-1) at Yamuna river, Thermal power plant, Yamuna river and paper mill respectively. It was concluded that out of ten species studied only one species (Ficus benghalensis) showed moderately tolerant response in all selected sites, while other species showed sensitive response. According to observed APTI values, Ficus benghalensis showed the highest value (21.65) at sugar mill followed by thermal power plant (19.38), Paper mill (17.65) and Yamuna River (17.61). The lowest APTI values were reported in Oxalis corniculata (6.42) at Yamuna River belt followed by Malvestrum at sugar mill (7.71).
RESUMO
The molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata leaf and Mimusops elengi bark was studied against vector snail Lymnaea acuminata. The toxicity of both plants was time and concentration-dependent. Among organic extracts, ethanol extracts of both plants were more toxic. Toxicity of B. variegata leaf ethanolic extract (96h LC50- 14.4 mg/L) was more pronounced than M. elengi bark ethanolic extract (96h LC50-15.0 mg/L). The 24h LC50 of column purified fraction of B. variegata and M. elengi bark were 20.3 mg/L and 18.3 mg/L, respectively. Saponin and quercetin were characterized and identified as active molluscicidal component. Co-migration of saponin (Rf 0.48) and quercetin (Rf 0.52) with column purified bark of M. elengi and leaf of B. variegata on thin layer chromatography demonstrate same Rf value i.e. 0.48 and 0.52, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the possibility of using M. elengi and/or B. variegata as potent molluscicide.
A atividade moluscicida das folhas da Bauhinia variegata e da casca do Mimusops elengi foi testada contra o vetor caracol, Limnaea acuminata. A toxicidade de ambas as plantas é dependente do tempo e da concentração. Entre os extratos orgânicos, os extratos de etanol de ambas as plantas foi mais tóxico. A toxicidade do extrato etanólico da folha da B. variegata (96 h LC50 - 14,4 mg/L) foi mais pronunciada do que o extrato etanólico da casca do M. elengi (96h - LC50 - 15,0 mg/L). As frações purificadas em coluna durante 24 h LC50 do B. variegata e da casca do M. elengi foram 20,3 mg/L e 18,3 mg/L, respectivamente. A saponina e a quercentina foram caracterizadas e identificadas como os componentes ativos moluscicidas. A co-migração da saponina (Rf 0,48) e da quercentina (Rf 0,52) com a casca purificada por coluna do M. elengi e as folhas da B. variegata na cromatografia demonstraram o mesmo valor Rf isto é, 0,48 e 0,52 respectivamente. O presente estudo indica claramente a possibilidade de usar M. elengi e/ou B. variegata como moluscicidas potentes.
Assuntos
Animais , Bauhinia/química , Vetores de Doenças , Lymnaea/efeitos dos fármacos , Mimusops/química , Moluscocidas/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Fasciolíase/transmissão , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Podocarpus angustifolius is an endangered recalcitrant-seeded small tree, endemic to mountain rain forests in the central and Pinar del Río regions in Cuba. In this study, the germination patterns of P. angustifolius seeds were evaluated and the nature of the soil seed bank was determined. Using a weighted two-factor design, we analyzed the combined germination response to seed source (i.e. freshly matured seeds directly collected from trees versus seeds extracted from soil samples) and pretreatment (i.e. seed water-immersion for 48h at room temperature). Germination was delayed for four weeks (≈30 days) in all cases, regardless of both factors analyzed. Moreover, nine additional days were necessary to achieve high germination values (in the case of fresh, pretreated seeds). These results overall may indicate the existence of a non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy in P. angustifolius seeds. The water-immersion significantly enhanced seed germination, probably as a result of the hydration of recalcitrant seeds. Although germination of seeds extracted from soil samples was low, probably due to aging and pathogen effects throughout the time of burial, the study revealed the existence of a persistent soil seed bank (at least short-termed) of ≈42 viable seeds per m² in the upper 10cm of soil. Such a record is noteworthy since references to persistent soil seed banks in recalcitrant-seeded species are scarce in the literature. The population consequences derived from the formation of persistent soil seed banks in this endangered species are discussed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1061-1069. Epub 2011 September 01.
Podocarpus angustifolius es un árbol endémico de los bosques lluviosos de la región de Pinar del Río y la parte central de Cuba, que se encuentra en peligro de extinción. En este estudio se evaluó la germinación de sus semillas y la naturaleza del banco de semillas del suelo. Específicamente, se analizó la respuesta germinativa de las semillas a dos factores: su procedencia (recolectadas directamente de los árboles versus extraídas de muestras de suelo) y el pretratamiento (inmersión en agua durante 48h a temperatura ambiente). La germinación no comenzó hasta las cuatro semanas (≈30 días) en todos los casos. Además, fueron necesarios 9 días más para alcanzar un valor elevado de germinación (en el caso de semillas recolectadas del árbol con pretratamiento), lo que parece indicar la existencia de un letargo de tipo morfofisiológico simple no profundo. El pretratamiento incrementó significativamente la germinación, posiblemente por hidratación de las semillas recalcitrantes. El estudio demostró la existencia de un banco de semillas persistente en el suelo, al menos de corta duración de ≈42 semillas viables por m² en los 10 primeros cm del suelo. Dicho hallazgo es destacable, ya que los casos descritos en la literatura sobre bancos persistentes en especies con semillas recalcitrantes son escasos. Además, se discute la importancia que tiene para esta especie amenazada la existencia de un banco de semillas persistente.
Assuntos
Traqueófitas/fisiologia , Germinação/fisiologia , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solo/análise , Árvores , Cuba , ChuvaRESUMO
Floristic and structural characterization of three secondary forest fragments in Costa Rica. Observations on successional development and floristic composition were made in 25 plots (10x2 m) established in three contiguous secondary forest fragments of the Lankester Botanical Garden, Costa Rica. Human activities favored forest regeneration there by 1) protecting an abandoned farm and pasture area since 1970, and 2) planting and propagating plant species. Planting successfully growing native and introduced species can accelerate the succession process, avoid dominance of pioneer or invasive species, and increase species diversity faster than in common successional processes. Natural diversification slowed down as natural vegetation surrounding the secondary fragments was disappearing, with a consequent reduction or lost of seed input and other reproductive sources, such as spores and stalks. introduced plant species became naturalized in these forests, their reproduction is successful, and some of them are invasive. This study proposes general paths to help Neotropical forest restoration processes by combining natural succession and planting of native species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 69-82. Epub 2009 November 30.
Se realizaron observaciones sobre sucesión y composición florística en 25 parcelas de 10 m x 2 m en tres fragmentos boscosos secundarios, contiguos, del Jardín Botánico Lankester, Costa Rica. La intervención humana fue positiva en la regeneración de estos fragmentos por 1) protección de una antigua área de cultivo y pastoreo desde 1970, y 2) siembra y propagación de especies vegetales. Se comprobó que el cultivo de plantas nativas e introducidas de crecimiento exitoso puede acelerar el proceso de regeneración, impedir la dominancia de especies pioneras o invasoras y aumentar la diversidad de especies más rápidamente que en procesos comunes de sucesión. La diversificación natural se redujo a medida que la vegetación natural de los alrededores de los fragmentos fue desapareciendo, con una consecuente disminución o erradicación de semillas y otros propágulos, tales como esporas y tallos. Especies introducidas se naturalizaron en estos bosques, se propagan fácilmente y algunas son invasoras. Este estudio propone pautas generales para facilitar la regeneración de bosques neotropicales al combinar regeneración natural y cultivo de especies nativas.
Assuntos
Plantas/classificação , Regeneração , Florestas , Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Espécies IntroduzidasRESUMO
Plant breeding deals with high-yielding genotypes. However, how best to choose parents of these genotypes remains an unsolved question. Here, we focus on a priori choice based on parental distances by means of agronomic and molecular data. Despite numerous theoretical and empirical studies, a priori choice continues to be a controversial procedure. Both success and failure are commonly reported. We looked at these ambiguous results in order to investigate their possible causes. A total of 139 articles on genetic divergence were sampled to examine aspects such as type and number of markers utilized. We suggest that the mean number of 160, 281 and 25 for RAPD and RFLP markers, and SSR loci, respectively, which we found in these papers, should be increased for accurate analysis. A second sample composed of 54 articles was used to evaluate the divergence-heterosis association. Most of them (28) detected positive divergence-heterosis association, whereas 26 revealed negative or inconclusive results. We examined several causes that influence a priori choice positively and negatively.
Assuntos
Desequilíbrio de Ligação/genética , Variação Genética , Genes de Plantas/genética , Cruzamento/métodos , Vigor Híbrido/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Genótipo , Repetições de Microssatélites , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Object To perform detail studies on different species of Ligusticum L (Uumbelliferae) currently prescribing in Yunnan Province for the purpose to clarify the claotic state of its clinical use Methods By literature retrieval, field and market center inspection and pharmacognostic identification in comparison with those documented in classical literatures to arrive at a reasonable evaluation Results Two varieties of Ligusticum L., the Huanggaoben and Heigaoben were currently in common use in Yunnan Province Huanggaoben, the yellow ligusticum, was originated from Sinodielsia yunnanensis Wolff and Ligusticum delavayi Franch Heigaoben, the balck ligusticum, was oringinated from Ligusticum pteridophyllum Franch Conclusion The study may provide references for the further study and clinical use of this medicinal plant
RESUMO
Polen worker corbiculae of Apis melliferawere analised during a period of two years in the municipality of Ji-Paraná(RO). It was verified that of the 126 pollen types collected, only a small part (12,0%) was intensely exploited by the africanized honey bee, namely, Cecropiasp., Orbignya martiana,Poaceae tipo, Cosmos caudatus, Cocos nucifera, Cynometrasp., Mimosa pudica, Cissussp., etc. which had their polen collected for more than ten months. The pollen collected by Apis,at the study site, is not related to climatic change but rather to the flowering period of the sources. The workers collected most pollen types, a total of 41, in February of 1988; March, November of 1989 and January of 1989 were the months when the workers collected the least number of plant species, a total of eleven types.
Foram analisados os pólen corbiculares de operárias de Apis melliferadurante o período de dois anos, no Município de Ji-Parana(RO). Constatou-se que dos 126 tipos polínicos coletados, apenas uma pequena parte (12,0%) foram intensamente explorados pelas africanizadas, destacando-se entre eles: Cecropiasp., Orbignya martiana,Poaceae tipo, Cosmos caudaíus, Cocos nucifera, Cynometrasp., Mimosa pudica, Cissussp., etc. que tiveram seus pólen coletados em mais de dez meses. Observou-se que a coleta de pólen pelas Apis,na Amazônia, não está relacionada com as mudanças climáticas e sim com a época de floração das fontes. Fevereiro de 1989 foi o mês onde as operárias mais diversificaram, coletando 41 tipos de plantas. Os meses de março, novembro de 1988 e janeiro de 1990 foram os meses que apresentaram a menor diversificação num total de onze espécies de plantas coletadas pelas operárias.