Alça quente versus alça fria para polipectomias colorretais de até 10 mm: uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise de ensaios clínicos randomizados / Hot versus cold snare for colorectal polypectomies sized up to 10mm: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ABSTRACT Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer, and prevention relies on screening programs with resection complete resection of neoplastic lesions. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the best snare polypectomy technique for colorectal lesions up to 10 mm, focusing on complete resection rate, and adverse events. Methods: A comprehensive search using electronic databases was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials comparing hot versus cold snare resection for polyps sized up to 10 mm, and following PRISMA guidelines, a meta-analysis was performed. Outcomes included complete resection rate, en bloc resection rate, polypectomy, procedure times, immediate, delayed bleeding, and perforation. Results: Nineteen RCTs involving 8720 patients and 17588 polyps were included. Hot snare polypectomy showed a higher complete resection rate (RD, 0.02; 95%CI [+0.00,0.04]; P=0.03; I 2=63%), but also a higher rate of delayed bleeding (RD 0.00; 95%CI [0.00, 0.01]; P=0.01; I 2=0%), and severe delayed bleeding (RD 0.00; 95%CI [0.00, 0.00]; P=0.04; I 2=0%). Cold Snare was associated with shorter polypectomy time (MD -46.89 seconds; 95%CI [-62.99, -30.79]; P<0.00001; I 2=90%) and shorter total colonoscopy time (MD -7.17 minutes; 95%CI [-9.10, -5.25]; P<0.00001; I 2=41%). No significant differences were observed in en bloc resection rate or immediate bleeding. Conclusion: Hot snare polypectomy presents a slightly higher complete resection rate, but, as it is associated with a longer procedure time and a higher rate of delayed bleeding compared to Cold Snare, it cannot be recommended as the gold standard approach. Individual analysis and personal experience should be considered when selecting the best approach.

RESUMO Contexto: O câncer colorretal é o terceiro câncer mais comum na população, e a prevenção é principalmente baseada em programas de screening, com a ressecção completa de lesões neoplásicas. Múltiplas técnicas de ressecção estão disponíveis, mas ainda há controvérsias sobre a melhor abordagem, especialmente em relação à taxa de ressecção completa e à taxa de sangramento tardio. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a melhor técnica de polipectomia com alça para lesões colorretais de até 10 mm. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca abrangente em bancos de dados eletrônicos (MEDLINE e EMBASE) para identificar ensaios clínicos randomizados que comparassem a ressecção com alça quente versus alça fria para pólipos de até 10 mm, seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA. Os desfechos incluíram taxa de ressecção completa, taxa de ressecção em bloco, tempo de polipectomia, tempo total do procedimento, sangramento imediato, sangramento tardio e perfuração. Resultados: Dezenove ensaios clínicos randomizados foram incluídos, totalizando 8.720 pacientes e 17.588 pólipos. A polipectomia com alça quente foi associada a uma maior taxa de ressecção completa (RD, 0,02; IC95% [+0,00, 0,04]; P=0,03; I 2=63%), embora também tenha sido associada a uma taxa mais alta de sangramento tardio (RD 0,00; IC95% [0,00, 0,01]; P=0,01; I 2=0%) e de sangramento tardio grave (RD 0,00; IC95% [0,00, 0,00]; P=0,04; I 2=0%). A polipectomia com alça fria foi associada a um menor tempo de polipectomia (MD -46,89 segundos; IC95% [-62,99, -30,79]; P<0,00001 I 2=90%) e a um menor tempo total de colonoscopia (DM -7,17 minutos; IC95% [-9,10, -5,25]; P<0,00001 I 2=41%). Não houve diferença significativa na taxa de ressecção em bloco (RD, 0,00; IC95% [-0,01, 0,01]; P=0,20; I 2=30%) ou na taxa de sangramento imediato (RD -0,00; IC95% [-0,01, 0,00]; P=0,34; I 2=11%). Não foram relatados casos de perfuração em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusão: A polipectomia com alça quente apresenta uma taxa ligeiramente mais alta de ressecção completa, mas, como está associada a um tempo de procedimento mais longo e a uma taxa mais alta de sangramento tardio em comparação com a polipectomia com alça fria, não pode ser recomendada como a abordagem padrão. A análise individualizada e a experiência pessoal devem ser consideradas ao escolher a melhor abordagem.

Polipectomia a frio: um procedimento seguro para remover pequenas lesões colorretais não pediculadas / Cold snare polypectomy: a safe procedure for removing small non-pedunculated colorectal lesions

ABSTRACT Background: Polypectomy is an important treatment option for preventing colorectal cancer. Incomplete polyp resection (IPR) is re­cognized as a risk factor for interval cancer. Objective: The primary objective was to evaluate the complete polyp resection (CPR) rate for cold snare polypectomy (CSP) in small non-pedunculated polyps and, secondarily, specimen retrieval and complication rates. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 479 polyps <10 mm removed by CSP in 276 patients by an inexperienced endoscopist. Results: A total of 476 polyps (99.4%) were resected en bloc. A negative margin (classified as CPR) was observed in 435 polyps (90.8%). An unclear or positive margin (classified as IPR) was observed in 43 cases (9.0%) and 1 case (0.2%), respectively, for an overall IPR rate of 9.2% (44/479). The IPR rate was 12.2% in the first half of cases and 5.9% in the second half (P=0.02). Dividing into tertiles, the IPR rate was 15.0% in the first tertile, 6.9% in the second tertile, and 5.7% in the third tertile (P=0.01). Dividing into quartiles, the IPR rate was 15.8% in the first quartile and 5.9% in the fourth quartile (P=0.03). The IPR rate was 6.3% for type 0-IIa lesions and 14.1% for type 0-Is lesions (P=0.01). For serrated and adenomatous lesions, the IPR rate was 9.2%. Specimen retrieval failed in 3.6% of cases. Immediate bleeding (>30 s) occurred in 1 case (0.2%), treated with argon plasma coagulation. No delayed bleeding or perforation occurred. Conclusion: CSP is a safe technique that provides good results for the resection of small non-pedunculated polyps, with a short learning curve.

RESUMO Contexto: A polipectomia é uma importante opção terapêutica na prevenção do câncer colorretal (CCR). A ressecção incompleta do pólipo (RIP) é reconhecida como fator de risco para o câncer de intervalo. Objetivo: O principal objetivo foi avaliar o índice de ressecção completa da polipectomia a frio (PF) em pequenos pólipos não pediculados e, secundariamente, a recuperação do espécime e índice de complicações. Métodos: Avaliamos prospectivamente 479 pólipos <10 mm removidos por PF em 276 pacientes, por um endoscopista sem experiência com este método. Resultados: Foram ressecados em bloco 476 pólipos (99,4%). Tivemos margem negativa, considerada ressecção completa do pólipo (RCP), em 435 (90,8%) casos. Margem indefinida ou positiva (classificada como RIP) foi observada em 43 (9,0%) casos e em 1 (0,2%) caso, respectivamente, com um índice global de RIP de 9,2% (44/479). O índice de RIP foi de 12,5% na primeira metade dos casos e 5,9% na última metade (P=0,02). Dividindo em tercis, o índice de RIP foi de 15,0% no primeiro terço, 6,9% no segundo terço e 5,7% no terceiro quarto, P=0,01. Dividindo em quartis, o índice de RIP foi de 15,8% no primeiro quarto, enquanto o último quarto foi de 5,9%, P=0,03. O índice de RIP foi de 6,3% para lesões tipo 0-IIa e de 14,1% para lesões tipo 0-Is, P=0,01. O índice de RIP foi de 9,2% para lesões serrilhadas e adenomatosas. Houve falha na recuperação dos espécimes em 3,6% dos casos. Sangramento imediato (>30 s) ocorreu em um caso (0,2%), controlado com plasma de argônio. Sem sangramento tardio e perfuração. Conclusão: PF é uma técnica segura que apresenta bons resultados para a ressecção de pequenas lesões não pediculadas, com uma curta curva aprendizado.

Pólipo del colon que genera un síndrome de ball valve. Reporte de un caso (con video) / Ball Valve syndrome caused by a colon polyp. Case report (with video)

Resumen La obstrucción intestinal es una patología potencialmente letal y cuyo tratamiento, por lo general, es quirúrgico. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con dolor abdominal y clínica de obstrucción intestinal recurrente, en quien se documenta, durante una colonoscopia, un gran pólipo pediculado que causaba obstrucciones parciales por el fenómeno de ball valve.

Abstract Intestinal obstruction is a potentially lethal pathology, and its treatment is usually surgical. The following is the case of a patient with abdominal pain and recurrent intestinal obstruction, in whom a large pediculated polyp that caused partial obstruction by Ball valve effect was observed during a colonoscopy.

Melanoma del canal anal: a propósito de un caso / Melanoma of the anal canal: a propos of a case

RESUMEN Los melanomas mucosos son tumores poco frecuentes y de mal pronóstico. Presentan un comportamiento agresivo, y pueden tener varias localizaciones en el aparato digestivo. Este tipo de tumores es más frecuente en la región anorectal. Se presentó un caso de una paciente femenina de 59 años, con un cuadro de varios meses de evolución; caracterizado por ardor, prurito anal y sensación de masa que prolapsaba a través del ano. Se constató al examen físico masa tumoral aspecto polipoideo. Se realizó polipectomía donde la biopsia arrojó como resultados el aspecto histológico de un melanoma mucoso de canal anal.

ABSTRACT Mucous melanomas are few frequent and have a bad prognosis. They present an aggressive behavior and might have several locations in the digestive system. This kind of tumors is more frequent at the anus-rectal region. The authors presented the case of a female patient, aged 59 years, with clinical conditions of several months of evolution, characterized by burning, anal pruritus and the sensation of a mass prolapsing through the anus. A tumor mass of polypoid aspect was found at physical examination. Polypectomy was carried out and the biopsy showed the histologic aspect of a mucous melanoma of the anal canal.

El signo de la hermana María José, un hallazgo semiológico que no se debe olvidar. Reporte de un caso (con video) / The Sister Mary Joseph Nodule, a Semiological Finding that Should not Be Forgotten. Case Report with Video

Resumen Se presenta el caso de una paciente con hemorragia digestiva alta, en quien durante el examen físico se documentó el signo de la hermana María José, que se confirmó ulteriormente mediante endoscopia digestiva y estudios histopatológicos la presencia de un cáncer gástrico avanzado.

Abstract We present the case of a patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding for whom the Sister Mary Joseph nodule was documented during the physical examination. Later, advanced gastric cancer was confirmed by means of digestive endoscopy and histopathological studies.

Tratamiento conservador en perforaciones postpolipectomía colonica / Conservative treatment in colon postpolypectomy perforations

Introduccion: La videocolonoscopía es el principal método de diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento en patologías colorectales. La perforación colónica en endoscopía terapeútica es una complicación infrecuente pero debe ser evaluada y tratada rapidamente cuando aparece ya que puede presentar una morbimortalidad elevada. Objetivo: Valorar resultado de tratamiento conservador no quirúrgico en perforaciones colónicas post polipectomía endoscópica. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional descriptivo sobre base de datos prospectiva en el Sanatorio del Salvador y en el centro privado Unidad Digestiva Baistrocchi de la ciudad de Córdoba, desde enero del año 2012 a diciembre del 2017. Resultados: Sobre un total de 1606 procedimientos intervencionistas, se presentaron 9 perforaciones. El síntoma más frecuente fue el dolor abdominal, seguido de distensión, defensa muscular, reacción peritoneal y fiebre. Se realizaron radiografía de abdomen y tomografía computada a todos los casos con diagnóstico presuntivo para corroborar los hallazgos clínicos. Se realizó internación, reposo gástrico, control estricto de parámetros clínicos y antibioticoterapia para flora colónica. Se analizó diariamente evolución decidiendo conducta a seguir. El tratamiento conservador fue satisfactorio en un 87% de los casos. Conclusión: La perforación colónica postpolipectomía es una complicación inevitable, de menor incidencia en especialistas entrenados. Conociendo los síntomas de presentación, realizando un correcto examen físico y seguimiento clínico puede realizarse tratamiento conservador exitoso en aquellos pacientes clínicamente estables y de riesgo moderado. (AU)

Background: Videocolonoscopy has become the main tool for diagnostic and treatment of colorrectal diseases. Perforation after therapeutic colonoscopy is an uncommon complication but it must be treated quickly beacause of it´s high rate of morbidity and mortality. Aims: To evaluate rate of success of non quirurgical treatment in postpolipectomy perforations. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed over a prospective database of 11062 colonoscopy fulfilled between january 2012 and december 2017. Results: We had 9 perforations. The most common symptom was abdominal pain, followed by distension, peritonism and fever. All pacients with presumpitve diagnoses were studied with computed tomography and plain chest radiography. The management was conservative in all cases. The standard treatment was endovenous antibiotics, nil-by-mouth regimen, fluids and hospitalization in common floor. Conservative treatment was successful in 87% of our cases. Conclusions: postpolipectomy perforation is inevitable, nevertheless, has lower incidence in specialized physicians. Knowledge about symptoms and having a close follow up of potencial patients may allow us to improve rates of success in conservative management. (AU)

Repair of post polypectomy colonic perforation by Endoclip: a case report / Reparo de perfuração de cólon pós-polipectomia por Endoclip: relato de caso

A 73-year-old woman was admitted to evaluate for iron deficiency anemia, increased serum creatinine, and ascites. Her colonoscopy revealed a polyp at the junction of sigmoid and descending colon, and after polypectomy, a 6 mm colonic perforation was seen. The perforation was detected by radiography and CT scan; and beside conservative management and antibiotics, her perforation was closed by using Endoclip. The patient was observed and discharged from hospital without any surgery 5 days later, and in follow-up there was no problem regarding perforation. (AU)

Mulher, 73 anos, internada para avaliação para anemia ferropriva, com aumento da creatinina sérica e ascite. A colonoscopia revelou um pólipo na junção dos colos sigmoide e descendente e, em seguida à polipectomia, foi observada uma perfuração de 6 mm no cólon, comprovada por radiografias e tomografia computadorizada. Além do tratamento conservador e da antibioticoterapia, a perfuração foi ocluída com Endoclip. A paciente ficou sob observação e recebeu alta do hospital sem qualquer cirurgia 5 dias mais tarde. Durante o seguimento, não foram observados problemas com relação à perfuração. (AU)

Polipectomía colonoscópica monitorizada por laparoscopia (PCML) / Colonoscopic polypectomy monitored by laparoscopy

En pacientes con adenomas del colon, la polipectomía con asa puede ser técnicamente imposible debido a factores como la angulación del colon, imposibilidad de ver la base del pólipo, pólipos ocultos detrás de un pliegue de mucosa, o debido a cirugías previas. Para estos pacientes, la resección segmentaria del colon, abierta o laparoscópica es considerado el tratamiento óptimo. Objetivo: La combinación quirúrgica de endoscopia flexible y laparoscopia, usando CO2 en ambas, ha significado una nueva forma de manejo para estos pólipos difíciles, con la finalidad de evitar la resección colónica. Método: Estudio retrospectivo realizado en base a información colectada prospectivamente en la base de datos del Texas Endosurgery Institute. (n=320, mayo de 1990a mayo 2013). Describimos los antecedentes que nos permitieron implementar el procedimiento, de igual manera detallamos como realizamos la técnica y finalmente compartimos nuestros resulta-dos. Resultados:Se analiza la información relacionada con las 320 PCML realizadas en 198 pacientes. Conclusión: La PCML permite la exéresis de pólipos evitando la resección colónica, este procedimiento menos invasivo se traduce en tiempo de recuperación similar al de la colonoscopia sola, y se evitan las complicaciones relacionadas con la resección segmentaria del intestino grueso. Todos los pólipos son estudiados con biopsia intraoperatoria y de encontrarse hallazgos de malignidad la resección segmentaria laparoscópica es realizada(AU)

In patients with adenomas of the colon, loop polypectomy may be technically impossible due to factors as the angulation of the colon, inability to see the base of the polyp, polyps hidden behind a fold of mucosa, or due to previous surgeries. For these patients,segmental resection of the colon, open or laparoscopic is considered the optimal treatment. Objective:The surgical combination of flexible endoscopy and laparoscopy, using CO2 in both, has meant a new way of handling these difficult polyps in order to prevent colonic resections. Methods: A retrospective study carried out on the basis of information collected prospectively in the Texas Endosurgery Institute database. (n = 320, May 1990 to May 2013). We describe the background that allowed us to implement the procedure, just as detailed as we carry out the technique and finally share our results. Results: We analyzed a total of 320 CPML related information in 198 patients. Conclusion:The CPML allows excision of polyps preventing colonic resection, this procedure less invasive means similar to the single colonoscopy recovery time, and avoided the complications associated with segmental resection of the intestine. All polyps are studied with intraoperative biopsy and found malignant findings segmental resection, laparoscopic is performed(AU)

Importancia de la polipectomía videoendoscópica en el tratamiento de los pólipos de la región rectosigmoidea / Videoendoscopic Polypectomy Importance in the Treatment of Polyps of Rectosigmoid Region

Introducción: la polipectomía endoscópica rectocólica provoca una revoluciónn el tratamiento del tumor cólico benigno, es el procedimiento más frecuentemente utilizado en el manejo de los pólipos, su propósito es la exéresis de toda lesión y dejar la cirugía convencional para los pólipos que con una simple polipectomía no es suficiente, constituye un procedimiento de rutina seguro, rápido y eficaz. Objetivos: evaluar los resultados de la polipectomía endoscópica realizado en el hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Valorar la importancia de la rectosigmoidoscopía en la detección y tratamiento oportuno de lesiones premalignas. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de serie de casos a 51 pacientes que fueron sometidos a polipectomía videoendoscópica rectosigmoidea, en el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2008 a diciembre de 2009, en el Servicio de Coloproctología el Hospital Provincial Docente Vladimir Ilich Lenin de Holguín. Resultados: los pólipos son más frecuentes en la mujer (60,8 %) y mayor de 60 años (35,3 %). Las pérdidas hemáticas (37,3 %) fue la forma de presentación más frecuente. De las características morfológicas de los pólipos la forma sésil (52,9 %) y de pequeño tamaño (54,9 %), localización en el recto (60,8 %) es la más recuente y los solitarios (86,3 %) aparecen con mayor predominio. Los adenomas simples (64,7 %) son los más comunes y en un porcentaje de estos se puede encontrar cierto grado de displasia (31,4 %). Conclusiones: Los pólipos son bastante frecuentes, se dispone de un método fácil de extirpación mediante polipectomía por técnica con asa de diatermia y no se reportaron complicaciones, ni recidivas.

Introduction: endoscopic rectocolic polypectomy causes a revolution in the treatment of benign colic tumor and is the most frequently used procedure in the management of polyps. The purpose of the polypectomy is the removal of any injury and leave conventional surgery for polyps with a simple polypectomy is not enough, it is a safe, fast and efficient routine procedure. Objectives: to evaluate the results of endoscopic polypectomy performed at Vladimir Ilich Lenin hospital. Assess the importance of rectosigmoidoscopy for detection and treatment of premalignant lesions. Method: a retrospective study of cases series was performed in 51 patients who underwent video-endoscopic rectosigmoid polypectomy, in the period from September 2008 to December 2009, at the Department of Coloproctology of Vladimir Ilich Lenin Provincial Teaching Hospital of Holguin. Results: polyps are more common in women (60.8 %) and older than 60 years (35.3 %). Blood loss (37.3 %) was the most common presentation. From the morphological characteristics of sessile polyps form (52.9 %) and small (54.9 %) location in the rectum (60.8 %) is the most common and solitary (86.3 %) predominated. Simple adenomas (64.7 %) are the most common and a percentage of these a degree of dysplasia can be found (31.4 %). Conclusions: polypectomy technique was employed by loop diathermy technique and neither complications nor recurrences were reported.

Endoloop hecho en casa / Homemade Endoloop

La polipectomía es un procedimiento muy común en endoscopia que no está exento de complicaciones; la más frecuente es el sangrado posterior al procedimiento por lo que se han desarrollado para su prevención numerosas estrategias; una de ellas es el uso de endoloop que ha mostrado buenos resultados para pólipos de pedículo muy largo o grueso. Sin embargo, los kits comerciales para realizar este procedimiento son muy costosos y poco disponibles, lo que hace que en nuestro medio se use muy poco. Aquí presentamos un diseño artesanal de bajo costo diseñado (por el grupo del doctor Sakai en Sao Pablo, Brasil) y la experiencia en nuestro servicio con este.

Although polypectomies are very common procedures in endoscopy, they are not without complications. The most common complication is bleeding following the procedure. Numerous strategies have been developed to prevent bleeding. One of these, the use of an endoloop, has had good results for polyps with very long or thick pedicles. Nevertheless, since commercial endoloop kits for this procedure are very expensive and in short supply, they are not widely used in Colombia. In this article we present a low cost design developed by Dr. Sakai in Sao Paul Brazil for an endoloop that can be made in house, and we present our experience with this tool.

Polipectomía endoscópica de colon: efectividad y seguridad de la técnica de inyectar y cortar / Efficacy and safety of the inject and cut technique for endoscopic colonic polypectomy

Colonic polypectomy is the most important tool for stopping adenoma-cancer, and the inject and cut technique has demonstrated efficacy and safety in studies conducted in other countries. Since in our country there are no reported data on performance of this technique, it is necessary to describe the experience of a gastroenterology unit of a university. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe operational characteristics of endoscopic colonic polypectomy using the inject and cut technique and to describe demographic characteristics of patients undergoing this procedure. Materials and Methods: We included all patients who underwent endoscopic colonic polypectomies in the gastroenterology unit of the Clínica Fundadores in Bogotá from January 2003 to September 2011. Data were processed using SPSS version 18 18.8 (SPSS-IBM) statistical package. Results: 420 patients underwent polypectomies which resected a total of 548 polyps. Mean patient age was 56.3 years (range 14 to 93), 201 patients were male, and 219 were female. Polyps were most commonly located in the left colon (238/64.4%). Average size was 1.6 cm. 83.8% were pedunculated, 13.3% were sessile, and 2.85% were flat. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in 36 cases (8.6%). There was no relationship between this complication and the size of polyps (<= 20vs> 20 mm), OR: 0.44 (CI 0.19-1.01), nor with the number of resected polyps (1Vs> 1) OR: 1.44, (95%:0.65-3 .2). All cases of bleeding were controlled endoscopically without further complications. There was no need for surgery. There were no local recurrences during follow-up. Conclusions: This study showed that the inject and cut technique is a practical, effective, economical and easy to perform technique for removal of colonic polyps. To date this is the largest series published in our country on the subject

Colonic polypectomy is the most important tool for stopping adenoma-cancer, and the inject and cut technique has demonstrated efficacy and safety in studies conducted in other countries. Since in our country there are no reported data on performance of this technique, it is necessary to describe the experience of a gastroenterology unit of a university. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe operational characteristics of endoscopic colonic polypectomy using the inject and cut technique and to describe demographic characteristics of patients undergoing this procedure. Materials and Methods: We included all patients who underwent endoscopic colonic polypectomies in the gastroenterology unit of the Clínica Fundadores in Bogotá from January 2003 to September 2011. Data were processed using SPSS version 18 18.8 (SPSS-IBM) statistical package. Results: 420 patients underwent polypectomies which resected a total of 548 polyps. Mean patient age was 56.3 years (range 14 to 93), 201 patients were male, and 219 were female. Polyps were most commonly located in the left colon (238/64.4%). Average size was 1.6 cm. 83.8% were pedunculated, 13.3% were sessile, and 2.85% were flat. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in 36 cases (8.6%). There was no relationship between this complication and the size of polyps (<= 20vs> 20 mm), OR: 0.44 (CI 0.19-1.01), nor with the number of resected polyps (1Vs> 1) OR: 1.44, (95%:0.65-3 .2). All cases of bleeding were controlled endoscopically without further complications. There was no need for surgery. There were no local recurrences during follow-up. Conclusions: This study showed that the inject and cut technique is a practical, effective, economical and easy to perform technique for removal of colonic polyps. To date this is the largest series published in our country on the subject

Pólipo difícil. Enfoque y manejo / How to approach and manage difficult polyps

Ante la pregunta: ¿Cuándo se debe remover un pólipo? ¡Siempre!, así de enfática debe ser la respuesta, después de que estos adquirieron tanta importancia como responsables en gran parte de la génesis del cáncer colorrectal. El 80% son adenomas y de acuerdo al tamaño, especialmente los mayores de 20 mm, tienen un mayor riesgo de malignidad, aunque globalmente solo 5-10% pueden generar un cáncer. En este escrito pretendemos de una manera práctica presentar la mejor manera de abordar un pólipo considerado como difícil, de acuerdo a sus características morfológicas como tamaño, tipo, morfología, cantidad, localización y una serie de estrategias para su resección. La polipectomía es uno de los principales avances de la medicina en el siglo XX, ya que en manos experimentadas es muy seguro, altamente efectivo (90-97%) y con una disminución comprobada en la incidencia de cáncer colorrectal de un 80%.

If asked when to remove a polyp, the answer should always be ALWAYS! The answer became this emphatic after polyps acquired such importance because they are largely responsible for the genesis of colorectal cancer. 80% of polyps are adenomas which have risks of malignancy which increase as their size increases. This risk is especially high when they are larger than 20 mm. Nevertheless, overall only 5% to 10% generate cancer. In this paper we intend to present the best practical approach and a range of strategies for resection for polyps considered to be difficult because of their morphological characteristics such as size, type, morphology, quantity and location. Polypectomy is a major medical advance of the twentieth century. In experienced hands, it is very safe, highly effective (90-97%) and decreases incidence of proven colorectal cancer by 80%.

Análise morfológica e anatomopatológica de polipectomias gástricas realizadas em Hospital Universitário no período de três anos / Analysis of pathological and anathomical gastric polypectomies held on an University Hospital during the period of three years

- Os pólipos gástricos são lesões não comumente encontradas, porém têm grande relevância clínica, visto que alguns tipos histológicos estão intimamente ligados ao desenvolvimento do câncer. Descrever a quantidade de endoscopias digestivas altas que encontraram pólipos gástricos, bem como seus aspectos histopatológicos e endoscópicos, além da análise da idade e gênero dos pacientes. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com pólipos gástricos que realizaram endoscopia digestiva alta no Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba, no período de 1º de janeiro de 2008 a 31 de dezembro de 2010. Os dados foram analisados a partir do banco de dados dos exames endoscópicos feitos nesse período com o diagnóstico de lesão polipóide gástrica. Os seguintes dados foram analisados nos pólipos: localização, diâmetro, quantidade de pólipos, tipo histológico do pólipo, classificação de Yamada. Em relação aos pacientes, serão analisados o gênero e a idade. Foram analisadas 7.186 endoscopias, das quais foram diagnosticados 170 pólipos gástricos, o que equivale a 2,37% dos exames realizados. Quanto ao gênero e idade, 106 (62,35%) pacientes eram mulheres enquanto 64 (37,65%) eram homens, sendo a média de idade de 59,98, com uma variação na idade de 22 a 97 anos. Dos 170 pólipos diagnosticados endoscopicamente, 135 foram analisados histologicamente. O tipo histológico mais comum foi o hiperplásico, com 54,07%; seguido de glândulas fúndicas, com 18,51%; inflamatórios, 14,81%; hamartomatosos, 10,37%; e adenomatosos, com 2,22%. Houve uma predominância de pólipos hiperplásicos acima dos 50 anos, sendo, do total de pólipos hiperplásicos encontrados, 59 (80,8%) casos acima dessa faixa etária. Outro pólipo praticamente só encontrado acima dos 50 anos foi o hamartomatoso, com 13 (92,85%) casos. A grande maioria dos pólipos era menor que 1centímetro de diâmetro 124 (72,94%). De acordo com a localização do pólipo das 170 endoscopias realizadas, 46,47% estavam em antro gástrico seguido de fundo gástrico 30,59%, corpo gástrico 20% e boca anastomótica 2,94%. De acordo com a classificação de Yamada, a maioria dos pólipos foi classificada como sésseis (II) 111 (65,19%) e lesão elevada 37 (21,77%). Com relação à quantidade de pólipos encontrada em cada paciente, 120 (70,59%) apresentaram pólipos gástricos únicos enquanto 50 (29,41%) tiveram pólipos gástricos múltiplos. De todas as endoscopias analisadas, 170 (2,37%) apresentaram pólipos gástricos, com localização principalmente em antro, seguida por fundo e corpo gástrico, sendo a maioria dos pólipos menores que 1 centímetro de diâmetro. O tipo histológico mais encontrado foi o hiperplásico, estando os pólipos mais presentes de maneira solitária e pertencendo a classe II ou séssil, de acordo com a classificação de Yamada. Quanto aos pacientes, a maioria era mulher e a média de idade dos pacientes acometidos foi de praticamente 60 anos.

The gastric polyps lesions are not commonly found, but they have great clinical relevance, since some histological types are closely linked to cancer development. Describe the number of endoscopies that found gastric polyps and the analysis of gender and age of these pacientes. This is a retrospective study of patients with gastric polyps, who underwent upper endoscopy at Evangelical Hospital in Curitiba, in the period from 1 January 2008 to December 31, 2010. Data were analyzed from the database of endoscopy done in this period with the diagnosis of gastric polypoid lesions. The following data were analyzed in polyp location, diameter, number of polyps, histologic type of polyp, Yamada classification. Concerning to the patients gender and age will be analyzed. 7186 endoscopies were analyzed, of which 170 were diagnosed gastric polyps, which equals 2.37% of the examinations. 106 (62.35%) patients were women while 64 (37.65%) were men, and the mean age was 59.98 with a range in age from 22 to 97 years. From the 170 polyps diagnosed endoscopically, 135 were examined histologically. The most common histological type was hyperplastic with 54.07%, followed by fundic glands with 18.51%, 14.81% inflammatory, hamartomatous and adenomatous 10.37% to 2.22%. We found a predominance of hyperplastic polyps in patients over fifty years, and of all hyperplastic polyps found, 59 (80.8%) cases with this type of polyp are above this age. Another polyp found almost exclusively over 50 years was hamartomatous, with 13 (92.85%) cases. The vast majority of polyps were smaller than one centimeter in diameter 124 (72.94%). According to the location of the polyp 170 endoscopies, 46.47% were in gastric antrum followed by 30.59% gastric fundus, gastric body and 20% anastomotic 2.94%. According to the Yamada classification, the majority of polyps were classified as sessile (II) 111 (65.19%) and elevated lesion 37 (21.77%). Regarding the number of polyps found in each patient, 120 (70.59%) had gastric polyps while only 50 (29.41%) had multiple gastric polyps. Of all the endoscopies analyzed, 170 (2.37%) had gastric polyps, with localization mainly in the antrum followed by fund and gastric body, with the majority of polyps smaller than 1 cm in diameter. The most found histologic type were the hyperplastic polyps belonging to class II or sessile in accordance with the Yamada classification. The majority of patients were women and mean age of affected patients was nearly 60 years.

Síndrome de Peutz Jeghers, manifestaciones bucales y su relación con la odontopediatría / Peutz-Jeghers, bucal manifestations and its relationship with the pediatric dentistry

El odontólogo, deberá estar capacitado en el diagnóstico oportuno del Síndrome de Peutz Jeghers (SPJ) entidad autosómica dominante, que generalmente se presenta en los primeros años de vida; siendo el odontopediatra el profesional que iniciando la rutina del examen estomatológico a muy temprana edad, debería referir al especialista, para un manejo terapéutico adecuado. El Síndrome de Peutz Jeghers (SPJ) se caracteriza clínicamente por presentar máculas hiperpigmentadas en labios, mucosa, manos y pies; asociada a pólipos gastrointestinales; que ocasionan cuadros de anemia, obstrucción Intestinal y dolor abdominal, dichos pólipos además tienen un alto riesgo de transformarse en cáncer intestinal y/o extraintestinal. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 8 años, con pigmentaciones mucosas desde el nacimiento e historia de dolor abdominal; revisamos el tema y se analiza el protocolo de vigilancia y de tratamiento.

The dentist should be trained in the early diagnosis of Peutz Jeghers Syndrome (PJS), autosomal dominant disorder that usually occurs in the first years of life. A routine examination at an early age can make us refer the patient to a specialist for the appropiate therapeutic management. Peutz Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) is characterized clinically by hyperpigmented macules on the lips, mucosa, hands and feet associated with gastrointestinal polyps, which cause anemia, inestinal obstruction and abdominal pain. The polyps also have a high risk of transforming into intestinal and/or extraintestinal cancer. We reported the case of a 8 year old male patient, with mucosal pigmentation from birth and history of abdominal pain, we made a review of the literature and discussed the protocol for monitoring and treatment.

Pólipos diminutos: ¿qué hacer con ellos? / Small polyps: what to do about them?

La extirpación de pólipos diminutos con características endoscópicas no neoplásicas sin estudio histológico o la no resección de los mismos son alternativas planteadas para minimizar riesgos y costos. Determinar la presencia de pólipos diminutos (5 mms. de diámetro o menos) y su naturaleza histológica para evaluar el impacto clínico de extirparlos o dejarlos in situ, o extirparlos y no enviarlos a estudio histológico. Con éste fin se evaluaron 217 colonoscopias practicadas consecutivamente, con resección y estudio histológico de los pólipos evidenciados. 26/63 pólipos diminutos (41,26%) presentaron riesgo carcinogénico para el paciente de haberse dejado in situ, con información inapropiada para determinar tiempo de seguimiento en caso de haberse resecados y descartados sin estudio histológico (entre ellos 2 displasias de alto grado). 1. Un alto porcentaje de pólipos diminutos presenta potencial carcinogénico y su estructura microscópica debe ser evaluada con fines pronósticos, de seguimiento o para determinar conductas a seguir. 2. Nuevas tecnologías pueden contribuir a una mejor selección de pólipos que no requieran ser resecados o estudiados histológicamente, pero mientras no sean adecuadamente validadas es prudente continuar con la estrategia de resecar y estudiar histológicamente

Several strategies have been proposed recently to diminish risks and costs such as the extirpation of diminutive polyps without histologic study, or leaving them in situ when their endoscopic characteristics allow to predict their non-neoplastic potential. To determine the nature of diminutive (5 mm diameter or less) polyps in a number of colonoscopies and the clinical impact of resecting them without histologic study or to leave them in situ without resection. 271 colonoscopies were performed consecutively, with resection and histopathological study of all the polyps detected. 26/63 diminutive polyps (41,26%) presented carcinogenic potential, with the inherent risk for the patient if they were leaved in situ, or with inapropiate information to determine the time of surveillance in case of having resected and discarded the polyps without histologic evaluation (2 high grade dysplasia between them). 1. A high percentage of diminutive polyps have a carcinogenic potential and its microscopic structure must be adequately evaluated. 2. The progress of high resolution endoscopy with magnification and chromoendoscopy, may contribute to the application of policies such as resect and discard

Polipectomías difíciles por residentes: ¿Es posible? / Difficult polypectomies by residents: Is it possible?

Antecedentes: La polipectomía endoscópica (PE) es una herramienta habitual en el campo de la coloproctología. La misma ofrece un desafío al residente más aún cuando son pólipos difíciles (mayores de 20 mm). La bibliografía es escasa y no concluyente en lo que respecta a la curva de aprendizaje de este procedimiento. Objetivos: analizar la eficacia y complicaciones de la (PE) en pólipos difíciles de colon realizadas por médicos residentes en coloproctología, comparando sus resultados con los de la bibliografía internacional. Pacientes y métodos: Durante el periodo 1 de junio de 2009 al 31 de mayo del 2010 se efectúa el análisis retrospec­tivo de las polipectomías endoscópicas difíciles realizadas por un médico residente de su último año de formación bajo supervisión de un tutor. Se evalúan las siguientes variables: el tamaño, patología y complicaciones. Resultados: Se realizaron 1303 colonoscopias. Se encontraron 34 pólipos mayores a 20 mm en 34 pacientes, realizando pe en 24 casos de los cuales el residente pudo realizar el 95,8%. La edad media fue de 63 años. 15 del sexo masculino y 9 femeninos. El tamaño promedio fue 28 mm. El tiempo medio fue de 47 minutos. Displasia leve fue reportada en el 66,4%, grave en 29.4 %, cáncer invasor en 4,2 %. Complicaciones: un paciente presento un sangrado que se resuelve endoscópicamente colocando clips. No se registraron perforaciones ni síndromes post polipectomias. Conclusiones: Con una técnica adecuada y una selección cuidadosa de los casos, las polipectomías endoscópicas de pólipos de gran tamaño pueden ser realizadas con seguridad y eficacia por residentes con una adecuada curva de entrenamiento.

Background: the endoscopic polypectomy (EP) is a widespread practice in the coloproctology field. It is usually seen as a challenge by the resident, and it is seen even more challenging when operating on difficult polyps (bigger than 20 mm). The available literature is Iittle and it is not conclusive regarding the learning curve of this procedure. Objectives: analyse the efficiency and complications of the EP practiced on difficult polyps performed by residents specialized in coloproctology, and compare the outcome with the international literature available. Patients and Techniques: the retrospective analysis ­from 1st of June 2009 to 31 st of May 2010- of the EP practiced on difficult polyps done by a senior resident supervised by his mentor; considering the following indicators: size, pathology and complications of the polyp. Results: 1303 colonoscopies performed. 34 polyps bigger than 20 mm were found in 34 patients: EP was practiced on 24 cases of which the resident was able to accomplish the 95.8%. The median age of patients was 63 years old. 15 of which were males and 9 females. The average size of the polyp resulted in 28 mm. The median time of the practice was 47 minutes. The 66.4% of the cases indicated moderate dysplasia, the 29.4% acute dysplasia and the rest 4.2% invader cancer. Complications: a patient bleeding. No perforations nor post polypectomies syndroms were observed. Conclusions: With an appropiate technique and a carefuI case selection, the endoscopic polypectomies of big size polyps can be efficiently performed by residents with an adequate training curve.

Polipectomía y manejo endoscópico de lesión gigante gástrica / Polypectomy and endoscopic management of a giant gastric polyp

Los pólipos gástricos suelen ser hiperplásicos y benignos en su gran mayoría. Se asocian entre otras a factores idiosincráticos, genéticos o al uso prolongado de bloqueadores de bomba. Si bien su grado de malignización es bajo se recomienda su remoción. La mayoría se encuentran incidentalmente en procedimientos de rutina. Cuando superan los 10 mm (pueden incluso llegan a medir varios centímetros) suelen causas dispepsia, pueden sangrar u obstruir el píloro si son ubicados en antro. Reportamos la remoción de un pólipo gástrico gigante con método combinado de inyección, elevación, uso de asa desprendible o endoloop, complementado con aplicación de argón plasma (APC).

Gastric polyps are mainly hyperplastic and benign. They are associated with idiosinchratic factors, genetic or associated to chronic use of pump inhibitors. Endoscopic resection is recommended eventhough the rate of malignant transformation is very low. The vast majority are encountered as incidental findings in routine endoscopy. When they grow beyond 10mm (they may reach several centimetres in diamater) gastric polyps are a cause of dyspepsia, bleeding or gastric outlet obstruction, if located in the antrum. We report a safe endoscopic resection of a giant gastric polyp combining injection, elevation, endoloop and argon plasma coagulation (APC).

Tumor de células granulares de esófago / Tumor of granular cells of esophagus

Los tumores de células granulares son lesiones raras y asintomáticas, generalmente un hallazgo incidental en la endoscopia alta o baja. Fueron descritos por primera vez en 1926 por Abrikossoff. Las localizaciones más frecuentes son la mucosa bucal, la dermis y el tejido celular subcutáneo, la mayor parte de estos tumores tienen una naturaleza benigna. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer, de 44 años con historia de pirosis desde hace aproximadamente 1 año, se observa por endoscopia superior lesión elevada de 8 mm en tercio distal de esófago y se confirma por estudio histológico el diagnóstico de tumor de celulas granulares. El tratamiento de elección de esta lesión es la polipectomía endoscópica. A pesar de que el potencial maligno es escaso se sugiere seguimiento estrecho clínico y endoscópico

Granular cells tumors are rare and asymptomatic lesions and by general, it is an incidental finding en high or low endoscopy. They were described for the first time by Abrikossoff in 1926. The more frequent locations are the buccal mucosa, dermis and subcutaneous cellular tissue, most of these tumors has a benign origin. This is the case of a woman aged 44 with a pyrosis history from a year ago; by high endoscopy it is noted a 8mm lesion distal to esophagus and confirmed by histological study of granular cells tumor. Elective treatment of this lesion is the endoscopic polypectomy. Despite that the malign potential is low; we suggested a close clinical and endoscopic follow-up

Colonoscopia com polipectomia: análise crítica de fatores de risco e complicações / Colonic snare polipectomy: critical analysis of risk factors and complications

Objetivo: Analisar complicações de polipectomia com alça ditérmica em cólon. Pacientes e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de polipectomias em colonoscopias realizadas em dois hospitais de 2001 a 2007. Teste t de Student foi usado para média, desvio padrão e qui-quadrado para números absolutos. P< que 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Foram 1687 polipectomias em 8447 colonoscopias. Sangramento imediato em 24 (11,8 por cento) em pólipos maiores do que 2 cm contra 1 (0,07 por cento) em menores p<0,01. Somente 1, maior que 2 cm, (0,49 por cento) necessitou de cirurgia para controle do sangramento p<0,01. Sangramento tardio em 7 (3,4 por cento), todos maiores que 2 cm p<0,01. Perfuração em 6 (2.9 por cento), todas em cólon direito. Não houve necessidade de cirurgia. A idade foi 59,8±6,7 para sangramento imediato, 60±9,8 para tardio e 63,8±16,3 para os que não sangraram p>0,05. Síndrome pós-polipectomia em 6 (0,35 por cento). Ressecção fatiada somente em maiores que 2 cm, 89/116 (77 por cento) sésseis e 11/87 (13 por cento) pediculados p<0,01. Carcinoma invasivo em 40 adenomas maiores que 2 cm (19,7 por cento). Conclusão: Polipectomia com alça é segura, sangramento a complicação mais comum, relacionada ao tamanho da base. Perfuração vem a seguir. Ambas tem tratamento endoscópico prioritário.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate adverse events from snare polypectomy. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the rate of complications of 1687 snare polypectomies carried out in 8447 colonoscopies between 2001 and 2007 at two Medical Institutions. Student t test was used for statistical analysis of mean and chi-square to compare absolute numbers. A significant p-value was defined as < 0,05. Results: Of the 1687 colonoscopic polypectomies 203 were performed in polyps larger than 2 cm in diameter ( range 2-10 cm ). In this group 24 (11,8 percent) had immediate bleeding, against 1 ( 0,07 percent) smaller than 2 cm p<0,01. Only one, larger than 2 cm, needed surgery to control bleeding episod p<0,01. Delayed bleeding occurred in 6 (0,35 percent).None required surgery. The age group for bleeding post-polypectomy did not differ, being 59,8±6,7 for immediate bleeding, 60±9,8 for delayed and 63,8±16,3 for no bleeding p>0,05.Post-polypectomy syndrome occurred in 6 patients (0,35 percent). In polyps larger than 2 cm, piecemeal resection was performed more often in sessile than in pedunculated ones 89/116 ( 77 percent) versus 11/87 (13 percent) p<0,01. Invasive carcinoma was present in 40 adenoma larger than 2 cm (19,7 percent). Conclusion: Snare polypectomy is safe procedure, being bleeding the most common complication, related with polyp size mainly its base, treated most of the time endoscopically. Perforation being the next, treated too without surgery.