The role of mother-child relationship in the association between maternal parenting stress and emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the moderating effect of mother-child relationship in the association between maternal parenting stress and emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children.@*METHODS@#Using a stratified cluster sampling method, 2 049 preschool children were surveyed from November to December 2021, who sampled from 12 kindergartens in Wuhu City, Anhui Province. The emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children were assessed with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of maternal parenting stress and mother-child relationship with children's emotional and behavioral problems. The PROCESS Macro was used to analyze the moderating effect of conflicted and dependent mother-child relationships in the association between maternal parenting stress and emotional and behavioral problems in these preschool children.@*RESULTS@#Among these preschool children, maternal parenting stress was positively correlated with the scores of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems subscales and total difficulty scores (P<0.001); intimate mother-child relationships were negatively correlated with the scores of conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems subscales and total difficulty scores (P<0.001); conflicted and dependent mother-child relationships were positively correlated with the scores of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems subscales and total difficulty scores (P<0.001). After controlling for relevant confounding factors, conflicted mother-child relationship (β=0.05, P=0.001) and dependent mother-child relationship (β=0.04, P=0.012) were found to have a moderating effect on the association between maternal parenting stress and total difficulty scores in these preschool children.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Negative mother-child relationships play a moderating role in the association between maternal parenting stress and emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children. Prevention of emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children should focus on reducing maternal parenting stress and improving negative mother-child relationships.

Meta-analysis of prevalence and filling rate of dental caries in preschool children in China / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aims to understand the prevalence and treatment status of dental caries in preschool children aged 3-5 years in China among the past five years.@*METHODS@#Databases including CNKI, WanFang data, VIP, MEDLINE, EMBASE were systematically searched for the epidemiological literature of dental caries in preschool children in China from 2017 to 2022 for Meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was carried out by sex, age, geographical region, ethnology, and residence.@*RESULTS@#The Meta-analysis enrolled 27 literatures, including 72 788 preschool children; of which, 38 344 children had dental caries. The merged prevalence of dental caries in preschool children was 59.3% (95%CI: 54.6%-63.9%), and the merged filling rate of caries was 5.7% (95%CI: 2.5%-8.8%). In the subgroup analysis, the merged prevalence rates of caries in children aged 3, 4, and 5 years were 46.9% (95%CI: 42.5%-51.4%), 59.0% (95%CI: 55.1%-62.8%), and 67.3% (95%CI: 62.5%-72.2%), respectively, and the difference was significant. In addition, significant differences were found among different regions. The merged prevalence of dental caries in preschool children was the highest in northwest China (68.6%, 95%CI: 55.5%-81.8%) and the lowest in central China (49.1%, 95%CI: 47.3%-51.0%). The merged prevalence of dental caries was not significantly different among preschool children of different genders, ethnicities, and residence.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The prevalence of dental caries in preschool children aged 3-5 years in China is high and continuously increases. The oral health of preschool children should be comprehensively strengthened, and a three-level strategy should be implemented to prevent diseases.

Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of rotavirus lower respiratory tract infection in preschool children / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate and study epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of rotavirus lower respiratory tract infection in preschool children. Methods The preschool children with rotavirus enteritis and lower respiratory tract infection admitted to the hospital were retrospectively analyzed January 2021 and June 2022. The situations and risk factors of lower respiratory tract infection were evaluated by chest X-ray, serological examination and throat swab culture. Results In the 155 preschool children with rotavirus enteritis, there were 59 (38.06%) cases with lower respiratory tract infection. The results of pathogens culture showed that proportion of Haemophilus influenzae was the highest (28.81%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.64%, 15.25%). There were significant differences between infection group and non-infection group in age, histories of family members smoking, children's aggregated activities and family members' respiratory diseases, family members' and children' attention to hand hygiene, pregnancy outcomes, age at the first usage of antibiotics and onset seasons (P0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age <3 years (OR=2.962, P=0.031), history of family members' smoking (OR=2.869, P=0.035), history of family members' respiratory diseases (OR=2.354, P=0.039) and the age at the first usage of antibiotics <1 year (OR=2.622, P=0.033) were all independent risk factors of rotavirus lower respiratory tract infection in preschool children. Conclusion The preschool children with rotavirus are prone to lower respiratory tract infection. Clinically, more attentions should be payed to children with age <3 years, history of family members' smoking, history of family members' respiratory diseases and the age at the first usage of antibiotics <1 year. The targeted measures should be actively taken to prevent the risk of lower respiratory tract infection.

Promoting adequate and healthy food in early childhood education: a systematic review / Promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável na educação infantil: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objectives: to identify and describe the characteristics of studies that address the promotion of adequate and healthy food in early childhood education units and their repercussions on the school community. Methods: the search and selection were performed according to the PRISMA recommendations in the Medline databases via OVID, EMBASE and LILACS. Data extraction took placeusing a table developed by the authors. The evaluation of the quality of the evidence of the studies was carried out through the risk of bias using an adapted scale. Result: twelve articles that met the eligibility criteria were selected. All studies were applied in public or private educational institutions with a median of 236 participants. In the analysis of food and nutrition education activities, the most adopted with preschoolers were playful; with the parents it was the meetings and counseling; and with the professionals it was the training. The methodological qualification of the studies was considered low, which may be related to their limitations included in this review, mainly due to the types of designs adopted, the time and lack of continuity of interventions and sample size. Conclusion: food and nutrition education activities seem to be a promising strategy in knowledge, adoption of healthy eating practices and transmission of values in the school community.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar e descrever as características de estudos que abordam a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável em unidades de educação infantil e suas repercussões na comunidade escolar. Métodos: a busca e seleção foram realizadas segundo as recomendações do PRISMA nas bases de dados Medline via OVID, EMBASE e LILACS. A extração de dados ocorreu utilizando uma tabela elaborada pelas autoras. A avaliação da qualidade das evidências dos estudos foi realizada por meio do risco de viés utilizando uma escala adaptada. Resultados: foram selecionados 12 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Todos os estudos foram aplicados em instituições de ensino públicas ou privadas com uma mediana de 236 participantes. Na análise das atividades de educação alimentar e nutricional, as mais adotadas com os pré-escolares foram as lúdicas; com os pais foram as reuniões e aconselhamentos; e com os profissionais foram as capacitações. A qualificação metodológica dos estudos foi considerada baixa, podendo estar relacionada às limitações dos próprios estudos incluídos nesta revisão, principalmente pelos tipos de desenhos adotados, o tempo e a falta de continuidade das intervenções e tamanho amostrai. Conclusão: atividades de educação alimentar e nutricional parecem ser uma estratégia promissora na disseminação do conhecimento, adoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis e transmissão de valores na comunidade escolar.

Framing poor diet quality as malnutrition: the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) / Enquadrando a má qualidade da dieta como má nutrição: Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) / Caracterizar la mala calidad de la dieta como malnutrición: Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019)

Based on the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) results, this article reflects on the adequacy of the "malnutrition in all its forms" framework and system of classification for representing and interpreting these dietary transitions in Brazilian children. We highlight the limitations of this classification system, including the focus on health outcomes and anthropometric measures, the siloed understanding of these forms of malnutrition, the lack of relevance of the obesity category to children under 5 years old, and the failure to adequately address the various measures of poor quality diets captured by ENANI-2019. As an alternative, based on an approach developed by Gyorgy Scrinis to reframing malnutrition in all its forms, we suggest a need for frameworks that focus on describing and classifying the nature of, and changes to, dietary patterns, rather than focused on health outcomes.

Com base nos resultados do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019), este artigo reflete sobre a adequação da estrutura e do sistema de classificação "má nutrição em todas as suas formas" para representar e interpretar essas transições alimentares em crianças brasileiras. Este estudo destaca as limitações desse sistema de classificação, incluindo o foco nos resultados de saúde e medidas antropométricas, o entendimento isolado dessas formas de má nutrição, a falta de relevância da categoria obesidade para crianças menores de 5 anos de idade e a incapacidade de abordar adequadamente as várias medidas de dietas de baixa qualidade identificadas pelo ENANI-2019. Como alternativa, com base em uma abordagem desenvolvida por Gyorgy Scrinis para reformular a abordagem da má nutrição em todas as suas formas, são necessárias estruturas que se concentrem em descrever e classificar a natureza e as mudanças nos padrões alimentares em vez de se concentrar nos resultados de saúde.

Con base en los resultados del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019), este artículo reflexiona sobre la adecuación del marco y del sistema de clasificación de la "malnutrición en todas sus formas" para representar e interpretar estas transiciones dietéticas en los niños brasileños. Este estudio destaca las limitaciones de este sistema de clasificación, incluido el enfoque en los resultados de salud y las medidas antropométricas, la comprensión aislada de estas formas de malnutrición, la falta de relevancia de la categoría de obesidad para niños menores de 5 años y la incapacidad de abordar adecuadamente las diversas medidas de dietas de baja calidad identificadas por el ENANI-2019. Una alternativa sería, basándose en un enfoque desarrollado por Gyorgy Scrinis para reformular el enfoque de la malnutrición en todas sus formas, establecer estructuras que se centraran en describir y clasificar la naturaleza y los cambios en los patrones dietéticos en lugar de centrarse en los resultados de salud.

Relationship between home literacy environment and emotional regulation in children: the mediating effect of the parent-child relationship / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the impact of the home literacy environment on children's emotional regulation skills and the mediating role of the parent-child relationship between them.@*METHODS@#A stratified cluster sampling approach was employed to select 1 626 preschool children from five kindergartens in Nanjing. Questionnaires were used to collect detailed information on the home literacy environment, children's emotional regulation skills, and the parent-child relationship. A mediation model was established using the Process program in SPSS macro, and the significance of the mediation effect was tested using the Bootstrap method.@*RESULTS@#The findings revealed a positive correlation between the home literacy environment and children's emotional regulation skills (r=0.217, P<0.001), as well as parent-child intimacy (r=0.065, P<0.01). Conversely, a negative correlation was found between the home literacy environment and parent-child conflict (r=-0.129, P<0.001). Additionally, parent-child conflict demonstrated a negative correlation with children's emotional regulation skills (r=-0.443, P<0.001), while parent-child intimacy exhibited a positive correlation (r=0.247, P<0.001). The home literacy environment exerted a significant direct effect on children's emotional regulation skills (β=0.162, P<0.001), and the mediating effect of the parent-child relationship accounted for 25.54% of the total effect.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The home literacy environment significantly influences children's emotional regulation skills, with the parent-child relationship partially mediating this relationship.

Application of Preschool Auditory Processing Assessment Scale in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the characteristics of auditory processing (AP) in preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using Preschool Auditory Processing Assessment Scale (hereafter referred to as "auditory processing scale").@*METHODS@#A total of 41 children with ADHD and 41 typically developing (TD) children were assessed using the auditory processing scale, SNAP-IV rating scale, and Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT). The auditory processing scale score was compared between the TD and ADHD groups. The correlations of the score with SNAP-IV and K-CPT scores were assessed.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the TD group, the ADHD group had significantly higher total score of the auditory processing scale and scores of all dimensions except visual attention (P<0.05). In the children with ADHD, the attention deficit dimension score of the SNAP-IV rating scale was positively correlated with the total score of the auditory processing scale (rs30=0.531, P<0.05; rs27=0.627, P<0.05) as well as the scores of its subdimensions, including auditory decoding (rs=0.628, P<0.05), auditory attention (rs=0.492, P<0.05), and communication (rs=0.399, P<0.05). The hyperactivity-impulsivity dimension score of the SNAP-IV rating scale was positively correlated with the hyperactivity-impulsivity dimension score of the auditory processing scale (rs=0.429, P<0.05). In the children with ADHD, the attention deficit dimension score of the K-CPT was positively correlated with the total score (rs30=0.574, P<0.05; rs27=0.485, P<0.05) and the hyperactivity-impulsivity dimension score (rs=0.602, P<0.05) of the auditory processing scale.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Preschool children with ADHD have the risk of AP abnormalities, and the auditory processing scale should be used early for the screening and evaluation of AP abnormalities in children.

Resultados en el neurodesarrollo en la edad preescolar y escolar de los recién nacidos pretérminos asistidos en el CTI neonatal de la Asociación Médica de San José / Neurodevelopmental preschool and school results of preterm newborns assisted at the neonatal ICU of the San José department medical provider in Uruguay / Resultados neuro desenvolvimento em idade pré-escolar e escolar de recém-nascidos pré-termos atendidos na UTI neonatal da assistência médica do departamento do São José no Uruguai

Uruguay acompaña la tendencia mundial al descenso de la natalidad con un descenso de la mortalidad concomitante, siendo la primera causa de mortalidad infantil la prematurez. Enfocados en la prematurez, es de nuestro interés conocer qué ocurre con estos niños luego del alta de la unidad neonatal. Se realizó el estudio de una cohorte de niños entre 4 y 8 años, nacidos con 32 semanas o menos de edad gestacional y/o con pesos al nacer de 1.500 g o menos, asistidos en su período neonatal en la Asociación Médica de San José, a quienes se les realizó el test de Battelle. Se logró identificar las áreas con mayor dificultad en el desarrollo para cada grupo de edad, concluyendo que se pueden realizar planes específicos de acción para promover el desarrollo de estos niños en la edad preescolar y escolar.

Uruguay follows the global declining trend in birth rates along with decreasing mortality, being prematurity the main cause of infant mortality. We studied premature children who had undergone the Battelle Test and had been discharged from the neonatal unit, a cohort of children between 4 and 8 years of age, born at 32 weeks or less of gestational age and/or having a birth weight of 1500g or less, assisted in their neonatal period at the San José Department Medical Center. We could identify the main areas affecting development for each age group, and concluded that specific action plans can be carried out to promote the development of these children at preschool and school age.

O Uruguai acompanha a tendência mundial de declínio das taxas de natalidade com uma concomitante diminuição da mortalidade, sendo a prematuridade a principal causa de mortalidade infantil. Nos focamos na prematuridade e no estudo do que acontece com essas crianças após a alta da unidade neonatal. Realizamos um estudo de uma coorte de crianças entre 4 e 8 anos que tinham sido submetidas ao Teste de Battelle, nascidas com 32 semanas ou menos de idade gestacional e/ou com peso de nascimento igual ou inferior a 1500g, atendidas no período neonatal na Assistência Médica do Departamento de São José no Uruguai. Foi possível identificar as áreas de maior dificuldade de desenvolvimento para cada faixa etária, e concluir que podem se realizar planos de ação específicos para promover o desenvolvimento dessas crianças em idade pré-escolar e escolar.

Alimentos que contienen los refrigerios de preescolares de instituciones educativas

Introducción: El refrigerio escolar es un reflejo de los hábitos y preferencias alimentarias de los niños. Un refrigerio no saludable es considerado como un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: Identificar los tipos de alimentos que contienen los refrigerios del preescolar de instituciones educativas públicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal con una muestra de 167 refrigerios de niños preescolares de 4 instituciones educativas de la región norte de Perú; se aplicó como instrumento una lista de chequeo de alimentos energéticos, hídricos, reguladores y constructores, según su origen en procesados y no procesados (naturales). Los datos categóricos fueron registrados y presentados como frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: De los 668 alimentos observados, el 95,8 % presentaba alimentos energéticos seguido del 82,6 % de hídrico. Los alimentos de los refrigerios de los niños preescolares fueron un 45,2 % no procesado, seguido del 29,6 % que no tenía alimento de ningún tipo. Conclusiones: Existe un alto consumo de alimentos energéticos en preescolares de Chiclayo y hay similitud entre la frecuencia de los procesados y no procesados, sin embargo, en general los refrigerios tienen una alta presencia de alimentos no procesados.

Introduction: The school snacks reflect children's eating habits and preferences. An unhealthy snack is considered a public health problem. Objective: Identify the types of foods that contain the preschool snacks of public educational institutions. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 167 snacks of preschool children from four educational institutions in the northern region of Peru, applying as an instrument a checklist of energy foods, water, regulators and builders, and according to their origin in processed and unprocessed (natural). Categorical data were recorded and presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Of the 668 foods observed, 95.8 % presented energy foods followed by 82.6 % water. The foods of the preschool children's snacks were 45.2 % unprocessed followed by 29.6 % who had no food of any kind. Conclusions: There is high consumption of energy foods in preschools in Chiclayo and there is a similarity between the frequencies of processed and unprocessed, however, in general, snacks have a high presence of unprocessed foods.

Nutritional Status of Pre-School Children Attending Anganwadi Centres in Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India

Context/Background: Malnutrition among children is a major public health problem in India. The objective of the study is to assess the nutritional status of pre-school children and to identify the so-cio-demographic determinants of malnutrition. Methodology: In this community-based cross-sectional study, 194 under-five children were recruited from rural and urban areas of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Anthropometric measurements were measured and age standardized weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) were calculated. The proportion of under nutrition (WAZ <-2 standard deviation (SD)), stunt-ing (HAZ <-2SD), and wasting (WHZ <-2SD) were calculated along with the determinants. Results: The mean age of the participants was 40.5 months (SD- 9.1 months), 101 (52.1%) were from rural areas, and 96 (495%) females. The HAZ values were significantly low in- urban children (-0.81; 95%CI: -0.4, -1.21), among the non-Hindu children (-0.92; 95%CI: -0.35, -1.5). The overall prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting were- 13.4% (95%CI: 8.5%, 18.3%), 23.7% (95%CI: 17.6%, 29.8%), and 19.6% (95%CI: 11.9%, 25.3%) respectively. Urban residence (OR 6.75; 95% CI: 3.03 – 15.04) was a strong predictor of stunting. Conclusion: Malnutrition remains to be a public health problem in this area. Strengthening of existing programs should be the key strategy in combating malnutrition.

Mesiodens en dentición temporal y mixta: informe de casos / Mesiodens in primary and mixed dentition: case reports

Objetivo: Presentar una serie de casos clínicos de me- siodens en niños con dentición temporal y mixta, su trata- miento y seguimiento. Casos clínicos: Se muestra el manejo clínico de tres casos de mesiodens en dentición temporal y un caso en den- tición mixta, los cuales fueron diagnosticados en un examen radiográfico de rutina (AU)

Aim: To present a series of clinical cases of mesiodens in children with primary and mixed dentition, their treatment and follow-up. Clinical cases: This paper describes the clinical man- agement of three cases of mesiodens in primary dentition and one case in mixed dentition which were diagnosed in routine radiographic examinations (AU)

Relationship between physical fitness and phase angle based on bioelectrical impedance analysis in 6-year-old children / 体力科学

Phase angle, calculated as the arc-tangent of the reactance-to-resistance ratio in bioelectrical impedance analysis, represents skeletal muscle quality, and is suggested to be an indicator of sports ability and physical fitness. However, it is unclear whether phase angle is related to physical fitness in early childhood in Japanese subjects. The purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between physical fitness and bioelectrical impedance analysis-based phase angle in 6-year-old Japanese children. The subjects were 85 kindergarten students who participated in a physical fitness test and body composition assessment in 2017, 2018 or 2019, in the third year of kindergarten. Fitness tests included grip strength, standing long jump, and 25 m run. A multi-frequency composition analyzer was used for body composition analysis, and the phase angle of the left half of the body was acquired at 50 kHz. Statistical analysis was performed using a general linear model to calculate the regression coefficient of phase angle for physical fitness. Phase angle correlated significantly with the standing long jump and 25 m run. The regression coefficient (±standard error) of phase angle in the standing long jump in the fully adjusted model was 5.098 ±2.264 (p<0.05), and that in the 25 m run was -0.179 ±0.088 (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between phase angle and grip strength. These results suggest that phase angle based on bioelectrical impedance analysis might be related to lower limb muscle function and running ability in 6-year-old Japanese children.

A prospective study of the decision tree prediction model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the clinical value of attention time combined with behavior scale in the screening of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in preschool children.@*METHODS@#A total of 200 preschool children with ADHD diagnosed in Fujian Maternal and Child Health Hospital from February 2019 to March 2020 were enrolled as the ADHD group. A total of 200 children who underwent physical examination in the hospital or kindergartens during the same period were enrolled as the control group. Attention time was recorded. Chinese Version of Swanson Nolan and Pelham, Version IV Scale-Parent Form (SNAP-IV) scale was used to evaluate symptoms. With clinical diagnosis as the gold standard, the decision tree analysis was used to evaluate the clinical value of attention time combined with behavior scale in the screening of ADHD.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the ADHD group had significantly higher scores of SNAP-IV items 1, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, and 22 (P<0.05) and a significantly shorter attention time (P<0.05). The variables with statistically significant differences between the two groups in univariate analysis were used as independent variables to establish a decision tree model. The accuracy of the model in predicting ADHD was 81%, that in predicting non-ADHD was 69%, and the overall accuracy was 75%, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.816 (95% CI: 0.774-0.857, P<0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The decision tree model for screening ADHD in preschool children based on attention time and assessment results of behavior scale has a high accuracy and can be used for rapid screening of ADHD among children in clinical practice.

Medication use in children from the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort aged between three months and four years / Uso de medicação em crianças da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 2015 com três meses a quatro anos de idade / Uso de medicación en niños, desde los tres meses hasta los cuatro años de edad, en una cohorte de nacimiento de 2015 en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Medication use is an important part of the health process and prevalence of its use among infants can reach up to 65% in their first months of life. The excessive use of medication could lead to an increase in their potential harm, surpassing their benefits. Considering this, this study aimed to describe medication use in children aged 3, 12, 24, and 48 months. Standardized questionnaires were applied to assess patterns and covariables of medication use. Medication use was investigated as an outcome and defined as the receipt of any medication within 15 days before the interview. Prevalence of medication use and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were described using chi-squared tests. Prescription source and frequency of use were also reported, along with the most frequent medication in each follow-up. Medication use prevalence was 67.2% (95%CI: 65.8; 68.6), 68.2% (95%CI: 66.8; 69.6), 52.4% (95%CI: 50.9; 54.0), 47.2% (95%CI: 45.7; 48.8), at 3, 12, 24, and 48 months, respectively. We observed a decrease in the proportion of medically prescribed medications and an increase in self-medication over the years. Drugs for gastrointestinal disorders (A03), vitamins (A11), analgesics (N02), anti-inflammatories (M01), and nasal formulations (R01) were the most frequently used medications. We found that children under four years of age comprised over 50% of the total use of medications and self-medication. These results highlight the need to warn caregivers on the importance of proper professional examination and prescription before they administer medications to children.

O uso de medicação é parte importante do processo de saúde, e a prevalência de uso entre lactentes pode chegar a 65% nos primeiros meses de vida. O uso excessivo de medicação pode levar a um aumento dos danos potenciais em relação aos benefícios. Levando isso em conta, o estudo atual buscou descrever o uso de medicação em crianças aos 3, 12, 24 e 48 meses. Foram aplicados questionários padronizados para avaliar os padrões de uso de medicação e covariáveis. O uso de medicação foi investigado enquanto desfecho, e definido como história de ter recebido qualquer medicação nos 15 dias anteriores à entrevista. A prevalência do uso de medicação e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) foram descritos através do teste de qui-quadrado. Também foram relatadas a fonte da prescrição e a frequência de uso, junto com a medicação mais frequente em cada consulta. A prevalência do uso de medicação foi de 67,2% (IC95%: 65,8; 68,6), 68,2% (IC95%: 66,8; 69,6), 52,4% (IC95%: 50,9; 54,0) e 47,2% (IC95%: 45,7; 48,8), aos 3, 12, 24 e 48 meses, respectivamente. Ao longo dos anos, foram observados uma diminuição na proporção de medicamentos com prescrição médica e um aumento na automedicação (indicação pelos pais ou responsáveis). Os medicamentos mais frequentes eram para transtornos gastrointestinais (A03), vitaminas (A11), analgésicos (N02), anti-inflamatórios (M01) e formulações nasais (R01). Encontramos mais de 50% de uso total e de automedicação (indicação pelos pais/responsáveis) em crianças abaixo de 4 anos de idade. Os resultados destacam a necessidade de alertar os cuidadores sobre a importância do exame profissional e prescrição adequados antes da administração de medicamentos a crianças.

El consumo de medicamentos es una parte importante del proceso de salud y la prevalencia de su uso entre bebés puede llegar a un 65% durante los primeros meses de vida. El excesivo consumo de medicamentos podría conducir a un incremento en sus perjuicios potenciales frente a sus beneficios. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de este estudio fue describir el uso de la medicación en niños de 3, 12, 24, y 48 meses. Se aplicaron cuestionarios estandarizados para evaluar los patrones de uso de la medicación y sus covariables. Se investigó el uso de la medicación como un resultado y se definió como haber recibido alguna medicación en los últimos 15 días antes de la entrevista. Se describieron la prevalencia del IC95%uso de la medicación y los intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%), usando tests chi-cuadrado. También se informó de la fuente de prescripción y frecuencia del consumo, junto a la medicación más frecuente en cada seguimiento. La prevalencia en el uso de la medicación fue de un 67,2% (IC95%: 65,8; 68,6), 68,2% (IC95%: 66,8; 69,6), 52,4% (IC95%: 50,9; 54,0), 47,2% (IC95%: 45,7; 48,8), a los 3, 12, 24, y 48 meses, respectivamente. Se observó una disminución en la proporción de medicamentos recetados médicamente y un incremento en la automedicación a lo largo de los años. Los medicamentos más frecuentemente usados fueron los destinados para desórdenes gastrointestinales (A03), vitaminas (A11), analgésicos (N02), antiinflamatorios (M01), y preparados nasales (R01). Descubrimos que más de un 50% del total y automedicación en el consumo de medicinas en niños menores de 4 años. Estos resultados subrayan la necesidad de avisar a los cuidadores sobre la importancia de un examen profesional apropiado y la receta antes de la administración del medicamento a niños.

Quais fatores interferem no desempenho de pré-escolares no subteste de linguagem da Bayley-III? / What factors interfere with the performance of preschool children in the language subtest of Bayley-III?

RESUMO Objetivo verificar se o desempenho de pré-escolares nascidos prematuros e a termo no subteste de linguagem da Bayley-III difere e identificar se as variáveis idade gestacional, peso ao nascer, nível socioeconômico e escolaridade materna são determinantes no desfecho de desenvolvimento de linguagem. Método estudo transversal descritivo caso controle em que 36 pré-escolares nascidos prematuros e 27 nascidos a termo foram avaliados em relação ao desenvolvimento de linguagem pelo subteste da Bayley III. Foram considerados pré-escolares entre 18 e 36 meses de idade cronológica; com ausência de síndromes ou alterações genéticas, sensoriais, neurológicas, auditivas ou visuais; e que não tinham realizado terapia fonoaudiológica previamente. Os testes de Mann-Whitney, Exato de Fisher e regressão logística binária foram utilizados para análise estatística. Resultados o desempenho dos grupos não diferiu seja pela pontuação composta (p=0,701) ou pela classificação baseada no percentil (p=0,225). A idade gestacional, o peso ao nascimento e o nível socioeconômico não influenciaram no desfecho do desenvolvimento de linguagem. No entanto, a escolaridade materna foi significativa (p=0,014) no modelo de regressão logística binária, sugerindo que a mãe ter estudado até a educação básica aumenta a chance de ter um filho com desempenho abaixo do esperado no subteste de linguagem da Bayley III em 6,31 vezes. Conclusão não houve diferença entre os grupos no subteste de linguagem da Bayley-III e apenas a escolaridade materna influenciou no desfecho do desenvolvimento de linguagem.

ABSTRACT Purpose to verify if the performance of pre-school children born prematurely and at term in the Bayley-III language subtest differs and to identify whether variables gestational age, birth weight, socioeconomic level, and maternal education are determinant in the outcome of language development. Methods Descriptive cross-sectional case-control study in which 36 pre-school children born prematurely and 27 born at term were evaluated concerning language development by the Bayley III subtest. Preschoolers between 18 and 36 months of chronological age were considered; with no syndromes or genetic, sensory, neurological, auditory, or visual impairments; and had not previously undergone speech therapy. Mann-Whitney, Fisher's Exact, and binary logistic regression tests were used for statistical analysis. Results the groups' performance did not differ either by the composite score (p = .701) or by the classification based on the percentile (p = .225). Gestational age, birth weight, and socioeconomic status did not influence the outcome of language development. However, maternal education was significant (p = .014) in the binary logistic regression model, suggesting that the mother having studied until basic education increases the chance of having a child underperforming in the Bayley III language subtest 6.31 times. Conclusion there was no difference between the groups in the Bayley-III language subtest and only maternal education influenced the outcome of language development.

Association of parental food choice motives, attitudes, and sugar exposure in the diet with early childhood caries Case–control study

Background: Parents can affect their children's diet by making some food components more accessible. Food choice motives and attitudes of the parents toward sugary food may influence children's diet. Aims: The aim of the study is to investigate the association of parental food choice motives, attitudes toward sugar consumption, and dietary sugar exposure with early childhood caries (ECC). Settings and Design: This case–control study involved 200 children, aged 3–5 years with an equal number of cases (with ECC) and controls (without ECC), based on the WHO-decay-missing-filled teeth index criteria for dental caries. Materials and Methods: The data for parental food choice motives and attitudes toward sugar consumption were obtained using questionnaire answered by their parents, and the dietary sugar exposure was calculated using a 24 h diet chart. Data were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. Results: Most parents (99.5%) considered “maintaining health and nutrition” as an important criterion, above 85% parents thought “mood of the child,” “child likes and dislikes,” “sensory appeal of the food item,” “natural foods,” “quality of the food,” and “weight control” criteria important while selecting food items, with no significant difference between cases and controls. About 61% of the cases considered buying food based on convenience is important, as compared to 47% controls, and the difference was significant. Cases and controls did not differ in attitudes toward sugar consumption. Sugar exposure was significantly higher among the cases. Conclusion: High dietary sugar exposure is associated with ECC. Parents of children with ECC are likely to buy foods for their children based on convenience and availability.

Association between cesarean section and sensory integration dysfunction in preschool children: a prospective cohort study / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the association between cesarean section and sensory integration dysfunction (SID) in preschool children through a prospective cohort study.@*METHODS@#Based on the multicenter mother-infant cohort established by the Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine in 2012, the sensory integration functions (three dimensions: vestibular balance, tactile defensiveness, and proprioception) of 392 preschool children were evaluated by the Chinese Children Sensory Integration Capacity Development Rating Scale in 2017. Births by cesarean section were the exposure factors, and the children born by vaginal delivery were enrolled as controls. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of cesarean section with each dimension of SID.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence rate of SID was 21.9% (86/392) among the preschool children, and the prevalence rates of vestibular balance disorder, tactile over-responsivity, and proprioceptive disorder were 5.9% (23/392), 5.4% (21/392), and 15.1% (59/392) respectively. After adjustment for the confounding factors including maternal age at delivery and maternal educational level and child birth situation, the cesarean section group had a significant increase in the risk of proprioceptive disorder (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Cesarean section can significantly increase the risk of proprioceptive disorder in preschool children, especially in boys.

Sampling plan of the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey / Plano amostral do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019): inquérito domiciliar de base populacional / Plan de muestreo del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019): encuesta domiciliaria de base poblacional

The article describes methodological aspects in defining the study population, sampling plan, and sample weigthing and calibration of effective sample of the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). This population-based household survey assessed breastfeeding and dietary intake, anthropometric assessment of nutritional status, and micronutrient deficiencies by blood biomarkers in children under five years of age. The data were obtained with a probability sample, with stratification by the five geographic regions in the country and clustering by census enumeration areas (CEAs). The sample was calculated at 15,000 households distributed in 1,500 CEAs, with 300 allocated in each of Brazil's five major geographic regions and 10 eligible households per CEA, sampled using inverse sampling. The required population parameters were thus estimated to reach the study's objectives. The basic sampling design weights were calculated as the inverse probabilities of the households' inclusion in the study. Imputation was used to compensate for non-response to items in the target variables, except for data on the blood biomarkers. Finally, calibration used population totals of children in 60 post-strata, defined by cross-classification of the following variables: major geographic region, sex, and age. The final sample included 14,558 children residing in 12,524 households, distributed in 1,382 CEAs in the 26 states of Brazil and the Federal District. The data from the ENANI-2019 survey will support strategies for the promotion and implementation of public policies for children under five years of age.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever aspectos metodológicos referentes à definição da população da pesquisa, plano amostral, ponderação e calibração da amostra efetiva do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Trata-se de um inquérito populacional de base domiciliar que realizou avaliação do aleitamento materno e de consumo alimentar, avaliação antropométrica do estado nutricional, e avaliação das deficiências de micronutrientes mediante análise de biomarcadores sanguíneos em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade. Seus dados foram obtidos por meio de uma amostra probabilística domiciliar, com estratificação geográfica por macrorregião e conglomeração por setores censitários. A amostra foi dimensionada em 15.000 domicílios, distribuídos em 1.500 setores censitários, sendo 300 em cada macrorregião e 10 domicílios elegíveis por setor, através de amostragem inversa. Assim, estimaram-se os parâmetros populacionais requeridos para atingir os objetivos do estudo. Os pesos amostrais básicos do desenho foram calculados como inversos das probabilidades de inclusão dos domicílios na pesquisa. Para compensar a não resposta de itens das variáveis pesquisadas foi usada imputação, com exceção para os dados de biomarcadores sanguíneos. A calibração empregou totais populacionais de crianças para 60 pós-estratos definidos por cruzamento das variáveis macrorregião, sexo e idade. A amostra final compreendeu 14.558 crianças, residentes em 12.524 domicílios, distribuídos em 1.382 setores censitários nas 27 Unidades da Federação. Os dados do ENANI-2019 poderão subsidiar estratégias de promoção e implementação de políticas públicas para crianças menores de 5 anos.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir aspectos metodológicos referentes a definición de la población de la investigación, plan de muestreo, ponderación de la muestra y muestra efectiva del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019). Se trata de una encuesta poblacional de base domiciliaria, que realizó una evaluación de la lactancia materna y de consumo alimentario, así como una evaluación antropométrica del estado nutricional y de las deficiencias de micronutrientes, mediante análisis de biomarcadores sanguíneos en niños menores de cinco años de edad. Sus datos se obtuvieron mediante una muestra probabilística domiciliaria, con estratificación geográfica por macrorregión y conglomerados por sectores censitarios. La muestra se circunscribió a 15.000 domicilios, distribuidos en 1.500 sectores censitarios, encontrándose 300 en cada macrorregión, junto 10 domicilios elegibles por sector, a través de un muestreo inverso. De esta forma, se estimaron los parámetros poblacionales requeridos para alcanzar los objetivos del estudio. Los pesos básicos de las muestras del diseño se calcularon como inversos a las probabilidades de inclusión de los domicilios en la investigación. Para compensar la no respuesta de ítems de las variables investigadas se usó la imputación, con excepción de los datos con biomarcadores sanguíneos. La calibración empleó totales poblacionales de niños para los 60 post estratos, definidos mediante el cruce de las variables macrorregión, sexo y edad. La muestra final comprendió 14.558 niños, residentes en 12.524 domicilios, distribuidos en 1.382 sectores censitarios dentro de las 27 Unidades de la Federación. Los datos del ENANI-2019 podrán apoyar estrategias de promoción e implementación de políticas públicas para niños menores de cinco años.

Methodological aspects of the micronutrient assessment in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey / Aspectos metodológicos da avaliação de micronutrientes no Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019): inquérito domiciliar de base populacional / Aspectos metodológicos de la evaluación de micronutrientes en el Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019): encuesta domiciliaria de base poblacional

This article aims to present methodological aspects on the collection, analyses, coverage, challenges, and the lessons learned from laboratory assessment of micronutrients on the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). This is a household survey on a probability sample of children under five years of age from 123 Brazilian municipalities in all 26 states and the Federal District. Blood samples were drawn by venipuncture at the homes of children 6 to 59 months of age. This procedure was performed by experienced phlebotomists from the laboratories located in the selected municipalities and scheduled in advance. Blood and serum levels were measured for biomarkers of nutritional status, using the services of a clinical test laboratory with nationwide coverage, for the following micronutrients: iron (hemoglobin and ferritin), zinc, selenium, folic acid, and vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, D, and E. C-reactive protein was analyzed as a marker of inflammation. A barcode identifier was used to track the blood samples and to link the biochemical test results to the other data collected in the survey. A total of 14,558 children were studied. Of the 12,598 eligible children, 8,829 (70.1%) had blood samples drawn. Of the total number of children who had samples drawn, 91.8% (n = 8,025) have results for at least nine of the 12 analyses performed. Coverage of the analysis varied from 95% (for vitamins A and E) to 84.2% (for folic acid). Aliquots of whole blood and serum were stored in a biorepository for future analyses. The results of this pioneering study in the country will back the formulation and, when necessary, the reorientation of public policies in food and nutrition.

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os aspectos metodológicos referentes à coleta e análise de dados laboratoriais do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019), a cobertura das análises laboratoriais, os desafios enfrentados e as lições aprendidas. Trata-se de um inquérito populacional de base domiciliar de crianças menores de cinco anos realizado em 123 municípios dos 26 estados da Federação e o Distrito Federal. A coleta de sangue por punção venosa foi realizada em domicílio em crianças com idade entre 6 e 59 meses, por coletador experiente de laboratório(s) existente(s) nos municípios amostrados. Foram determinadas as concentrações sanguíneas e séricas de biomarcadores do estado nutricional utilizando os serviços de um laboratório de análises clínicas com abrangência nacional para os seguintes micronutrientes: ferro (hemoglobina e ferritina), zinco, selênio, ácido fólico, vitaminas A, B1, B6, B12, D e E. A proteína C reativa foi analisada como marcador de inflamação. Um código de barras identificador das amostras de sangue foi utilizado para o rastreio da amostra e para a junção dos resultados dos exames bioquímicos com os demais dados coletados na pesquisa. Foram estudadas 14.558 crianças. Das 12.598 elegíveis, 8.829 (70,1%) realizaram coleta de sangue. Do total de crianças que realizaram coleta de sangue, 91,8% (n = 8.025) têm resultados para pelo menos nove das 12 análises realizadas. A cobertura por análise variou de 95% (para vitaminas A e E) a 84,2% (para ácido fólico). Os resultados deste estudo pioneiro subsidiarão a formulação e, quando for o caso, o redirecionamento de políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar aspectos metodológicos, respecto a la recogida y análisis de datos de laboratorio del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019), así como la cobertura de los mismos, los desafíos enfrentados y lecciones aprendidas. Se trata de una encuesta poblacional de base domiciliaria con niños menores de cinco años, realizada en 123 municipios de los 26 estados de la Federación y el Distrito Federal. La recogida de sangre por punción venosa se realizó en domicilios con niños, de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 59 meses, con la intervención de un flebotomista con experiencia en laboratorio(s) existente(s) en los municipios de muestra. Se determinaron las concentraciones sanguíneas y séricas de biomarcadores del estado nutricional, utilizando los servicios de un laboratorio de análisis clínicos con alcance nacional para los siguientes micronutrientes: hierro (hemoglobina y ferritina), zinc, selenio, ácido fólico, vitaminas A, B1, B6, B12, D y E. La proteína C reactiva se analizó como marcador de inflamación. Un código de barras identificador de las muestras de sangre se utilizó para el rastreo de la muestra y para la conjunción de los resultados de los exámenes bioquímicos con los demás datos recogidos en la investigación. Se estudiaron 14.558 niños. De los 12.598 elegibles, a 8.829 (70,1%) se les sacó sangre. Del total de niños, a quienes se les tomó muestras de sangre, un 91,8% (n = 8.025) obtuvieron resultados para por lo menos nueve de los 12 análisis realizados. La cobertura por análisis varió de un 95% (para vitaminas A y E), a un 84,2% (para ácido fólico). Los resultados de este estudio pionero apoyarán la formulación y, cuando fuera necesario, la redirección de políticas públicas de alimentación y nutrición.

General methodological aspects in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey / Aspectos metodológicos gerais do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019): inquérito domiciliar de base populacional / Aspectos metodológicos generales del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019): encuesta domiciliaria de base poblacional

Abstract: This article aims to present general methodological aspects of the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019), from the conception of the study design to details of the data collection. This is a household-based population survey with a sample calculated at 15,000 households to identify children under five years of age, conducted in 123 municipalities in Brazil's 26 states and the Federal District. ENANI-2019 includes data on breastfeeding and dietary intake; anthropometric nutritional status of all children and their biological mothers; and nutritional status concerning the following micronutrients: iron (hemoglobin and ferritin), zinc, selenium, and vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, D, E, and folic acid of children from 6 to 59 months of age. A total of 193,212 households were visited, of which 19,951 were eligible, and 12,524 were included in the study. A total of 14,558 children were studied, of whom 13,990 (96.1%) and 13,921 (95.6%) had their body mass and length/stature measured, respectively, and 14,541 (99.9%) underwent 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR). Of the 12,598 children eligible for blood sample collection, 8,739 (69.3%) had at least one laboratory parameter measured. Data were collected from February 2019 to March 2020, when the survey was interrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The evidence produced by the ENANI-2019 survey can back the formulation, follow-up, and/or reorientation of food and nutrition policies such as the promotion of breastfeeding and healthy eating and the prevention and control of different forms of malnutrition.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar aspectos metodológicos gerais do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019), desde a concepção do desenho da pesquisa até o detalhamento da coleta dos dados. Trata-se de um inquérito populacional de base domiciliar com amostra calculada de 15 mil domicílios para identificação de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade, realizado em 123 municípios dos 26 estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal. O ENANI-2019 engloba dados de práticas de aleitamento materno e consumo alimentar; estado nutricional antropométrico das crianças e das mães biológicas; e estado nutricional para os seguintes micronutrientes: ferro (hemoglobina e ferritina), zinco, selênio e as vitaminas A, B1, B6, B12, D, E e folato das crianças de 6 a 59 meses de idade. Foram visitados 193.212 domicílios, dos quais 19.951 eram elegíveis e 12.524 foram incluídos no estudo. Foram estudadas 14.558 crianças, sendo obtidas 13.990 (96,1%) e 13.921 (95,6%) medidas de massa corporal e comprimento/estatura, respectivamente; e realizados 14.541 (99,9%) recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. Das 12.598 elegíveis para coleta de sangue, 8.739 (69,3%) tiveram pelo menos um parâmetro laboratorial avaliado. Os dados foram coletados de fevereiro de 2019 a março de 2020, quando a pesquisa foi interrompida devido à pandemia de COVID-19. As evidências produzidas pelo ENANI-2019 poderão subsidiar a formulação, o acompanhamento e/ou o redirecionamento de políticas de alimentação e nutrição, tais como as de promoção do aleitamento materno e da alimentação saudável e as de prevenção e controle de diferentes formas de má nutrição.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es presentar aspectos metodológicos generales del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019) en Brasil, desde la concepción del diseño de la investigación, hasta el detalle de la recogida de datos. Se trata de una encuesta poblacional de base domiciliaria con una muestra calculada de 15.000 domicilios para la identificación de niños menores de cinco años de edad, realizado en 123 municipios de los 26 estados y en el Distrito Federal. El ENANI-2019 engloba datos de prácticas de lactancia materna y consumo alimentario; estado nutricional antropométrico de los niños y madres biológicas; así como el estado nutricional para los siguientes micronutrientes: hierro (hemoglobina y ferritina), zinc, selenio y vitaminas A, B1, B6, B12, D, E y ácido fólico en niños de 6 a 59 meses de edad. Se visitaron 193.212 domicilios, de los cuales 19.951 eran elegibles y 12.524 se incluyeron en el estudio. Se estudiaron a 14.558 niños, obteniéndose 13.990 (96,1%) y 13.921 (95,6%) medidas de masa corporal y longitud/estatura, respectivamente; y se realizaron 14.541 (99,9%) recordatorios alimentarios de 24 horas. De las 12.598 muestras elegibles para recogida de sangre, 8.739 (69,3%) contaron con por lo menos un parámetro de laboratorio evaluado. Los datos se recogieron de febrero de 2019 a marzo de 2020, cuando se interrumpió la investigación, debido a la pandemia de COVID-19. Las evidencias producidas por el ENANI-2019 podrán apoyar la formulación, seguimiento y/o redirección de políticas de alimentación y nutrición, como las de promoción de la lactancia materna y alimentación saludable, así como las de prevención y control de diferentes formas de mala nutrición.