NMR analysis: potential and challenges as a homeopathic basic research tool

Homeopathic ultra-diluted solutions surpass the threshold of matter dispersion and, consequently, their chemical constitution is similar to inert solvent. Nevertheless, randomized clinical trials have shown that the clinical effects of these homeopathic medicines are superior to placebo1. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the most promising techniques to detect physicochemical alterations induced by homeopathic procedures2,3. Aims: To investigate T2 NMR relaxation times of Zincum metallicumand lactose dynamized samples. Methodology: Zincum metallicumsamples were ground until 6dH using lactose as an excipient. Subsequently, these samples were dynamized with ultrapure water to produce 8dH, 9dH, 10dH,and 11dH. Lactose dynamized samples (6dH-11dH) were used as control. Aliquots of 540µl of each sample were diluted with 60µl of deuterated water (D2O) in 5mm tubes. The analyses were carried out in Bruker Ascend TM 500MHZ spectrometer at 288 K. Results and discussion: The Zincum metallicumand lactose T2 relaxation times were very similar, except for Zincum metallicum8dH, which presented a value of 1.226 in comparison to 1.036 of lactose 8dH. The following T2 values were registered: 1.287 -9dH; 1.413 -10dH; 1.467 -11dH, and 1.303 -9dH; 1.400 ­10dH; 1.350 -11dH, for Zincum metallicumand lactose, respectively. The differences detected in 8dH samples are probably due to the presence of lactose in the first dilution step, in which 1 part of the 6dH triturated mixture was diluted in 9 parts of water, to prepare 7dH. Following this homeopathic procedure, 8dH solutions remain around 1% of lactose which could be influenced by the T2 values registered.Conclusion: These preliminary results showed the possibility to apply the NMR technique to evaluate the influence of dynamization in the relaxation parameters. Further studies should be carried out with other potencies and/or other homeopathic substances, in addition to the evaluation of T1 and the T1/T2 parameters, as previously described by other groups.

Correlation between 1H-MRS metabolites in hippocampal and T lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To analyze the correlation between 1H-MRS in hippocampus and peripheral blood cytokines and T lymphocyte subsets in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, and to explore the relationship between immune dysfunction and the degree of neuronal injury. Methods:Fifty patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were selected from Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from October 2020 to July 2021.Clinical data of all patients were collected and they were divided into two groups according to MRI results of epileptic sequence: abnormal hippocampal MRI group ( n=20) and normal hippocampal MRI group ( n=30). Bilateral 1H-MRS scanning of hippocampal and detection of T lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood during interictal period were performed in both groups. The levels of hippocampal metabolites NAA, NAA/(Cr+ Cho), T lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of the two groups were compared.At the same time, the levels of NAA and NAA/ (Cr+ Cho) in the hippocampus on the abnormal side and the normal side in the abnormal hippocampal MRI group were compared within the group. Finally, the correlation between the levels of metabolites NAA, NAA/ (Cr+ Cho) in the hippocampus on the abnormal side obtained by 1H-MRS scanning and T lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the abnormal group of MRI was analyzed. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 26.0 software. Independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between the two groups. Paired sample t-test was used for intra group comparison of different sides. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between each index. Results:The NAA and NAA/(Cr+ Cho) values of the abnormal MRI group(normal side NAA: (1.22±0.37), NAA/(Cr+ Cho): (0.56±0.15). abnormal side NAA: (1.02±0.34), NAA/(Cr+ Cho): (0.48±0.13)) were significantly lower than those of the normal MRI group (NAA: (1.51±0.36), NAA/(Cr+ Cho): (0.73±0.19))(NAA: t=2.705, 4.800, both P<0 05; NAA/(Cr+ Cho): t=3.394, 4.914, both P<0 05). The values of NAA and NAA/(Cr+ Cho) in the abnormal side in the MRI abnormal group were significantly lower than those in the normal side( t=6.467, P<0 05). The levels of IL-1β(11.19(3.56, 20.98)pg/ml), IL-5 (3.12(1.86, 6.41)pg/ml), TNF-α(2.55(1.19, 8.28)pg/ml), CD4+ T lymphocytes((43.13±6.82)%) and Th/Ts((1.96±0.66)) in the hippocampal MRI abnormal group were significantly higher than those in normal MRI group (IL-1β: 3.27(1.63, 6.17)pg/ml, IL-5: 1.15(0.96, 2.96)pg/ml, TNF-α: 1.34(1.02, 2.36)pg/ml, CD4+ T: (38.01±7.21)%, Th/Ts: (1.48±0.53))( Z=-3.041, -2.516, -2.496, all P<0.05; t=2.511, 2.810, both P<0 05). The level of CD8+ T ((23.48±5.33)%) in peripheral blood of abnormal MRI group was significantly lower than that of normal group CD8+ T((27.18±6.08)%)( t=2.210, P<0.05). In the abnormal MRI group, the levels of NAA and NAA/ (Cr+ Cho) in the abnormal hippocampus were negatively correlated with the levels of IL-1β, IL-5 and TNF- α ( r=-0.612--0.463, all P<0.05), and positively correlated with CD8+ T lymphocytes ( r=0.537, 0.478, P<0.05). Conclusion:There is neuronal damage and dysfunction in the abnormal hippocampal region of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with abnormal hippocampal formation, and the degree of neuronal damage is highly correlated with CD8+ T lymphocytes, IL-5, IL-1β and TNF-α in peripheral blood. The imbalance of interictal lymphocyte subsets and chronic inflammatory response may play an important role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and neuronal injury .

The value of signal intensity on T1-weighted chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging combined with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of adrenal adenomas / O valor da intensidade do sinal na sequência de deslocamento químico ponderada em T1 associada a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética no diagnóstico de adenomas adrenais

Abstract Objective: To investigate the advantages of using modified signal intensity measurements on chemical shift imaging alone or in conjunction with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study involving 97 patients with adrenal nodules or masses. The signal intensity index (SII) was calculated as [(signal intensity on the in-phase image − signal intensity on the out-of-phase image) ∕ (signal intensity on the in-phase image)] × 100%. We determined the averages of the minimum, mean, and maximum signal intensity values measured on three consecutive images. When that was not possible (for smaller lesions), we used one or two images. We employed a region of interest that covered one half to two thirds of the mass. All indices were compared with metabolite ratios derived from spectroscopy: lactate/creatine; glutamine-glutamate/creatine; choline/creatine; choline/lipid; 4.0-4.3 ppm/Cr; and lipid/creatine. Results: Of the 97 patients evaluated, 69 were diagnosed with adenomas and 28 were diagnosed with nonadenomas. All SII measurements and spectroscopy-derived metabolite ratios were significant to the differentiation between adenomas and nonadenomas, except for the lipid/creatine and choline/lipid ratios. In 37.8% of the cases, it was not possible to perform spectroscopy. When it was possible, the lactate/creatine ratio was found to have higher accuracy than did the SII. Conclusion: Determining the SII and metabolite ratios increased the accuracy of the differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar as vantagens do uso de medições do índice de intensidade de sinal modificadas em imagens de deslocamento químico (chemical shift), isoladamente ou em conjunto com a espectroscopia por ressonância magnética de prótons, no diagnóstico diferencial de adenomas adrenais. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 97 pacientes com nódulos ou massas adrenais. O índice de intensidade do sinal (SII) foi calculado como [(intensidade do sinal na imagem em fase - intensidade do sinal na imagem fora de fase) ∕ (intensidade do sinal na imagem em fase)] × 100%. Determinamos as médias dos valores mínimo, médio e máximo da intensidade do sinal medida em três imagens consecutivas. Quando isso não foi possível (para lesões menores), usamos uma ou duas imagens. Nós empregamos uma região de interesse que cobria de metade a dois terços da massa. Todos os índices foram comparados com razões metabólicas derivadas da espectroscopia: lactato/creatina, glutamato-glutamina/creatina, colina/creatina, colina/lipídio, 4,0-4,3 ppm/creatina e lipídio/creatina. Resultados: Dos 97 pacientes avaliados, 69 foram diagnosticados como adenomas e 28 foram diagnosticados como não adenomas. Todas as medições SII e razões de metabólitos derivados da espectroscopia foram significativas para a diferenciação entre adenomas e não adenomas, exceto as razões lipídio/creatina e colina/lipídio. Em 37,8% dos casos não foi possível realizar espectroscopia. Quando possível, a razão lactato/creatina apresentou maior precisão do que o SII. Conclusão: A determinação das razões SII e metabólitos aumentaram a acurácia do diagnóstico diferencial de adenomas adrenais.

Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and hydrogen ion magnetic resonance spectroscopy for central neurocytoma / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To analyze the clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (~1H-MRS) in the diagnosis of central neurocytoma (CNC).@*Methods@#From February 2010 to February 2018, the clinical data of 12 patients with CNC confirmed by surgery and pathology in Quzhou People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.All patients underwent MRI diagnosis before operation.Among them, 9 patients received ~1H-MRS check.@*Results@#In this group of 12 patients, 9 patients occurred in the 2/3 area of the lateral ventricle, 2 cases occurred in the posterior third of the lateral ventricle, 1 case occurred in the frontal lobe; 11 cases were solid tumors, and 1 case was cystic tumors.MRI showed plaque calcification in the tumor, distortion of vascular shadow, T1WI was equal low signal, T2WI was contoured mixed signal; 8 cases showed uneven light and moderate enhancement, 3 cases showed uneven enhancement, 1 case showed ring enhancement; 8 cases of ~1H-MRS showed a significant increase in choline peak (Cho), N-acetylaspartate (NAA) peak decreased, and Cho/NAA increased.Meanwhile, 1 case of glycine peak (Gly) increased.@*Conclusion@#CNC has specific MRI performance, and plays an important role in preoperative diagnosis and differential diagnosis.Combined with ~1H-MRS examination, it can grasp the tumor biochemical index and metabolism from the molecular level and improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis.

Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and hydrogen ion magnetic resonance spectroscopy for cen-tral neurocytoma / 中国基层医药

Objective To analyze the clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) and hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (～1H-MRS) in the diagnosis of central neurocytoma (CNC).Methods From February 2010 to February 2018,the clinical data of 12 patients with CNC confirmed by surgery and pathology in Quzhou People＇s Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.All patients underwent MRI diagnosis before operation.Among them,9 patients received ～1H-MRS check.Results In this group of 12 patients,9 patients occurred in the 2/3 area of the lateral ventricle,2 cases occurred in the posterior third of the lateral ventricle,1 case occurred in the frontal lobe;11 cases were solid tumors,and 1 case was cystic tumors.MRI showed plaque calcification in the tumor, distortion of vascular shadow,T1WI was equal low signal,T2WI was contoured mixed signal;8 cases showed uneven light and moderate enhancement,3 cases showed uneven enhancement,1 case showed ring enhancement;8 cases of～1H-MRS showed a significant increase in choline peak (Cho),N-acetylaspartate (NAA) peak decreased,and Cho/NAA increased. Meanwhile, 1 case of glycine peak ( Gly) increased. Conclusion CNC has specific MRI performance,and plays an important role in preoperative diagnosis and differential diagnosis.Combined with ～1H-MRS examination,it can grasp the tumor biochemical index and metabolism from the molecular level and improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis.

Cognitive function observation and clinical features of 100 cases of elderly patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / 中华消化杂志

Objective To observe the changes of cognitive function,clinical characteristics and hippocampal structure in elderly patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods From December 2014 to June 2016,at Department of Geriatrics,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital,The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School,169 elderly hospitalized patients who underwent health checkups were enrolled and divided into NAFLD group and non-NAFLD group.The clinical data of two groups were collected,and the Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA) was used for cognitive function assessment.The serum level of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) was detected,the liver-spleen ratio was measured and hippocampal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was performed.T test and linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis.Results Among the 169 elderly patients,100 were NAFLD and 69 were non-NAFLD.The body mass index(BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) of patients in NAFLD group were (25.9 ± 3.4) kg/m2 and 1.03 ± 0.13,respectively,which were higher than those in non-NAFLD group ((24.2 ± 3.7) kg/m2 and 0.95 ± 0.06),and the differences were statistically significant (t =-2.714 and-3.605,both P ＜0.01).MoCA score of the patients in NAFLD group was 20.1 ± 5.8,which was lower than that in non-NAFLD group (22.1 ± 4.4),and the difference was statistically significant(t =2.154,P =0.033).The serum sTfR level and liver-spleen computed tomography(CT) ratio of NAFLD group were (8.78 ± 4.31) mg/L and 0.97 ± 0.12,respectively,which were lower than those of non-NAFLD group ((12.66 ± 3.93) mg/L and 1.19 ± 0.15),and the differences were statistically significant(t =3.765 and 6.142,both P ＜ 0.01).The CT ratio of liver to spleen (β=7.597,95％ confidence interval(CI):2.938 to 12.935) and sTfR (β =0.552,95％ CI:0.304 to 0.787) were positively correlated with cognitive function in elderly patients (both P ＜ 0.01).The height of right hippocampus of NAFLD group was (0.410 ± 0.074) mm,which was lower than that of non-NAFLD group ((0.453 ± 0.086) ram),and the difference was statistically significant (t =2.078,P =0.042).Conclusion Cognitive impairment in elderly NAFLD patients is closely related to iron load and liver fat.

Effect of prodigiosin on the alleviation of the intestinal inflammation of weaned rats based on 1H-NMR spectroscopy study and biochemistry indexes

Weaning results in intestinal dysfunction, mucosal atrophy, transient anorexia, and intestinal barrier defects. In this study, the effect of prodigiosin (PG) on the intestinal inflammation of weaned rats was investigated by using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and biochemistry indexes to regulate the intestinal metabolism. After administration for 14 days, the body mass of the PG group was increased by 1.29- and 1.26-fold compared with those of the control and alcohol groups, respectively, using a dose of 200 µg PG·kg-1 body weight per day. PG increased organic acid content and decreased moisture, pH values, and free ammonia in feces. In addition, PG alleviated the intestinal inflammation of weaned rats. The analysis of 1H-NMR signal peak attribution and the model validation of metabolic data of feces contents showed that PG significantly affected the metabolism of small molecular compounds in the intestinal tract of weaned rats. This study presents the promising alternative of using PG to alleviate intestinal inflammation effectively in the intestinal tract of weaned rats.

Evaluación anatómica del paladar blando mediante resonancia magnética: Artículo de revisión / Anatomic evaluation of Soft palate using magnetic resonance imaging: Review article

Objetivos: Revisar las publicaciones sobre la anatomía del paladar blando en imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM), para evaluar esta estructura. Contenido: El paladar blando es una estructura anatómica compuesta por músculos con funciones importantes durante la fonación, deglución y la respiración. La resonancia magnética (RM) es una técnica imagenológica que no utiliza radiación ionizante, obteniendo relevancia en los últimos años, por lo que en la actualidad tiene un rol importante en el diagnostico maxilofacial, específicamente en tejidos blandos como el velo del paladar, razón por la cual el odontólogo debe conocer las estructuras y función mediante imágenes de RM. En secuencias rápidas, se pueden evaluar los movimientos del velo del paladar en la deglución y respiración, así como poder observar cambios en las estructuras de la vía aérea superior tal como se da en el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño. Conclusiones: La revisión muestra la importancia de la RM en el estudio de la anatomía del paladar blando; esto debe promover el uso de esta técnica para analizar tejidos blandos. Está demostrado en los diferentes estudios de imágenes por RM que detallan bien estos tejidos en sus diferentes secuencias y tiene como principal ventaja que no utiliza radiación ionizante.

Objectives: This article aims to review the main research about soft palate anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate the soft tissues of this structure. Background: Soft palate is an anatomical structure composed of muscles with important functions during phonation, swallowing and breathing. The magnetic resonance is an imaging technique, which does not use ionizing radiation, getting relevance the last few years, so nowadays it plays an important role in maxillofacial diagnosis, especially in soft tissues such as palate veil, a good reason because of dentist specialist must know all about functional magnetic resonance through images in fast sequences where the movements of the veil of the palate in swallowing and breathing can be evaluated, as well as being able to observe changes in the structures of the upper airway as it occurs in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Conclusions: The review shows the importance of MRI in the study of the soft palate anatomy; This should promote the use of this technique to analyze soft tissues, it is demonstrated in the different MR imaging studies that detail these tissues well in their different sequences and its main advantage is that it does not use ionizing radiation.

Association of serum ghrelin level with cognition, hippocampal volume, and proton magnetic resonance spectrum in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate the association of serum ghrelin level with cognition, hippocampal volume, and proton magnetic resonance spectrum ( [ 1 H ]-MRS ) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM) . Methods The T2DM patients cared at the Wuhan Fourth Hospital were recruited. Data on demographic characteristics and clinical parameters were collected. Ghrelin was measured by ELISA assay. Cognitive performance was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment ( MoCA ) and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The changes of metabolites in hippocampus were detected by [1 H]-MRS, including N-acetyl asparate ( NAA) , choline ( Cho) , myo-inositol ( MI) , creatine ( Cr) . All patients were divided into 2 groups[cognitive impairment (CI) and non-cognitive impairment (NCI) groups] by MoCA. Results (1) Compared with patients in NCI group, the serum ghrelin level, bilateral hippocampal volume, and NAA/Cr ratio of [1H]-MRS metabolites in CI group were decreased, but MI/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios were increased(all P<0.05). (2) Serum ghrelin was positively correlated with a variety of RBANS scores ( including immediate memory, attention, delayed memory, and total scores) , bilateral hippocampal volume, and NAA/Cr ratio of [ 1 H]-MRS metabolites in T2DM patients, but it was negatively correlated with MI/Cr ratio and Cho/Cr ratio ( all P<0. 05 ) . ( 3 ) Logistic regression analysis showed that ghrelin was a protective factor of cognition in T2DM patients. Conclusions T2DM patients with cognitive impairment had lower levels of ghrelin, and serum ghrelin was postively correlated with their cognitive performance, hippocampal volume, and [1 H]-MRS metabolites, suggesting that serum ghrelin may be involved in the occurrence and development of cognitive dysfunction in patients with T2DM.

Non-invasive quantification of hepatic fat content in healthy dogs by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and dual gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging

The objective of the present study was to describe two non-invasive methods for fat quantification in normal canine liver by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy. Eleven adult beagle dogs were anesthetized and underwent magnetic resonance examination of the cranial abdomen by performing morphologic, modified Dixon (mDixon) dual gradient echo sequence, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS) imaging. In addition, ultrasonographic liver examination was performed, fine-needle liver aspirates and liver biopsies were obtained, and hepatic triglyceride content was assayed. Ultrasonographic, cytologic, and histologic examination results were unremarkable in all cases. The median hepatic fat fraction calculated was 2.1% (range, 1.3%–5.5%) using mDixon, 0.3% (range, 0.1%–1.0%) using ¹H MRS, and 1.6% (range 1.0%–2.5%) based on triglyceride content. The hepatic fat fractions calculated using mDixon and ¹H MRS imaging were highly correlated to that based on triglyceride content. A weak correlation between mDixon and ¹H MRS imaging was detected. The results show that hepatic fat content can be estimated using non-invasive techniques (mDixon or ¹H MRS) in healthy dogs. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the use of these techniques in dogs with varying hepatic fat content and different hepatic disorders.

The value of 3D-DIXON in quantitative diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To access the value of three dimensional gradient echo two-point Dixon water-fat separation sequence (3 D-DIXON) in quantitative diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) by comparing with in-phase/opposed-phase (IN/OPP)and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS).Methods A total of 69 patients with NAFLD diagnosed by CT were divided into two groups by the ratio of liver spleen in CT (group A,low-grade fatty liver,n=32;group B,moderate and severe fatty liver,n=37).All patients underwent MR 3D-DIXION,1H MRS and IN/OPP examination twice within 1 week after CT examination.Fat fraction(FF) was evaluated and analyzed respectively.Results Pearson linear correlation analysis showed significant positive correlation between group A and group B about FF3D-DIXON,FFMRs and FFIN/OPP.Area under ROC curve (AUC) was different:AUCsYNTHESIZE＞AUCMRs＞AUCIN/OPP＞AUC3D-DIXON.Kruskal-Wallis H revealed significant difference among the three sequences no matter in group A or group B (P＜0.05).FF values of the three sequences (FF3D-DIXON,FFMRs and FFIN/OPP) were negatively correlated with CT liver/ spleen ratio in each group.The cut-off value of 3D-DIXON,IN/OPP and 1 H-MRS to diagnose presence or absence of fatty liver was 4.9 3 9 ％,5.2 8 4 ％ and 10.4 6 0 ％.Conclusion FF values measured by MRI methods might significantly vary based on different sequences.1 H-MRS is also the main method for quantitative assessment of fatty liver,3D-DIXON showed significant advantage in quantifying moderate and severe fatty liver.

Analysis of factors correlated with hepatic triglyceride content in type 2 diabetic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between hepatic triglyceride content and glucose lipid metabolism,insulin resistance and β cell function.Methods A total of 32 type 2 diabetic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was recruited in this study.Hepatic triglyceride content was measured with liver proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out in all participants,with measurements of plasma glucose and insulin levels.The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR),hepatic insulin resistance (HIR),and Matsuda Index (MSI) were used to assess insulin resistance.The homeostasis model assessment beta cell function (HOMA-βF),early insulin secretion index (EISI) and late insulin secretion index (LISI) were used to assess β cell function.Results Hepatic triglyceride contents had positive correlations with body mass index (BMI),waist circumference,Body fat,aspartate transaminase (AST),alanine transaminase (ALT),triglycerides (TG),HOMA-IR,HIR,and negative correlations with MSI.Stepwise regression analysis showed that body fat and HOMA-IR were independently risk factors for hepatic triglyceride contents.Conclusions Hepatic triglyceride content is closely correlated with obesity,liver function,blood lipid,and insulin resistance;especially obesity and insulin resistance are the most important factors.

1H-MRS research of cerebral metabolic changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To determine the efficacy of glucose-loweringtreatment by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).Methods Bilateral frontal lobes of 45 male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) underwent 1 H-MRS separately bythe time it was first diagnosed.Among them,30 were treated with insulin,15 were rejected.The bilateral frontal lobes of all patients were re-examined with 1 H-MRS after 6 months.The ratios of metabolites in the frontal lobe were recorded and compared,and observing whether the lactate(Lac) peak appeared or not.Results Significantly higher values of the N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr)ratio and NAA/choline (Cho) ratio after 6 months (2.414 2± 0.206 6 and 2.244 2±0.341 5) were found in bilateral frontal lobes compared with pre-therapy (1.905 3±0.135 7 and 1.906 0±0.322 1)(P＜0.05).Significantly lower values of the NAA/Cr ratio and NAA/Cho ratio in the refuse treatment group(1.504 2 ± 0.262 4 and 1.510 0± 0.220 8) were found in bilateral frontal lobes compared with pre therapy (1.960 0±0.175 0 and 1.880 8±0.297 0)(P＜0.05).Lac peak was not detected in the all experiments.Conclusion 1 H-MRS provides valuable information in the assessment and evaluation of clinical efficacy and prognosis of T2DM by detecting the changes of brain metabolism.

Predictive Value of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Evaluation of Radiotherapy for Patients with Brain Metastases from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer / 中国医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the predictive value of proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy for patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods Fifty-six patients with brain metastases from NSCLC underwent 1H-MRS examination before treatment with stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) in addition to whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT).The patients were divided into two groups according to their pretreatment choline-to-creatinine (Cho/Cr) ratio.The therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy was compared between the two groups,and the prognostic value of 1H-MRS examination was analyzed.Results The median pretreatment Cho/Cr was 1.989.The overall survival rates at 1,3,and 5 years were 29.3％,0％,and 0％ in patients with higher pretreatment Cho/Cr,and 70.5％,22.3％,and 1.8％ in those with lower pretreatment Cho/Cr.The mean survival time was significantly lower in patients with higher pretreatment Cho/Cr than in those with lower pretreatment Cho/Cr (9.77 vs.24.67months,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Pretreatment Cho/Cr has a predictive value in the evaluation of radiotherapy for the treatment of NSCLC brain metastasis.Patients with higher pretreatment Cho/Cr have worse prognosis overall.

A study of radiation injury in rat C6 glioma cell line by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To study the radiation injury of rat C6 glioma cell line by high resolution,1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) spectroscopy,and to preliminarily investigate its mechanism.Methods Metabolite concentrations in C6 cells were determined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy.Comet assay was used to evaluate DNA damage.Flow cytometry was used to determine the cell cycle and apoptosis rate.Colony-forming assay was used to measure the colony-forming rate and preliminarily investigate the mechanism of radiation injury.The resuhs were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis.Results With the increase in radiation dose from 0 Gy to 1,5,10,and 15 Gy,DNA damage was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner (P=0.000-0.690);the percentage of cells in G1 phase increased (P =0.026-0.749);the apoptosis rate significantly increased (all P =0.000);the colony-forming rate significantly declined (P =0.000-0.004);the Lac/Cr ratio significantly decreased (P =0.000-0.015),which had a negative linear correlation with DNA damage parameters (tail length,r=-0.971;％DNA in the tail,r =-0.998;tail moment,r =-0.995) and apoptosis rate (r =0.978).Conclusions 1 H NMR spectroscopy reveals that the change in the Lac/Cr ratio is associated with injury and apoptosis of C6 cells after radiation.1 H NMR spectroscopy has the potential to predict radiation injury of glioma.

Value of 1H-MRS on SCA3/MJD diagnosis and clinical course / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To investigate the value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) on the diagnosis of SCA3/MJD,and to calculate the correlation between 1H-MRS ratio and the clinical score.Methods:Sixteen patients with SCA3/MJD and 19 healthy volunteers were scanned with 1H-MRS.The data of N-acetyl aspartate,creatine,choline-containing compounds,myoinositol,NAA/Cr,Cho/Cr,and mI/Cr ratio were collected,which were grouped for comparative study.The onset patients with SCA3/MJD were evaluated with the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale and Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia,the correlation between NAA/Cr,Cho/Cr or mI/Cr ratio and the clinical score was calculated.Results:The NAA/Cr in the pons and cerebellar dentate nucleus from the onset patients with SCA3/MJD was significantly reduced compared to that in the normal control group.The NAA/Cr in the cerebellar dentate nucleus of onset patients with SCA3/MJD was obviously correlated with ICARS.Conclusion:SCA3/MJD lesions are mainly located in the cerebellum and brainstem,where gray and white mater are also involved.The cerebellar dentate nucleus may be the earliest involved area.There is a correlation between the ICARS and the cerebellar lesion degree.The ICARS reflects the severity of clinical manifestations.1H-MRS is useful in the diagnosis of SCA3/MJD.

Proton NMR characterization of intact primary and metastatic melanoma cells in 2D & 3D cultures

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the differences between the primary and metastatic melanoma cell lines grown in 2D cultures and 3D cultures. METHODS: Primary melanoma cells (WM115) and metastatic melanoma cells (WM266) extracted from a single donor was cultured in 2D as well as 3D cultures. These cells were characterized using proton NMR spectrometry, and the qualitative chemical shifts markers were identified and discussed. RESULTS: In monolayer culture (2D), we observed one qualitative chemical shift marker for primary melanoma cells. In spheroid cultures (3D), we observed nine significant chemical shifts, of which eight markers were specific for primary melanoma spheroids, whereas the other one marker was specific to metastatic melanoma spheroids. This study suggests that the glucose accumulation and phospholipid composition vary significantly between the primary and metastatic cells lines that are obtained from a single donor and also with the cell culturing methods. 14 qualitative chemical shift markers were obtained in the comparison between monolayer culture and spheroids cultures irrespective of the differences in the cell lines. Among which 4 were unique to monolayer cultures whereas 10 chemical shifts were unique to the spheroid cultures. This study also shows that the method of cell culture would drastically affect the phospholipid composition of the cells and also depicts that the cells in spheroid culture closely resembles the cells in vivo. CONCLUSION: This study shows the high specificity of proton NMR spectrometry in characterizing cancer cell lines and also shows the variations in the glucose accumulation and phospholipid composition between the primary and metastatic melanoma cell lines from the same donor. Differences in the cell culture method does plays an important role in phospholipid composition of the cells.

Animal Models of Demyelination and ¹H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) is a tool used to detect concentrations of brain metabolites such as N-acetyl aspartate, choline, creatine, glutamate, and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). It has been widely used because it does not require additional devices other than the conventional magnetic resonance scanner and coils. Demyelination, or the neuronal damage due to loss of myelin sheath, is one of the common pathologic processes in many diseases including multiple sclerosis, leukodystrophy, encephalomyelitis, and other forms of autoimmune diseases. Rodent models mimicking human demyelinating diseases have been induced by using virus (e.g., Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus) or toxins (e.g., cuprizon or lysophosphatidyl choline). This review is an overview of the MRS findings on brain metabolites in demyelination with a specific focus on rodent models.

Application of 9.4 T 1 H-MR spectroscopy in determination of lactate in brain of mice with early acute hypoxia-ischeia injury and its significance / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To explore the lactate metabolism in brain tissue of the mice with early acute hypoxia-ischemia injury,and to provide data support for 9.4T 1 H-NMR spectroscopy in detecting the lactate level clinically.Methods:Eighty Kunming mice were randomly divided into sixteen groups (0 s,20 s,40 s,60 s,2 min,4 min, 6 min,8 min, 10 min, 12 min, 14 min, 16 min, 18 min,and 20 min)according to the duration of hypoxia-ischemia (n=5).The changes of lactate levels were detected by 9.4T 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Results:After the initiation of hypoxia-ischemia injury,the lactate level began to increase rapidly to the highest value of (6.89 ± 0.34)μmol·g-1 at 20 s,then started to decline quickly from 40 s to 2 min,and eventually decreased to a stable level of (4.85±0.36)μmol·g-1 until 6 min.Compared with control group,the levels of lactate in brain tissue of the mice in hypoxic-ischemic groups were increased (P <0.01).Conclusion:40 s of acute hypoxia-ischemia may be the lactate cerebral neuron threshold during the anaerobic glycolysis. 9.4T1 H-MRS can provide the exact time window for detecting the lactate metabolism.

The study on the relationship between the 1h-proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cognitive im-pairment in patients with general paresis of the insane / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective We aimed to use 1H-MRS to characterize metabolite concentrations in the bilateral hippo?campus in GPI patient. Methods Metabolite ratios in the bilateral hippocampus were compared between patients with GPI (n=52) and Normal Control (NC) (n=38). Clinical neurological tests were measured in all subjects and were correlat?ed to the metabolite concentrations. Results The GPI patients showed significantly lower concentrations of N-acetylas?partate(NAA)/creatine(Cr) ratios in the bilateral hippocampus region compared to the NC subjects. There was significant?ly difference in the NAA/Cr ratios between the mild GPI dementia and the severe GPI dementia groups on the left hippo?campus region. We found that the NAA/Cr ratios concentrations were positively correlated with Mini Mental state Exami?nation (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale (MoCA) scores in the left hippocampus region and the mI/Cr ra?tios concentrations were positively correlated. Conclusions GPI Patients have neuronal dysfunction in the bilateral hippo?campus. The severity of cognitive impairments is associated with the severity of the damage in the left side.