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Objective To analyze the risk factors of mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection and recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) in children, and to provide reference for early clinical intervention. Methods A total of 648 RRTI children admitted to our hospital from October 2018 to December 2020 were selected. Serum MP antibody levels were detected by semi-quantitative method. According to whether the children were combined with mycoplasma infection, they were divided into experimental group (MP positive, n=283) and control group (MP negative, n=365). Age, gender, body mass index, nutrient deficiency, preterm birth, anemia, onset season, collective living, antibiotics application were collected from the two groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors of MP infection in RRTI children. Results Among of 648 RRTI children, 283 (43.67%) had MP infection. There was no statistical significance in MP infection of pneumonia in children of different ages and genders between the two groups (P>0.05).There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in nutrient deficiency, onset season, length of hospital stay, days of fever, group living, application of antibiotics and invasive operation (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the onset season, length of hospital stay, group living were independent risk factors for MP infection in RRTI children (P<0.05). Conclusion The risk of MP infection in RRTI children is higher, and the main risk factors are onset season, length of hospital stay, group living and application of antibiotics.
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Objective To explore the effect of overweight / obesity on the levels of serum immunoglobulin and IGF-1 in children with recurrent respiratory tract infection and its clinical preventive value. Methods In the study, 126 children with recurrent respiratory tract infection admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to June 2021 were included in the analysis, and the BMI standard levels of different age groups were compared to distinguish the children's body types, and then compared with the overweight/obese patients. The information of serum IGF-1 and immunoglobulin levels in infants, obese patients and normal children were analyzed and discussed, and the factors of body type, the expression of serum IGF-1 and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM) and the relationship between repeated respiratory tract infection in children were analyzed and discussed. The association between occurrence and disease in order to guide prevention and clinical work. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0. Results The average age of 126 children with recurrent respiratory tract infection was (5.24±2.09) years old, including 71 male children and 55 female children, 79 mild children and 47 severe children. According to the BMI standard level of age group, 39 overweight and obese children were detected in this study, 16 were thin children, and the remaining 71 children were normal. The expression levels of IGF-1 and IgG, IgA, and IgM were the lowest among the children with different disease states (P<0.05). The expression of -1, IgG, IgA, and IgM was positively correlated with the children's height, weight and BMI (all P<0.05). Conclusion The decreased expression of IGF-1, IgG, IgA and IgM was associated with the aggravation of recurrent respiratory tract infection, especially in emaciated children. It may be associated with low expression of IGF-1 and poor growth and development, low expression of IgG, IgA and IgM and poor immune level. It can actively prevent recurrent respiratory tract infection, especially severe syndrome recurrent respiratory tract infection, in children with high-risk body type, low growth and development level and immune status.
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Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for the normal-life activities of the human body. Its physiological functions include forming photosensitive substances in visual cells, affecting the stability and integrity of epithelial tissues, maintaining and promoting immune functions. Vitamin A deficiency is closely related to respiratory diseases. Prevention and treatment of vitamin A deficiency is necessary to prevent recurrent respiratory infections and asthma attacks and reduce the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bacterial lysates(hereinafter referred to as"Broncho-Vaxom") for recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs) of children,and to provide evidence-based reference for clinic. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,EMBase,Cochrane Library,CBM,CNKI,Wanfang database and VIP database,domestic and foreign published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about Broncho-Vaxom (trail group) vs. placebo (control group) for RRTIs of children were collected during database establishment to Jan. 2018. After literature scanning and data extraction,the risk of bias of included trials were evaluated by using Cochrane 5.1.0 risk bias evaluation tool. Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.3 software. RESULTS:A total of 13 RCTs involving 1 228 children were included. The results showed that the trial group was superior to control group in frequency of respiratory infection [MD＝－1.14,95%CI(－1.29,－0.99),P＜0.001],total response rate [RR＝9.47,95%CI(2.33,38.54),P＝0.002],the time of antibiotics use [MD＝－4.36,95%CI(－6.52,－2.21),P＜0.001], infection duration [MD＝－3.89,95%CI(－4.47,－3.04),P＜0.001],febrile time [MD＝－1.81,95%CI(－3.40,－0.22),P＝0.03],serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G level [MD＝1.25,95%CI(0.13,2.37)),P＝0.03],IgA level [MD＝0.77,95%CI(0.07, 1.46),P＝0.03] and the level of T cell subgroup CD4+[MD＝1.33,95%CI(0.90,1.76),P＜0.001] and CD8+[MD＝0.64,95%CI (0.24,1.04),P＝0.002],there was statistical significance. Trail group was similar to control group in respect of cough time [MD＝－6.00,95%CI(－13.86,1.86),P＝0.13] and IgM level [MD＝－0.10,95%CI(－0.32,0.12),P＝0.39] and the incidence of ADR [RR＝0.76,95%CI(0.43,1.35),P＝0.35]. CONCLUSIONS:The current evidence shows that Broncho-Vaxom could effectively prevent the RRTIs of children with good safety.
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Objective To summarize and excavate technical points of acupoint application to intervene infantile recurrent respiratory tract infection based on literature; To provide basis for formulation the standard of the TCM featured therapy. Methods Articles about acupoint application to intervene infantile recurrent respiratory tract infection from CNKI platform (CNKI), Chinese science and technology journals database (VIP), Chinese biomedical literature database (CBM), and Wanfang database were retrived by computers. The medicine, acupoints, the amount of stimulation and the timing for the treatment were analyzed. Results After systematic search, a total of 62 articles were included in the quantitative study, including 6547 patients. The main sticking medicine of 10 highest used rate were:Asari Radix et Rhizoma, Sinapis Semen, Kansui Radix, Corydalis Rhizoma, Cinnamomi Cortex, Astragali Radix, Atractylodix Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Anhelicae Dahuricae Radix, Caryophylli Flos, and Saposhnikoviae Radix, and most of them used ginger juice as anclliary medicine. The acupointwith the highest frequency was Feishu (99.03%), followed by Danzhong, Gaohang, Tiantu, Dingchuan, and Dazhui (28.59%–62.66%). The acupoint application was on the first days of the first, second and third of the three ten-day periods of the hot season, or the first days of the first ninth, the second ninth and the thrid ninth days during the winter time, one dosage for each day. The single sticking time was suggested as 2–4 hours each time (23.44%). Conclusion This study summarizes and evaluates the articles of acupoint application to intervene infantile recurrent respiratory tract standard formulation. infectionin recent years and summarizes the key technical points, which can provide references for clinical and standard formulation.
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Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRIs) is a common clinical presentation in paediatrics and represent a huge burden of children health,family life and socioeconomic costs.Nowadays,the definition of pediatric RRIs has not been reached a consensus in the international field.Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric RRIs present a muddled picture clinically.This review introduces the definition and judgement,pathogeny and risk factors,classification,principle of management and prevention of pediatric RRIs in order to provide a reference for clinical practice of pediatrician.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of pidotimod combined with antibacterials on the immunologic functions and clinical curative efficacy for patients undergoing recurrent respiratory tract infections.Methods Patients with recurrent respiratory tract infections (150 cases) were enrolled in Matemal and Child Health Hospital of Guangyuan from August 2013 to January 2016,which divided to two groups randomly,Group A (n =75) accepted traditional antibacterials treatment,and Group B (n =75) adopted pidotimod combined with antibacterials.The clinical symptom and immunologic functions of patients during treatment were tested,and the clinical curative efficacy of patients was evaluated in the follow-up period.Results After treatment,the disappear time of cough,fever,tonsil inflammation and pulmonary wheezing in treatment group was significantly shorter than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the levels of serum immunoglobulin in two groups were higher than those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05),and the treatment group was significantly higher than control group (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the relative activities of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,and NK cells in two groups increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05),the relative content of CD4+/CD8+ was also increased (P ＜0.05),and the improvement of above indexes in the treatment group was more obvious than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,total effective rate of treatment group was significantly higher than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05),the recurrence of infection in the treatment group is significantly lower than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.05),and the recurrence duration was significantly shorter than control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The clinical curative of pidotimod combined with antibacterials was remarkable for patients of recurrent respiratory tract infections,which deserved popularization not only improving the immunologic functions,but also decreasing the times of recurrence.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the clinical effects of pidotimod in the bronchial asthma complicated with recurrent re-spiratory tract infection,and its effects on immunoglobulin and related indexes. METHODS:A total of 120 bronchial asthma pa-tients with recurrent respiratory tract infection selected from our hospital during Mar. 2011-May 2013 were divided into trial group and control group according to random number table,with 60 cases in each group. Control group received routine corticosteroid therapy,and trial group was additionally given Pidotimod oral solution 0.4 g,po,bid,for 14 d,on the basis of control group. Clinical indexes(the times of respiratory infection,the duration of fever,cough,wheezing attack and antibiotics use),serum in-dexes [β-defensin-1(hBD-1),immunoglobulin A(IgA),IgG,IgM,UREA,ALT],the results of pharynx test before and after treatment,and the occurrence of ADR were observed in 2 groups. RESULTS:Before treatment,there was no statistical signifi-cance in clinical indexes,serum indexes,the results of pharynx test between 2 groups(P>0.05). After treatment,clinical indexes of trial group were significantly lower or shorter then before treatment or control group,while serum levels of hBD-1,IgA and IgG were significantly higher than before treatment or control group,with statistical significance(P0.05). The types and number of pathogenic bacteria of respiratory tract infection were decreased significantly in 2 groups,and the trial group was significantly less then the control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). No obvious ADR was found in 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS:Pidotimod shows good clinical effects on bronchial asthma complicated with recurrent re-spiratory tract infection,can improve immunity and reduce the types and number of pathogenic bacteria with good safety.
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Objective To investigate the effect of pidotimod granules and Carboxymethyl starch sodium solution in treating children with recurrent respiratory tract infection curative effect and effect on immune function of children.Methods 128 cases of children with recurrent respiratory tract infection in our hospital from June 2013 to June 2016 were selected and divided into treatment group and control group with 64 cases in each group. Children in the control group were treated with Carboxymethyl starch sodium solution, the treatment group was given pidotimod granules on the basis of the control group.Two groups of children were treated for 12 weeks.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared, the changes of immune function before and after treatment, cough, fever, lung rales disappear time, and the incidence of adverse reactions.Results The total effective rate of the treatment group (90.62%) was higher than the control group (75.00%), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), the levels of IgA, IgM and IgG increased after treatment in both groups, the levels of IgA, IgM and IgG in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), the levels of CD3 +, CD4 +and CD4 +/CD8 +increased after treatment in both groups, and the levels of CD3 +, CD4 +and CD4 +/CD8 +in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), the treatment group in children with cough, fever, pulmonary rales disappeared faster than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05), two groups were no obvious adverse reactions.Conclusion Pidotimod granules combined with carboxymethyl starch sodium solution in treating children with recurrent respiratory tract infections is effective, and could significantly improve the immune function of children.
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Objective To observe the curative efficacy of adjuvant therapy of Yupingfeng particles in bronchial asthma children with recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) and its influence on humoral immunity function. Methods 98 patients of bronchial asthma children with RRTI meeting the inclusion criteria were collected as observation objects. Retrospectively analyzing their clinical materials, those patients were divided into the control group (n=42) and the observation group (n=56) according to therapeutic schemes. The control group was given conventional treatments. Besides that, the observation group was given adjuvant therapy of Yupingfeng particles. Then, curative efficacy, humoral immunity related indices and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results As to curative efficacy related indices after six-month follow-up, the observation group had less times of respiratory tract infection [(2.53±0.94) vs.(4.06±1.38)times], shorter asthma wheeling time and shorter time of using antibiotics [(0.67±0.12) vs. (1.74±0.52) d, (8.29±2.15) vs. (15.37±3.42) d] with all statistical differences (all P<0.05). After treatment, in comparison with the control group, levels of humoral immunity indices of serum IgA, IgG were statistically higher in the observation group [(0.93±0.17) vs. (0.49±0.11) g/L; (7.52±0.78) vs. (6.35±0.70) g/L, both P<0.05]. During the treatment, there's no case of severe adverse reactions. And the incidences of adverse reactions in the control group and the observation group were statistically same (4.8% vs. 8.9%). Conclusion Adjuvant therapy of Yupingfeng particles has well curative efficacy in bronchial asthma children with RRTI. And it can reduce occurrence of respiratory tract infection and promote humoral immunity function with minor adverse reactions.
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Objective To observe the curative efficacy of adjuvant therapy of Yupingfeng particles in bronchial asthma children with recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) and its influence on humoral immunity function. Methods 98 patients of bronchial asthma children with RRTI meeting the inclusion criteria were collected as observation objects. Retrospectively analyzing their clinical materials, those patients were divided into the control group (n=42) and the observation group (n=56) according to therapeutic schemes. The control group was given conventional treatments. Besides that, the observation group was given adjuvant therapy of Yupingfeng particles. Then, curative efficacy, humoral immunity related indices and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results As to curative efficacy related indices after six-month follow-up, the observation group had less times of respiratory tract infection [(2.53±0.94) vs.(4.06±1.38)times], shorter asthma wheeling time and shorter time of using antibiotics [(0.67±0.12) vs. (1.74±0.52) d, (8.29±2.15) vs. (15.37±3.42) d] with all statistical differences (all P<0.05). After treatment, in comparison with the control group, levels of humoral immunity indices of serum IgA, IgG were statistically higher in the observation group [(0.93±0.17) vs. (0.49±0.11) g/L; (7.52±0.78) vs. (6.35±0.70) g/L, both P<0.05]. During the treatment, there's no case of severe adverse reactions. And the incidences of adverse reactions in the control group and the observation group were statistically same (4.8% vs. 8.9%). Conclusion Adjuvant therapy of Yupingfeng particles has well curative efficacy in bronchial asthma children with RRTI. And it can reduce occurrence of respiratory tract infection and promote humoral immunity function with minor adverse reactions.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate clinical efficacy ofYupingfeng Granules combined with western medicine for children with recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI).Methods CNKI, VIP, WANFANG DATA, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the clinical and immune effects ofYupingfeng Granules in children with RRTI from inception to October 2015. Two researchers independently screened studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data and evaluated the methodological quality of included studies. Then Meta analysis was performed through the software RevMan 5.3.Results A total of 8 articles involving 550 patients were included. The results of Meta analysis showed effective rate ofYupingfeng Granules combined with western medicine for children with RRTI [OR=4.16, 95%CI (2.49, 6.95),P0.05). ConclusionYupingfeng Granules combined with western medicine can improve effective rate, antibody level and T-cell level in the treatment of children with RRTI. The overall clinical efficacy is better than single western medicine treatment. However, RCTs with large samples, multiple centers and high quality are needed for further verification.
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This study mainly explored the pulse parameters in children with RRTI with different TCM syndromes,aiming at providing therapeutic indexes and objective basis for its diagnosis and treatment.Three hundred and forty-eight cases of RRTI were divided into five groups,including the group of qi deficiency in the lung (or Fei Qi Xu,FQX),the group of invasion of the lung by wind-heat (or Feng Re Fan Fei,FRFF),the group of invasion of lung by wind-cold (or Feng Han Fan Fei,FHFF),the group of obstruction of phlegm-damp in the lung (or Tan Shi Zu Fei,TSZF) and the group of obstruction of phlegm-heat in the lung (or Tan Re Yong Fei,TRYF).65 children of good health were involved in the control group.Z-BOX pulsemeter apparatus was applied to the paraticipants for analyzing their pulse parameters.As a result,it was found that values of h1,h3,h4,h5,t and h4/h1 of RRTI children decreased,compared with the children of good health (P ＜ 0.01);while h1,h3,h4 and h5 of children in FQX group declined (P ＜ 0.01);and the values of h4,h5,t,w,h3/h1,h4/h1 and h5/h1 of children in FRFF group went down (P ＜ 0.01);while the values of h1,h3,h4,h5,t,w,h3/h1 and h4/h1 of TRYF group fell (P ＜ 0.01);and those of h5,t and h5/h1 of children in FHFF group decreased (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with FQX group,h1 value of FRFF group increased (P ＜ 0.01),while the values of w,h3/h1,hs/h1 and w/t of FRFF group declined (P ＜ 0.01);and the h1 value of TSZF group boosted (P ＜ 0.01),while the value of w and h3/h1 of TRYF group decreased (P ＜ 0.01);and the h5/h1 value of FHFF group fell (P ＜ 0.01).In comparison with FRFF group,the values of t,w and h5/h1 of TSZF group went up (P ＜ 0.01),while the values of h1 and h3 of TRYF group declined (P ＜ 0.01).In comparison with TSZF group,the values of h3,h4,t and w of TRYF group went down (P ＜ 0.01),and the t value of FHFF group decreased (P ＜ 0.01).In conclusion,the pulse parameters of RRTI children can be recognized as objective indicators for TCM syndrome differentiations.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between risk factors and recurrent respiratory tract infections( RRTI) in children. Methods A case-control study was carried out in 204 children with RRTI,com-pared with 400 children without RRTI in control group. Results Second-hand smoking,breastfeeding,malnutri-tion,zinc deficiency,pet at home,home decoration and use of glucocorticoid were associated with RRTI in chil-dren. But the association between breastfeeding and RRTI was only found in children less than 5 years old. The second hand smoking was associated with RRTI only among boys,rather than girls. Home decoration,zinc defi-ciency,malnutrition and breastfeeding were associated with RRTI only among girls,but not among boys. Conclu-sion Recurrent respiratory tract infections are associated with multiple factors. Different risk factors have differ-ent affections on RRTI on gender.
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Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of herbal ion application and penetration therapy applied in the dog days, or in both of the dog days and coldest days for the treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) in children. Methods This intervention was designed as a multi-center, randomized, single-blind, repeated-measurement design. A total of 240 RRTI children were randomly divided into Sanfu group (N=120, herbal ion application and penetration therapy applied in the dog days) and Fujiu group (N=120, herbal ion application and penetration therapy applied in both of the dog days and coldest days). Each group was treated for one year and then was followed up for one year. Before and after the treatment, we observed the frequency of respiratory tract infection, the period of onset, signs and symptoms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and detected the salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) at different time points. Results (1) The therapeutic effect of Fujiu group was better than that of Sanfu group, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). (2) The frequency of respiratory tract infection was reduced, the period of onset was shortened, and TCM signs and symptoms were improved in both groups, and the effect of Fujiu group was superior to that of Sanfu group (P<0.05). (3) Salivary sIgA showed a continuous upward trend in Fujiu group while a mild downward trend in Sanfu group at different time points (P<0.05). Conclusion Herbal ion application and penetration therapy applied in both of the dog days and coldest days shows better effect for the treatment of children RRTI than that applied only in the dog days.
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Objective To discuss the relationship of blood trace elements and children with recurrent respiratory infection in the lung-spleen-qi-deficiency, spleen-deficiency-hyperactive-liver-fire types.[Methods] Select 150 children with recurrent respiratory tract infection in the lung-spleen-qi-deficiency, and 150 children in the spleen-deficiency-hyperactive-liver-fire. Checking serum blood zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, copper levels in both groups. Select 220 normal children in out-patient physical examination in the same period.[Results] Blood zinc, iron, calcium content of two syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine was significantly lower than those of healthy children in the control group. Compared with the two Chinese medicine syndromes, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, copper, there were no significant differences between them. [Conclusion]Children with recurrent respiratory infection exist a lack of trace elements, the syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine and trace elements are not positive, negative correlation.
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Objective:To observe the curative effect of transfer factor oral solutions as the adjunctive therapy in ederly patients with recurrent respiratory tract infection ( RRTI) . Methods:Totally 74 ederly patients with RRTI were selected and divided into the observation group and the control group randomly. The patients in the two groups were given anti-infection and symptomatic treatment during the acute stage of attack. The patients in the observation group were additionally given transfer factor oral solutions 10ml, po, tid for 3 months. The changes in serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM levels in the two groups before and after the medical treat-ment were compared, and the clinical curative effect and adverse drug reactions ( ADR) were observed as well. Results: After the medical treatment, the serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels in the observation group were obviously increased than before (P0. 05). The total clinical efficiency in the observation group was much higher than that in the control group (P0. 05). Conclusion:Transfer factor oral solutions as the adjunctive therapy in ederly patients with RRTI has the favorable clinical curative effect and safety, and the underlying mechanisms may be concerned with the effect of enhancing serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM levels, as well as humoral immune function.
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Recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) is a common chronic respiratory disease of children.The pathogenesis is complex,etiology and treatment methods are varied.Probiotics are immune modulators with extensive clinical application.This paper reviewed the changes of intestinal microflora in children with recurrent respiratory tract infection and the mechanisms of probiotic treatment including intestinal flora regulation,intestinal mucosal barrier,stimulation of the growth of intestinal mucosa and immune regulation.
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Objective To explore the pathogenic bacteria and immunologic mechanism of recurrent respiratory tract infection(RRI) in children.Methods The observation group included 50 children with RRI,26 cases were boys and 24 cases were girls, in Department of Respiratory Medicine of Wuhan Children′s Hospital were enrolled from Apr.2007 to Apr.2008.These children were divided into 3 subset groups:28 cases in 6 months-2 years old group,15 cases in 3-5 years old group,and 7 cases in 6-12 years old group.The healthy control group included 50 healthy children aged 6 months -12 years.The specimens were gathered on the next morning after the children entered hospital.The secretions of noses and pharynxes were gathered with clean and aseptic tampon from children with upper respiratory tract infection and placed in aseptic vessel,and were immediately detected with the pathogenic bacteria.The secretions of lower respiratory tract were gathered with suction method from children with lower respiratory tract infection and placed in aseptic vessel, and were immediately detected with the pathogenic bacteria,the number of superinfection with some kind of pathogenic bacteria was calculated.The children in observation group and healthy control group were exsanguinated of vein when the children were hungry to detect the cellular immunity(CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+) and humoral immunity(IgA,IgM,IgG,C3,C4).Results Three hundred and two specimens in 6 months-2 years old group were detected,and 135 pathogenic bacteria were separated,the ratio of positive was 42.2%,and the number of superinfection was 25.One hundred and thirty-seven specimens in 3-5 years old group were detected,and 47 pathogenic bacteria were separated,the ratio of positive was 34.3%,and the number of superinfection was 7.Fifty-four specimens in 6-12 years old group were detected,and 16 pathogenic bacteria were separated,the ratio of positive was 29.6%,and the number of superinfection was 2.The top 5 kinds of bacteria that those children with RRI were easily infected were Ps.aeruginosa,K.pneumoniae,S.aurens,E.coli and streptococcus pneumoniae.The CD3+,CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ of cellular immunity in the observation group were obviously lower than those in the healthy control group(Pa
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Objective To explore the cellular and humoral immunity in children with recurrent respiratory tract infection(RRI).Methods Fresh peripheral blood samples were treated and run through the flow cytometry,the percentage of lymphocytes subsets were acquired using Simultest software simulaneously. Immunoglobulin IgA,IgG,IgM and complement C3 and C4 were measured.Results The levels of IgG and IgA in the RRI group were lower than the normal reference value in only 1 patient respectively.The level of IgM decreased in 7cases.Complement C3 and C4 decreased in 3 and 1 patients, respectively.The percentage of CD8 in the RRI group was higher than that in healthy control group(P=0),and the CD4/CD8 was obviously lower than that in healthy control group(P=0.002).Conclusions The disorder of cellular and humoral immunity are existing and cell-mediated immune disorder is more obviously in RRI.The immune-modulation agents are necessary in the prevention and treatment for RRI.