Weed phytosociological in irrigated rice under different cultivation systems and crop rotation intensity / Fitossociologia de plantas daninhas em arroz irrigado sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo e intensidade de rotação de culturas

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to evaluate the phytosociology of weeds in irrigated rice in different soil management systems and crop rotation intensity. Therefore, two field studies were carried out. Study 1 was conducted in an area that has been cultivated since 1994 with three cultivation systems: direct, pre-germinated and conventional ones. Study 2 was carried out in an experimental area in five Integrated Farming Systems, with crop rotation. Phytosociological evaluations were conducted when rice was fully blooming, in the first study, and when grain filling was ending, in the second study. Pre-germinated system of rice cultivation has predominance of aquatic weeds. Conventional system when compared with direct sowing has lower weed densities. Integrated Agricultural Production Systems with higher intensity of crop rotation have been higher infested of perennial species.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a fitossociologia de plantas daninhas em arroz irrigado em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo e intensidade de rotação de culturas. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois estudos de campo. O primeiro estudo foi realizado em área cultivada desde 1994 com três sistemas de cultivo: plantio direto, pré-germinado e sistema convencional. O segundo estudo foi realizado em área experimental sob cinco Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária, com rotação de culturas. As avaliações fitossociológicas foram realizadas quando o arroz estava em pleno florescimento no primeiro estudo, e no final do enchimento de grãos no segundo. O sistema pré-germinado de cultivo de arroz apresenta predominância de plantas daninhas aquáticas. O sistema de cultivo convencional, quando comparado ao plantio direto, possui menores densidades de plantas daninhas. Nos Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária com maior intensidade de rotação de culturas houve maior infestação de plantas daninhas perenes.

Sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice (Oryza sativa L.) to glyphosate and glufosinate / Sensibilidade de arroz-vermelho (Oryza sativa L.) resistente às imidazolinonas, aos herbicidas glyphosate e glufosinate

Dose-response experiments were carried out to evaluate the sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice to nonselective herbicides currently used in rice-soybean rotation in Rio Grande do Sul. Two red rice biotypes previously identified as resistant and susceptible to the imidazolinone herbicides were treated with imazapic plus imazapic, glyphosate and glufosinate under nine herbicide rates. A non-linear log-logistic analysis was used to estimate the herbicide rate that provided 50% red rice control and dry weight reduction (GR₅₀). Imidazolinone-resistant red rice exhibited greater GR₅₀ values than imidazolinone-susceptible biotype for imazapyr plus imazapic. In contrast, both imidazolinone-resistant and susceptible red rice showed similar GR₅₀values for glyphosate and glufosinate. These results indicate that glyphosate and glufosinate effectively control imidazolinone-resistant red rice at similar herbicide rates used to control imidazolinone-susceptible; however, integrated weed management practices must be adopted in rice-soybean rotation to delay resistance evolution of red rice populations to glyphosate and glufosinate

Curvas de dose-resposta foram conduzidas para avaliar a sensibilidade de arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas para herbicidas não-seletivos, comumente utilizados em áreas de rotação soja-arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul. Dois biótipos de arroz-vermelho, previamente identificados como suscetível e resistente às imidazolinonas, foram aspergidos com imazapyr+imazapic, glyphosate e glufosinate sob nove concentrações herbicidas. Utilizou-se análise de regressão não linear do tipo log-logística para estimar a concentração herbicida que proporcionou 50% de controle e redução na massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (GR₅₀) de arroz-vermelho. O biótipo de arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas demonstrou maior GR₅₀, quando comparado ao biótipo suscetível para imazapyr+imazapic. Valores similares de GR₅₀ foram observados para ambos os biótipos tratados com glyphosate e glufosinate. Esses resultados indicam que os herbicidas glyphosate e glufosinate controlam efetivamente biótipos de arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas em doses recomendadas para controlar biótipos suscetíveis às imidazolinonas. No entanto, práticas integradas de manejo devem ser utilizadas para retardar a evolução da resistência de arroz-vermelho aos herbicidas glyphosate e glufosinate na rotação soja-arroz irrigado

One-step, codominant detection of imidazolinone resistance mutations in weedy rice (Oryza sativa L. )

Background Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a noxious form of cultivated rice (O. sativa L.) associated with intensive rice production and dry seeding. A cost-efficient strategy to control this weed is the Clearfield rice production system, which combines imidazolinone herbicides with mutant imidazolinone-resistant rice varieties. However, imidazolinone resistance mutations can be introgressed in weedy rice populations by natural outcrossing, reducing the life span of the Clearfield technology. Timely and accurate detection of imidazolinone resistance mutations in weedy rice may contribute to avoiding the multiplication and dispersion of resistant weeds and to protect the Clearfield system. Thus, highly sensitive and specific methods with high throughput and low cost are needed. KBioscience's Allele Specific PCR (KASP) is a codominant, competitive allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method. KASP enables both alleles to be detected in a single reaction in a closed-tube format. The aim of this work is to assess the suitability and validity of the KASP method for detection in weedy rice of the three imidazolinone resistance mutations reported to date in rice. Results Validation was carried out by determining the analytical performance of the new method and comparing it with conventional allele-specific PCR, when genotyping sets of cultivated and weedy rice samples. The conventional technique had a specificity of 0.97 and a sensibility of 0.95, whereas for the KASP method, both parameters were 1.00. Conclusions The new method has equal accuracy while being more informative and saving time and resources compared with conventional methods, which make it suitable for monitoring imidazolinone-resistant weedy rice in Clearfield rice fields.

Hypocholesterolemic metabolism of dietary red pericarp glutinous rice rich in phenolic compounds in mice fed a high cholesterol diet

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of red pericarp glutinous rice rich in polyphenols (Jakwangchalbyeo, red rice) on serum and hepatic levels of cholesterol and hepatic protein expression linked to synthesis and degradation of cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic mice diet as compared with brown rice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5 each), which were fed different diets for a period of 12 weeks: American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G diet, AIN-93G diet with 2% cholesterol, brown rice with 2% cholesterol, or red rice with 2% cholesterol. RESULT: Consumption of red rice resulted in a significant decrease in serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hepatic levels of triglyceride and total-cholesterol. Expression of acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase-2 (ACAT-2), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was decreased, while expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)/AMPK ratio, cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7a1), and sterol 12-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP8b1) was increased in mice fed red rice. Brown rice had similar effects on cholesterol metabolism, but the effect of red rice was significantly greater than that of brown rice. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggested that red rice had a hypocholesterolemic effect by lowering hepatic cholesterol synthesis through ACAT-2, HMG-CoA reductase, and SREBP-2, and by enhancing hepatic cholesterol degradation through CYP7a1 and CYP8b1 in mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of rice

The aim of this work was to study the phenolic compounds identified in rice, their antioxidant activity and their potential beneficial effects on health. In vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the rice grains with different pericarp colour (light brown, red and black) showed potential beneficial effects on health related to the polyphenol content of the grain, such as reduction of oxidative stress, aid in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and complications of diabetes, among others.

Residual da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic em solo de várzea sobre azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivado em sucessão ao arroz tolerante / Carryover of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic in lowland soils, affecting ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

Herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas, como imazethapyr e imazapic, podem persistir no solo e afetar culturas não-tolerantes cultivadas em sucessão. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic sobre azevém semeado e conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação. Para isso, inicialmente foi conduzido um experimento em campo, em que aplicou-se sobre a cultivar tolerante de arroz ("IRGA 422 CL") diferentes doses da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic, representadas por: 0L ha-1 (testemunha); 0,7L ha-1 em pré-emergência (PRE) seguido da aplicação de 0,7L ha-1 em pós-emergência (POS); 1,0L ha-1 em PRE; e 1,0L ha-1 em POS. Posteriormente, aos 194 dias após a aplicação das doses, foram coletadas amostras intactas de solo na camada de 0-10cm, as quais foram utilizadas na condução de um bioensaio com azevém. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de plantas emergidas aos três e 22 DAE (dias após a emergência) e a matéria seca do azevém aos 40 DAE. Verificou-se que a aplicação dos herbicidas na cultura do arroz no verão não ocasiona danos ao azevém semeado 194 dias após a aplicação do produto.

Imidazolinone herbicides, such as imazethapyr and imazapic, may persist in the soil and carryover to non-tolerant crops. This work aimed at evaluating the field carryover of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr+imazapic affecting ryegrass. For this reason, a field experiment was carried out, in which different rates of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic were applied on a tolerant rice cultivar (';IRGA 422 CL';): 0L ha-1 (check plot); 0.7L ha-1 preemergence (PRE) followed by 0.7L ha-1 postemergence (POS); 1.0L ha-1 PRE; 1.0L ha-1 POS. Later, 194 days after herbicide application, intact soils cores samples were collected at 0 to 10cm depth to carry out a bioassay in greenhouse, sowing ryegrass. It was evaluated the percentage of plants established at three and 22 DAE (days after emergence) and ryegrass dry biomass at 40 DAE. The results showed that herbicides applied on rice crop during summer does not cause damage to the ryegrass sowed 194 days after herbicide application.

The Morphometric Study of Bony Tissue in the Rat Experiment of Bone Union Enhanced by the Red Rice / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To investigate the curative effect of the red rice in treating the experimental fractures in the rats.[Methods] 64 Wistar rats suffered with single fracture in the forearm were randomized into two groups,one red rice group and the other normal saline control group.On the twenty-first day and 42 day after operation,the qualitation and morphometric observation of the bone tissue were performed.[Results] After the treatment of the red rice,the bony union of the fractured bone in the rats was obviously accelerated.The morphometric index of the bony tissue was higher than the control group with the statistical significance.The remodeling of the bony callus,the emergence of the lamellar bone and recanalization of the medullary cavity could all be enhanced by the use of the red rice.The mineralized bony callus area,the osteoblast index and the matrical calcification were obviously higher than those of the control group.[Conclusions] The growth of bony callus,the index of the osteoblast,the metrical calcification and the remodeling of the bony callus could all be enhanced by the red rice and therefore the bone union could be accelerated.