Relationship between promoting effect of Zuogui Pills on angiogenesis of reproductive organs and mobilization factors GM-CSF, SDF-1, and their receptors of EPCs in early-aging rats / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the promoting effect of Zuogui Pills on ovarian and vaginal angiogenesis in early-aging rats and mobilization factors granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF), stromal cell-derived factor-1(SDF-1), and their receptors of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs) and explore the mechanism of Zuogui Pills in improving reproductive hypofunction in early-aging rats. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the chemical components of the extract of Zuogui Pills. Forty 14-month-old female early-aging rats with estrous cycle disorder were randomly divided into a blank group, a conjugated estrogen group(conjugated estrogen suspension, 65 μg·kg~(-1)), and low-(11 g·kg~(-1)) and high-dose(33 g·kg~(-1)) Zuogui Pills groups, with 10 rats in each group. In addition, 10 4-month-old female rats were assigned to the youth control group. The rats in the blank group and the youth control group were treated with 20 g·kg~(-1) distilled water by gavage, while those in the groups with drug intervention were treated with corresponding drugs by gavage, once a day for 15 days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the levels of SDF-1 and GM-CSF in the mobilization of EPCs in serum. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the changes in the number of ovarian follicles at all levels and corpus luteum, the number of vaginal epithelial layers, the number of vaginal folds, and the blood vessels of ovarian and vaginal tissues in the groups with drug intervention. Western blot was used to detect the expression of ER, GM-CSFR, CXCR4, and CXCR7 proteins in ovarian and vaginal tissues. As revealed by the results, the blank group showed decreased number of corpus luteum, gro-wing follicles at all levels, and blood vessels(P<0.05), decreased thickness of vaginal mucosa, the number of epithelial layers, the number of vaginal folds, and the number of vessels in the lamina propria(P<0.05), reduced content of SDF-1 and GM-CSF in the peripheral blood(P<0.05), and down-regulated levels of ER, CXCR4, CXCR7, and GM-CSFR proteins in ovarian and vaginal tissues(P<0.05). The groups with drug intervention showed increased number of growing follicles at all levels, corpus luteum, and blood vessels(P<0.05), decreased number of atresia follicles(P<0.05), increased thickness of vaginal mucosa, the number of epithelial layers, the number of vaginal mucosal folds, and the number of blood vessels in the lamina propria(P<0.05), increased content of SDF-1 and GM-CSF in the peripheral blood(P<0.05), and up-regulated levels of ER, CXCR4, CXCR7, and GM-CSFR proteins in ovarian and vaginal tissues(P<0.05). This experiment suggests that Zuogui Pills may promote ovarian and vaginal angiogenesis and improve the reproductive function of early-aging rats by up-regulating the levels of mobilization factors SDF-1, GM-CSF, and their receptors of EPCs.

Morphology and biometry of the reproductive organs of adult males of Trachemys scripta elegans reared in São Paulo state, Brazil / Morfologia e biometria dos órgãos reprodutivos de machos adultos de Trachemys scripta elegans criados em São Paulo, Brasil

Trachemys scripta elegans is an American underwater chelonian illegally marketed in Brazilian pet shops. When abandoned in nature, it compromises native species, threatening local biodiversity. However, little is known about the body development and structure of its reproductive tract. The objective of the present study was to investigate the morphology and biometry of testis, epididymis and penis, as well as the biometry of the body and secondary sexual characters in this species. Twenty-seven adult males were used aiming to contribute to preservation actions in captivity, population control, and scientific research, as well as to interspecific comparisons. Sex identification by the third claw length was effective, and the specimens presented harmonious and positive body development between mass, carapace, plastron, and height, with unimodal tendency and higher frequency of maximum carapace length at 15cm. The testes and epididymides presented biometric similarity between the antimeres and anatomical and histological structure similar to that of other species of chelonians and mammals, except for the type of epithelium. The findings suggest that there is conserved morphology between slider turtles and homology in relation to mammals. Histological similarity to the reproductive organs of other amniotes, including humans, may give rise to scientific and comparative studies, essential for the establishment of conservation strategies in reptiles.(AU)

Trachemys scripta elegans é um quelônio subaquático americano ilegalmente comercializado em pet shops brasileiros. Ao ser abandonado na natureza, compromete as espécies nativas, ameaçando à biodiversidade local. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre o desenvolvimento corporal e a estrutura do seu aparelho reprodutor. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a morfologia e a biometria dos testículos, epidídimos e pênis, a biometria corporal e dos caracteres sexuais secundários. Foram utilizados 27 machos adultos desta espécie, visando contribuir com ações de preservação em cativeiro, controle populacional e pesquisas científicas, além de comparações interespecíficas. A identificação sexual pelo comprimento da terceira garra foi efetiva e os espécimes apresentaram desenvolvimento corporal harmônico e positivo entre massa, carapaça, plastrão e altura, com tendência unimodal e maior frequência de comprimento máximo de carapaça em 15,0cm. Testículos e epidídimos apresentaram semelhança biométrica entre os antímeros e estrutura anatômica e histológica semelhantes à de outras espécies de quelônios e mamíferos, excetuando-se pelo tipo de epitélio. Os achados sugerem haver morfologia conservada entre os cágados e homologia em relação aos mamíferos. A semelhança histológica com os órgãos reprodutivos de outros amniotas, incluindo os humanos, pode dar ensejo a estudos científicos e comparativos, essenciais para estabelecimento de estratégias de conservação em répteis.(AU)

Daños y consecuencias de Chlamydia trachomatis en mujeres infértiles / Damage and Consequences of Chlamydia Trachomatis in Infertile Women

Introducción: La infertilidad ha aumentado a nivel mundial como consecuencia del incremento de las infecciones de transmisión sexual y la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica producidas fundamentalmente por Chlamydia trachomatis. Objetivo: Describir la relación existente entre la Chlamydia trachomatis y sus daños y consecuencias en mujeres infértiles. Métodos: Se estudiaron 552 mujeres, con diagnóstico de infertilidad y se selecciona una muestra de 175, con diagnóstico de infección por Chlamydia trachomatis. Resultados: Las mujeres en el estudio tenían una escolaridad media superior. La mayoría de las mujeres a pesar de padecer una infección por Chlamydia trachomatis no presentaron daño a órganos reproductores; y en las que sí, predominó la obstrucción tubaria bilateral. En los casos en que se diagnosticó daño al cuello uterino predominó la cervicitis. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las mujeres infértiles con infección por Chlamydia trachomatis eran adultas jóvenes con nivel escolar medio superior, con una infertilidad secundaria y sin daños estructurales en las trompas de Falopio y el cérvix uterino. Existe relación entre la Chlamydia trachomatis y la afección a las trompas de Falopio y el cérvix uterino(AU)

Introduction: Infertility has increased worldwide because of the increase in sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease caused mainly by Chlamydia trachomatis. Objective: To describe the relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis and its damages and consequences in infertile women. Methods: We studied 552 women with a diagnosis of infertility and we selected a sample of 175, with diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Results: The women in the study had high school level. Most of them did not have reproductive organ damage despite suffering from Chlamydia trachomatis infection. However, those who did not have this damage had bilateral tubal obstruction. Cervicitis predominated in those cases in which damage to the cervix was diagnosed. Conclusions: Most of the infertile women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection were young adults with a high school level, suffering secondary infertility and with no structural damage to the fallopian tubes and uterine cervix. There is a relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis and the affection to the fallopian tubes and uterine cervix(AU)

Effects of energy drinks on biochemical and sperm parameters in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: The present study evaluates the effects of energy drinks on the reproductive and biochemical parameters of adult male rats. METHODS: A total of 40 male rats (Wistar) were exposed to an energy drink mixed with the drinking water for a period of 120 days. The animals were divided into four groups and exposed to increasing therapeutic doses (DT) of an energy drink, based on allometric extrapolation, resulting in values (mL/day) per animal of 250 g: DT1 2.36 mL, DT3 7.47 mL, and DT6 14.16 mL. The control group (CTRL) consumed water only. During the treatment, the rats were assessed for signs of toxicity. After treatment, the animals were sacrificed and their organs were weighed. Sperm parameters (motility, concentration, and morphology) were evaluated. The biochemical markers alanine eamino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, urea, creatinine, creatine phosphokinase, and creatine kinase MB fraction were measured, in addition to total cholesterol and testosterone. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in the concentration of sperm in the treated groups (DT18.5 ± 0.7; DT3 7.2 ± 0.9; DT6 8.4 ± 0.9) compared to the control group (12.3 ± 1.2). No difference was observed with respect to relative weights of the animals'organs, water consumption, signs of toxicity, behavioral changes, biochemical markers, and sperm motility and morphology. CONCLUSION: The long-term consumption of energy drinks interferes negatively with sperm concentration, without affecting sperm motility and morphology or altering the hepatic, cardiac, or renal functions

Human papillomavirus infection and male reproductive health / 中华男科学杂志

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the worldwide sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and the DNA of HPV can exist in the normal epithelium of reproductive organs of both men and women. Because the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic, healthy HPV-carriers become the main source of the infection. Studies show that HPV infection in men is correlated with STD, infertility, tumor of reproductive organs, and infection in the sexual partners. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce male HPV infection, including circumcision, fewer sexual partners, and condom use.

Detecção de Toxoplasma gondii em órgãos do sistema reprodutivo de carneiros naturalmente infectados no Brasil / Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the reproductive organs of rams in Brazil

Objetivou-se com esse estudo detectar o DNA genômico de T. gondii em amostras de testículo e epidídimo de ovinos comercializados em abatedouros do Estado de Pernambuco Região Nordeste do Brasil. Foram coletadas 50 amostras de soro sanguíneo, 50 amostras de testículos e 50 de epidídimos. Para a triagem dos animais foi utilizada a técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e posteriormente empregou-se a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) nos animais positivos na sorologia. Observou-se 24% (12/50) dos animais positivos na RIFI e o DNA genômico foi detectado no epidídimo em 8,3% (1/12) das amostras. A identidade molecular dos produtos amplificados foi confirmada por sequenciamento. Relata-se a primeira ocorrência da presença do DNA de T. gondii em órgãos do sistema reprodutivo de carneiros naturalmente infectados no Brasil.

The aim of the study was to detect genomic DNA of Toxoplasma gondii in testicle and epididymis samples from rams sold in abattoirs in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Fifty (50) blood serum samples were collected, as well as 50 testicle and epididymis samples. Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) was used during screening of the rams. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used with animals that were positive in serology. Our results confirmed that 24% (12/50) of the rams were positive in IIF. Genomic DNA was detected in the epididymis at 8.3% (1/12) of the animals. The molecular identity of the amplified products was confirmed through sequencing. This paper reports the first occurrence of T. gondii DNA in the reproductive organs of naturally infected rams in Brazil.

Effect of season on the reproductive organs of the female African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus) in Zaria, Nigeria / Efecto estacional en los órganos reproductores de la rata gigante Africana (Cricetomys gambianus) hembra en Zaria, Nigeria

The study was carried out to determine the effect of season on the female reproductive organs of the African Giant rat using the standard methods, with the aim of obtaining the base-line values. The weights of the oviduct/uterus, vagina and the entire tubular organ were consistently higher during the harmattan season (0.789 +/- 0.07 g, 2.708 +/- 0.19 g and 3.455 +/- 0.25 g, respectively) than the hot ­ dry (0.591 +/- 0.02 g, 2.239 +/- 0.13 g and 2.831 +/- 0.14 g, respectively) and the rainy season (0.723 +/- 0.04 g, 2.412 +/- 0.01 g and 3.148 +/- 0.12 g, respectively). The mean weight and length of the ovary were not significantly different throughout the season, suggesting that the AGR may breed throughout the year. The slight increase in the weight of the tubular organ during the harmattan (November ­ February) and the rainy (June ­ October) season suggests that the seasons may be favourable for breeding, probably because of the abundance of food available to the rodents in the wild during the seasons. The decrease in weights of the organs during the hot-dry season (March ­ May) was, apparently, due to the unfavourable climatic conditions and food scarcity during the season. In conclusion, the results of the present study provide base -line morphometric data on the female reproductive organs of the AGR across the seasons.

Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar el efecto de las estaciones en los órganos reproductores femeninos de la rata gigante Africana mediante los métodos estándar, con el objetivo de obtener los valores basales. El peso del oviducto/útero, vagina y el órgano tubular completo fueron consistentemente más altos durante harmattan (la estación seca en Nigeria) (0,789 +/- 0,07 g, 2,708 +/- 0,19g y 3,455 +/- 0,25, respectivamente) que la estación seca-calurosa (0,591 +/- 0,02 g, 2.239 +/- 0,13g y 2.831 +/- 0,14, respectivamente) y la estación de lluvias (0,723 +/- 0,04 g, 2,412 +/- 0,01 y 3,148 +/- 0,12 g, respectivamente). La media de peso y longitud del ovario no fueron significativamente diferentes a lo largo de las estaciones, lo que sugiere que la rata gigante africana puede reproducirse durante todo el año. El ligero aumento en el peso del órgano tubular en las estaciones de harmattan (noviembre - febrero) y de lluvias (junio-octubre), sugiere que las estaciones pueden ser favorables para la reproducción, probablemente debido a la abundancia de alimentos disponibles para los roedores silvestres durante estas temporadas. La disminución en el peso de los órganos durante la estación cálida y seca (marzo - mayo) fue, al parecer, debido a las desfavorables condiciones climáticas y la escasez de alimentos durante la estación. En conclusión, los resultados de este estudio proporcionan una línea base de datos morfométricos para los órganos reproductores de la rata gigante africana hembra a través de las estaciones.

Triorganotin as a compound with potential reproductive toxicity in mammals

Organotin compounds are typical environmental contaminants and suspected endocrine-disrupting substances, which cause irreversible sexual abnormality in female mollusks, called "imposex". However, little is known about the capability of triorganotin compounds, such as tributyltin and triphenyltin, to cause disorders in the sexual development and reproductive functions of mammals, including humans and rodents. Moreover, these compounds can act as potential competitive inhibitors of aromatase enzyme and other steroidogenic enzymes, affecting the reproductive capacity of male and female mammals. In this review, we discuss the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which triorganotin compounds induce adverse effects in the mammalian reproductive function.

Recuento espermático, peso corporal y pesos de órganos reproductivos pos hipoxia hipobárica intermitente simuladan en ratón (mus musculus) / Sperm count, body and reproductive organs weight post simulated intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on mouse (mus musculus)

En ratones sometidos a hipoxia hipobárica intermitente (HI) producto de una exposición simulada a la altura, en cámara hipobárica (asemejándose a condiciones laborales de faena minera del norte de Chile), se evaluó recuento espermático total y cambios en el peso corporal y de órganos reproductivos.El grupo experimental se sometió a HI y el control permaneció en normoxia,ambos durante 108 días. No existieron cambios estadísticamente significativos (p > 0,05) en los pesos pos HI, posiblemente por pequeñas compensaciones durante el periodo de normoxia normobárica o los intervalos de hipoxia hipobárica no fueron lo suficientemente prolongados como para generar cambios. No hubo cambios en el recuento espermático testicular, pero sí en cauda epididimaria, donde el grupo control fue estadísticamente superior,debido posiblemente a enlentecimiento del tránsito entre el testículo y la cauda epididimaria o que ésta no está cumpliendo su función de almacenamiento (tránsito acelerado y depleción de la vía seminal). Por tanto, resulta imprescindible profundizar el estudio de la HI y su repercusión en la reproducción, ya que esta situación afectaría a trabajadores de las faenas mineras en Chile.

Total sperm count and changes in body and reproductive organs weight were evaluated in mice subjected to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) product of a simulated exposure to high altitudes, in hypobaric chamber (in a similar situation to that of working conditions of mining activities in the north of Chile). The experimental group was exposed to IHH and the control group maintained in conditions of normoxia, both for 108 days. There were no statistically significant changes (p>0,05) in weights post IHH, possibly because of small compensations during the normobaric normoxia period or the alternant exposure to a hypoxic environment was not sufficient for changes to develop. No changes in testicular sperm count were noted but in epididymal cauda, where control group was statistically higher due to a possible slowness of transit between testicle and epididymal cauda or because the spermstorage function of epididymis is not adequate (accelerated transit and seminal vesicle depletion). Therefore, it is essential to study in depth the IHH and its impact on reproduction, because this situation may affect Chilean mining workers.

Toxicological screening of Mikania glomerata Spreng., Asteraceae, extract in male Wistar rats reproductive system, sperm production and testosterone level after chronic treatment / Triagem toxocológica do extrato de Mikania glomerata Spreng., Asteraceae, no sistema reprodutor, produção espermática e nível de testosterona em machos de ratos Wistar após tratamento crônico

Some compounds present in therapeutic plants may be responsible for the occurrence of adverse side effects. Coumarin and flavonoids are substances found in many plant species that showed antifertility activity in female rats and dogs, respectively. Mikania glomerata Spreng., Asteraceae, known as guaco in Brazil, is a plant largely used in folk medicine and its leaves are reported to have coumarin and flavonoids. This work analyzes the effect of chronic administration of M. glomerata on the reproductive system of male rats. Thirty-day-old Wistar rats were treated with M. glomerata hydroalcoholic extract at a dose of 3.3 g/kg of body weight for ninety days. Body and organ weights, gamete concentration on the epididymis cauda, serum testosterone level and food consumption were evaluated. No significant alteration was observed in any of the variables analyzed, suggesting the absence of toxic action or antifertility activity of the M. glomerata hydroalcoholic extract.

As plantas medicinais podem apresentar na sua constituição compostos capazes de causar efeitos adversos no organismo. Cumarina e flavonoides são substâncias encontradas em muitas espécies vegetais, cuja interferência na fertilidade de ratas e cadelas, respectivamente, foi evidenciada em estudos prévios. Mikania glomerata Spreng., Asteraceae, (guaco) é uma planta usada no tratamento de doenças respiratórias e em suas folhas foi detectada a presença de cumarina e flavonoides. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito do extrato hidroalcoólico, preparado com partes aéreas de guaco, no sistema reprodutor de ratos submetidos a tratamento crônico. Ratos Wistar (trinta dias de idade) foram tratados com extrato hidroalcoólico de guaco na dose de 3,3 g/kg de peso corporal durante noventa dias. O peso corporal e de órgãos, a produção de espermatozoides, a concentração de testosterona plasmática e o consumo de ração foram avaliados. Não foi observada nenhuma alteração significativa das variáveis analisadas e o tratamento não afetou o consumo de ração. Estes dados sugerem que, na dose utilizada, o extrato hidroalcoólico de guaco não teve efeito tóxico e nem interferiu com a fertilidade de ratos Wistar submetidos a um tratamento de longa duração.

Características morfométricas de los órganos genitales de conejas Nueva Zelanda con distintos pesos corporales en el periodo de transición peripuberal / Morphometric characteristics of female reproductive organs of New Zealand rabbits with different body weight in peripuberal period of transition

Morphometric characteristics were determined from female reproductive organs of New Zealand rabbits with different body weight in order to understand the anatomical changes of the various organs of the reproductive tract of this breed in the peripuberal period of transition. Four groups were formed according to a percentage of adult weight (AW), Group A with 2 ± 0.1 kg (40% of AW), Group B with 3 ± 0.1 kg (60% of AW), Group C with 3.5 ± 0.1 kg (70% of AW) and Group D with 4 ± 0.1 kg (80% of AW). The rabbits were euthanized according to the required weight for each group and ovaries, uterine horns, cervix and vagina were removed, in order to measure their length. Ovarian tissue fragments were obtained and processed by paraffin embedding for histological analysis using Masson's trichrome stain. Primordial, primary, secundary and tertiary follicles were counted in the ovarian cortex and medulla. Regarding the length of the left and right ovary there were differences between Group A with respect to B, C and D (P < 0.05). Regarding the length of the uterine horns there were differences between Group A with respect to groups B, C and D in both horns (P < 0.05). Regarding the length of the cervix there was difference between Group B and the others (P < 0.05) and the vagina showed difference between Group A and the other groups (P < 0.05). With respect to the variable number of primordial follicles there was difference between Group A and the other groups (P < 0.05). For primary and secondary follicles there were no differences between the four groups (P > 0.05). In tertiary follicles there were differences between Group A and the others (P < 0.05). Based on the results of this study it is concluded that in New Zealand rabbits the histological and morphometric changes of the reproductive tract associated with body weight, are more dramatic in the transition range from 40% to 60% (groups A and B) of AW, hence, it is a critical period in the maturation of the female reproductive system.

Se determinaron las características morfométricas de los órganos genitales de conejas de la raza Nueva Zelanda con distintos pesos corporales en el periodo de transición peripuberal. Se formaron cuatro grupos de acuerdo con un porcentaje del peso adulto (PA); Grupo A con 2 ± 0.1 kg (40% del PA); Grupo B con 3 ± 0.1 kg (60% del PA); Grupo C con 3.5 ± 0.1 kg (70% del PA) y Grupo D con 4 ± 0.1 kg (80% del PA). A las conejas se les sometió a eutanasia de acuerdo con el peso requerido para cada grupo. Se removieron ambos ovarios, cuernos uterinos, cérvix y vagina con el fin de medir su longitud. Se obtuvieron fragmentos de tejido ovárico que se procesaron por inclusión en parafina para efectuar cortes histológicos que se tiñeron con tricrómica de Masson. Se contaron los folículos primordiales, primarios, secundarios y terciarios presentes en la corteza y médula ovárica. Respecto de la longitud de los ovarios derecho e izquierdo, se encontraron diferencias entre el Grupo A y los grupos B, C y D (P < 0.05). En cuanto a la longitud de los cuernos uterinos, se encontraron diferencias entre el Grupo A y los grupos B, C y D, en ambos cuernos (P < 0.05). En relación con la longitud del cérvix, hubo diferencia entre el Grupo A y los demás grupos (P < 0.05); en la vagina se encontró diferencia entre el Grupo A y el resto de los grupos (P < 0.05). Acerca del número de folículos primordiales, hubo diferencia entre el Grupo A y los otros grupos (P < 0.05). Para los folículos primarios y secundarios no se encontraron diferencias entre los cuatro grupos (P > 0.05). En los folículos terciarios hubo diferencias entre el Grupo A y los demás grupos (P < 0.05). Con base en los resultados obtenidos se concluye que en la coneja Nueva Zelanda los cambios histológicos y morfométricos de los órganos genitales asociados con el peso corporal, son más drásticos en el rango de transición de 40% al 60% (grupos A y B) del PA. Se concluye que se trata de un periodo crítico en el proceso de maduración del aparato reproductor femenino.

Morfoanatomia e ontogênese dos frutos e sementes de Clusia lanceolata Cambess (Clusiaceae) / Morphology, anatomy and ontogeny of the fruits and seeds of Clusia lanceolata Cambess (Clusiaceae)

Clusia lanceolata Cambess é espécie arbustiva da Mata Atlântica. Caracteriza-se por ser dioica, com flores estaminadas e pistiladas grandes, vistosas, de coloração rosa, apresentando a parte interna vinácea. Foram descritos aspectos morfológicos e estruturais dos frutos e sementes dessa espécie, visando classificar corretamente o seu tipo de fruto e, também, confirmar a origem do apêndice carnoso que envolve as sementes. O material botânico utilizado constou de flores em antese e frutos, em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento, coletados de dois espécimes. Os estudos morfológicos e anatômicos foram realizados segundo técnicas usuais. O fruto é cápsula septífraga, esférica, de coloração verde-avermelhado. O exocarpo é unisseriado; o mesocarpo parenquimático contém numerosos ductos secretores e feixes vasculares, de disposição principalmente longitudinal. O endocarpo é derivado da epiderme interna do ovário e de três a quatro camadas subepidérmicas, cujas células alongam-se tangencialmente e a parede que delimita o lóculo sofre lignificação. A abertura se faz pela sutura carpelar, por meio de uma faixa de células parenquimáticas de tamanho reduzido, que se bifurca em direção aos lóculos no meio dos septos. Os óvulos anátropos bitegumentados, com endotélio e hipóstase, originam sementes também anátropas, exotégmicas e envolvidas por arilo de origem funicular e exostomal. O embrião é hipocotilar.

Clusia lanceolata Cambess. is a shrub species native to the Atlantic Forest. The plant is dioecious, with large, showy, pink staminate and pistillate flowers that are wine-colored internally. The morphological and structural aspects of the fruits and seeds of this species are described here in order to correctly classify the fruit type and to determine the origin of the fleshy appendage that surrounds the seeds. The botanical material utilized here contained flowers in anthesis and fruits in four stages of development, and were collected from two different plants. The morphological and anatomical studies were performed according to traditional techniques. The fruit is a septifrage, spherical capsule with a reddish-green coloration. The exocarp is uniseriate; the parenchymatous mesocarp contains numerous secretory ducts and vascular bundles arranged in predominantly longitudinal positions. The endocarp is derived from the internal epidermis of the ovary and has from three to four subepidermal layers whose component cells are tangentially elongated, and the cell walls lining the locule become lignified. The fruits open by means of the carpelar suture, along a stand of small parenchymous cells that bifurcate in the direction of the locules, in the midst of the septum. The anatropous bi-tegumented ovules, with an endothelium and hypostase, give rise to seeds that are likewise anatropous, exotegmic, and wrapped in an aril that has a funicular and exostomal origin. The embryo is hypocotylar.

Effect of Cypermethrine on Reproductive Organs of Female Rats / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the effect of cypermethrine (CP) on the reproductive organs of female rats.Methods Fifty female SD rats (90-110 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups,negative control (earthnut oil),three CP treatment groups(20,40 and 80 mg/kg body) and positive control (E_2 100?g/kg body),treated by gavage,once a day,for 28 consecutive days.Results Compared with the negative group,the opening of vagina in different cypermethrine groups were significantly moved up in the first week (P

Preliminary assessment of Rosmarinus officinalis toxicity on male Wistar rats' organs and reproductive system / Avaliação preliminar da toxicidade de Rosmarinus officinalis no sistema reprodutor e em órgãos de ratos Wistar

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. - Lamiaceae) is a shrub used in the treatment of hepatic, intestinal, renal and respiratory affections. Its toxicity was assessed in female rats and an anti-implantation effect was reported after treatment with this plant. This work analyzes the effect of the short-term administration of R. officinalis extract on vital organs, on the organs of the reproductive system and sperm production of mature male Wistar rats. Adult Wistar rats were treated with 1 mL of R. officinalis aqueous extract at a dose level of 291.2 mg and 582.4 mg/kg of body weight for five days. Body and organs weights, sperm production and food consumption were evaluated. The results showed that the lower dose administration of R. officinalis extract did not significantly alter body and organs weight nor did it interfere with gamete production. However, animals treated with the higher dose showed significant weight increase of the seminal vesicle but no significant alteration of the other variables. Food intake was not affected by the treatments.

Alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L. - Lamiaceae) é uma planta utilizada no tratamento de afecções hepática, intestinal, renal e respiratória. Sua toxicidade foi investigada em ratas e seu efeito antiimplantação foi relatado em estudos prévios. Este trabalho analisa o efeito da administração aguda do extrato de R. officinalis em órgãos vitais, em órgãos do sistema reprodutor e na produção de espermatozóides de ratos Wistar adultos. Ratos Wistar foram tratados com 1 mL do extrato aquoso de R. officinalis na dose de 291,2 mg e 582,4 mg/kg de peso corporal por cinco dias. O peso corporal e de órgãos, a produção de espermatozóides e o consumo de ração foram avaliados. Os resultados mostraram que a administração da dose menor do extrato de R. officinalis não alterou significativamente o peso corporal e de órgãos e nem interferiu com a produção de gametas. Entretanto, os animais tratados com a maior dose evidenciaram aumento significativo de peso de vesícula seminal, mas nenhuma outra alteração significativa das outras variáveis. O consumo de ração não foi afetado pelos tratamentos.

Internal reproductive organs of Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The internal reproductive organs of Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus males and females are described, illustrated and measured. No significant difference was registered among immature and reproductive structures of males and their aspect was also similar. However, in females noteworthy differences both in size and aspect were found.

Os órgãos internos de reprodução de machos e fêmeas de Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus são descritos, ilustrados e mensurados. Não se registrou diferença significativa entre machos imaturos e reprodutivos quanto ao tamanho das estruturas, sendo o aspecto destas similar em ambos. Já nas fêmeas, constataram-se diferenças notáveis tanto no aspecto quanto no tamanho.

Alterações morfológicas nos órgãos genitais de cães e gatos provenientes de Vilas Rurais da região de Umuarama-PR / Morphological alterations in the genital organs of cats and dogs from Rural Villages in the Region of Umuarama-PR / Alteraciones morfológicas en los órganos genitales de perros y gatos provenientes de villas rurales de la región de umuarama ­ pr

Enfermidades nos órgãos reprodutivos de cães e gatos têm variados graus de morbidade, mortalidade e sofrem influências do histórico reprodutivo, de tratamentos farmacológicos prévios e de condições ambientais, podendo assim haver variações regionais na incidência de determinadas anormalidades reprodutivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer um levantamento da incidência das alterações morfológicas nos órgãos genitais de cães e gatos provenientes de Vilas Rurais da região de Umuarama, associar a freqüência de cada alteração à espécie, sexo, uso de contraceptivo e número de partos e discutir as principais alterações encontradas. Foram examinados os órgãos reprodutivos de 208 animais, assim distribuídos: 36,06% eram cadelas, 33,65% cães, 14,90% gatas e 15,38% gatos, todos sem raça definida e idade variando de um mês a 10 anos. Dos animais examinados, 9,13% apresentaram alterações, classificadas como hiperplasia cística do endométrio (5,29%), endometrite (0,96%), retenção de placenta (0,48%), fibrose endometrial (0,48%), degeneração testicular (0,96%), hipoplasia testicular (0,48%) e hemangiossarcoma no pênis (0,48%). Ao se agruparem as alterações, não se observou associação entre freqüência de alterações e espécie (P>0,05), sendo 10,30% e 6,30% para alterações nas espécies canina e felina, respectivamente. No entanto observou-se associação (P<0,05) entre freqüência de alterações e sexo, sendo que 14,15% estavam presentes em fêmeas e 3,90% em machos. Animais velhos apresentaram maior freqüência de alterações nos órgãos genitais (P<0,05) do que animais jovens. A freqüência de alterações não se associou ao uso de contraceptivo, à presença de gestação e ao número de partos, embora se tenha observado maior número de alterações patológicas em fêmeas que já haviam parido.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of the present study is to determine the incidence of pathologic alterations in the genital organs of apparently healthy dogs and cats and to correlate the frequency of each alteration to species, sex, the number of parturitions and the previous use of contraceptives. A total of 208 genital organs from 145 (69.7%) dogs and 63 (30.3%) cats castrated as part of a project of birth control for animals were examined macroscopically and histologically, in selected cases. Seventy fi ve (51.7%) of the dogs were female and 70 (48.3%) were male; 31 (49.2%) of the cats were female and 32 (50.8%) were male. Their race was undefi ned and their ages varied from one month to ten years. The following alterations were diagnosed in the dogs: nine (4.3%) had cystic endometrial hyperplasia, two (0.96%) had endometritis, one (0.48%) had retained placentas, one (0.48%) had testicular degeneration and one (0.48%) dog had a hemangiosarcoma in its penis. The following pathological alterations were diagnosed in the cats: two (0.96%) had cystic endometrial hyperplasia, one (0.48%) had endometrial fi brosis, one (0.48%) had testicular degeneration and one (0.48%) cat had testicular hipoplasia. There were no differences between species for the incidence of alterations. However, females were signifi cantly more affected than males (p<0.05), where 14.15% of the sick animals were female and 3.90% were male. Older animals showed greater incidences of pathological alteration in genital organs (p<0.05). There was no association among the incidence of alterations to the previous use of contraceptive, current pregnancy or number of previous gestations.

RESUMEN: Enfermedades de los órganos reproductivos de perros y gatos tienen variados grados de morbidad, mortalidad y sufren infl uencias de la historia reproductiva, de los tratamientos farmacológicos previos y de las condiciones ambientales, pudiendo así haber variaciones regionales en la incidencia de determinadas anormalidades reproductivas. El objetivo de este estudio fue hacer una encuesta de la incidencia de alteraciones morfológicas de los órganos genitales de perros y gatos provenientes de Villas Rurales de la región de Umuarama, asociar la frecuencia de cada alteración a la especie, sexo, uso de anticonceptivos y el número de partos, discutiendo las alteraciones encontradas. Fueron examinados los órganos reproductivos de 208 animales así distribuidos: 36,06% eran perras, 33,65% perros, 14,90% gatas y 15,38% gatos, todos sin raza defi nida y edad variando de un mes hasta diez años. De los animales examinados, 9,13% presentaron alteraciones, clasifi cadas como hiperplasia cística del endometrio (5,29%), endometritis (0,96%), retención de la placenta (0,48%), fi brosis endometrial (0,48%), degeneración testicular (0,96%), hipoplasia testicular (0,48%) y hemangiosarcoma del falo (0,48%). Al agruparse las alteraciones, no se observó asociación entre frecuencia de alteraciones y especie (P>0,05), siendo 10,30% y 6,30% para alteraciones en las especies canina y felina, respectivamente. Sin embargo, se observó asociación (P<0,05) entre frecuencia de alteraciones y sexo, sendo que 14,15% estaban presentes en hembras y 3,90% en machos. Animales viejos presentaron mayor frecuencia de alteraciones en los órganos genitales (P<0,05) que los animales jóvenes. La frecuencia de alteraciones no se asoció al uso de anticonceptivo, a la presencia de preñez y al número de partos, mismo que se tenga observado mayor número de alteraciones patológicas en hembras que ya habían parido.

Evaluation of Short-term Exposure to Rosmarinus officinalis on Male Swiss Mice's Organs and Reproductive System

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. - Labiatae) is a plant in the treatment of urinary disorders, dysmenorhea and respiratory problems. Rosemary toxicity was evaluated in famale rats and an anti-implantation effect was reported after treatment with an aqueous extract of this plant. This works analyzes the effect of a short-term administration of R. officinalis aqueous extract on vital organs, on the organs of the reproductive system and sperm concentration of mature male Swiss mice. Treated animals received 260 mg/kg of body weight for five days. Body and organs weights, sperm production and food consumption were evaluated. This preliminary investigation reports that no body weight reduction and no toxic effect on the organd, gamete production or food intake were detected in any of the groups analyzed, given the experimental protocol used.

Avaliação do efeito de mikania glomerata sobre o sistema reprodutor e órgaõs de ratos wistar submetidos a tratamento subagudo / Short-term exposure to mikania glomerata on male wistar rats' organs and reproductive system

Mikania glomerata (guaco) is a plant well known in Brazil for its therapeutic properties, especially in the treatament of respiratory diseases. Coumarin and flavonoids are active compounds of M. glomerata leaves and have been reported to cause adverse effects on the organism, including antifertility activity in famale rat and male dog respectively. This work analyzes the effect of short-term administration of M.glomerata hydroalcoholic extract on vital organs, of the reproductive system and sperm concentration of mature male wistar rats. Treated animals received 1 ml of the extract at a dose of 1.1 g/kg of body weight for live days. Body and organs weights, sperm production and food consumption were evaluated. No body weigth reduction and no toxic effect on the organs, gamete production or food intake were detected in any of the groups analyzed, given the experimental protocol used.

Photophase influence on the reproductive diapause, seasonal morphs, and feeding activity of Euschistus heros (Fabr., 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Laboratory studies were conducted to verify the influence of photophase on diapause incidence in the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabr., 1798), fed with soybean [Glycine max (L.)] Merrill pods. Nymphs were maintained at three different photophases: 10 h, 12 h, and 14 h, with constant temperature of 25 ± 1ºC and relative humidity of 65 ± 5%. With 14 h, aproximately 100% of the adults showed mature reproductive organs; the shoulder (spine) length was significantly greater (2.96 and 2.79 mm for females and males, respectively) than those of bugs maintained at the photophase of 12 h (2.60 mm for females and males) and 10 h (2.59 and 2.53 mm for females and males). At the longer photophase (14 h), E. heros showed better reproductive performance and greater feeding activity than insects reared at 10 h and 12 h; in all photophases bugs tended to reduce feeding from the 1st to the 6th week of life. Body color was considered an unreliable parameter to indicate diapause incidence. However, at 14 h, 60% of the insects were dark brown and 40% were reddish brown. These results indicate that E. heros enters reproductive diapause with photophase of 12 hours or less, showing immature reproductive organs or with intermediate development, with shoulder (spine) less developed and reduced feeding activity.

A influência da fotofase na diapausa do percevejo-marrom Euschistus heros (Fabr.) alimentado com soja [Glycine max (L.)] Merrill foi estudada em laboratório. Os experimentos foram conduzidos sob três fotofases, 10 h, 12 h e 14 h, mantendo-se constantes a temperatura (25 ± 1ºC) e a umidade relativa (65 ± 5%). Sob 14 h, cerca de 100% dos insetos apresentaram órgãos reprodutivos maduros; os espinhos pronotais, medidos aos 10 dias de vida adulta, foram significativamente maiores (2,96 e 2,79 mm para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente) que os espinhos dos insetos mantidos sob 12 h (2,60 mm para fêmeas e machos) ou 10 h (2,59 e 2,53 mm para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente). Com a fotofase mais longa, ocorreu desempenho reprodutivo e atividade alimentar maiores do que o observado para adultos criados sob fotofase de 10 h ou 12 h. Em todas as fotofases observou-se tendência de diminuição da atividade alimentar dos percevejos da 1ª à 6ª semana. A coloração do corpo mostrou-se como um parâmetro não confiável para indicar a diapausa, mas, sob 14 h, cerca de 60% dos insetos apresentaram corpo marrom-escuro e os demais marrom-avermelhado. Esses resultados demonstram que esse percevejo entra em diapausa reprodutiva sob fotofase de 12 horas ou menos, apresentando órgãos reprodutivos imaturos ou com desenvolvimento intermediário, espinhos pronotais menos desenvolvidos e redução na atividade alimentar.

NUTRITION COMPONENTS OF SEAL EDIBALE PARTS AND THEIR PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION / 中国海洋药物

In this paper the followings are reviewed; 1) seal oil and it's processing method, fatty acids constitutents, quality standards, applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic. 2) general components of seal meat, extraction of hemin, physiological functions of peptides and vasoactive substances in seal meat. 3) preparation and applications of male reproductive organs of seal as traditional Chinese medicine having invigorating Yang efficacy.