Retinal vein and artery occlusion as the first manifestation of primary antiphospholipid syndrome in a pediatric patient / Oclusão arterial e venosa como primeira manifestação da síndrome antifosfolipide primária em criança

ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome is an acquired autoimmune disease characterized by hypercoagulability associated with recurrent venous and arterial thromboembolism in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Herein, we report a case of rapid sequential retinal vein and artery occlusion as the first manifestation of a primary antiphospholipid syndrome triggered by an acute Mycoplasma infection in a previously healthy 11-year-old patient. On day 1, ophthalmoscopy revealed a central retinal vein occlusion. The patient developed temporal branch retinal artery occlusion the next day. On day 3, a central retinal artery occlusion was observed. Serum lupus anticoagulant, immunoglobulin (Ig) G anticardiolipin, IgG anti-β2-glycoprotein 1 antibody, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM antibody levels were increased. Thus, retinal vascular occlusions can be the first manifestation of primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Although it may not improve visual prognosis, prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid further significant morbidity.

RESUMO A síndrome antifosfolipide é uma doença autoimune adquirida caracterizada por hipercoagulabilidade associada a tromboembolismo venoso e arterial recorrente na presença de anticorpos antifosfolipídicos. Aqui, relatamos um caso clínico de oclusão sequencial de veia e artéria da retina como primeira manifestação de uma síndrome antifosfolipíde primária desen­cadeada por uma infeção aguda por Mycoplasma num paciente de 11 anos previamente saudável. No primeiro dia, a oftalmoscopia revelou uma oclusão da veia central da retina. No dia seguinte, o paciente desenvolveu uma oclusão do ramo temporal da artéria central da retina. No terceiro dia, uma oclusão da artéria central da retina foi diagnosticada. Os níveis de anticoagulante lúpico sérico, anticorpos IgG anticardiolipina e IgG anti-β2-glicoproteína 1 e anticorpos IgM para Mycoplasma pneumoniae estavam aumentados. As oclusões vasculares retinianas podem ser a primeira manifestação da síndrome antifosfolipíde primária. Apesar do prognóstico visual ser reservado, o seu diagnóstico e o tratamento imediatos são essenciais para evitar outras morbilidades associadas.

Simultaneous unilateral central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion after Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine / Oclusão unilateral simultânea da veia retiniana central e artéria retiniana ramificada após vacina mRNA COVID-19

ABSTRACT A 51-year-old non-obese woman presented with a one-week history of progressive blurry vision within the inferior visual field of her left eye. Her only relevant past medical history was long-standing hypothyroidism and recent vaccination against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an mRNA vaccine 12 days before the onset of symptoms. At examination, the anterior segment was unremarkable, but the retinal fundus revealed a central retinal vein occlusion associated with a branch retinal artery occlusion of the superior temporal branch in her left eye. Ancillary tests to rule out thrombophilia, hyperviscosity, hypercoagulability, or inflammation were negative. Ultrasound tests were also negative for a cardiac or carotid origin of the branch retinal artery occlusion. At two-month follow-up, no new retinal vascular occlusive events were observed. Although the best-corrected visual acuity at presentation was 8/10 in the left eye, the final best-corrected visual acuity remained 3/10.

RESUMO Uma mulher de 51 anos, não obesa, apresentou história de uma semana de visão embaçada progressiva no campo visual inferior do olho esquerdo. Seu único histórico médico anterior relevante era hipotireoidismo de longa data e uma recente vacinação contra a Doença de Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), com vacina de mRNA, 12 dias antes do início dos sintomas. O exame mostrou segmento anterior normal, mas o fundo da retina revelou uma oclusão da veia central da retina associada a uma oclusão de ramo arterial da retina do ramo temporal superior no olho esquerdo. Testes auxiliares para descartar trombofilia, hiperviscosidade, hipercoagulabilidade ou inflamação apresentaram resultados negativos. Testes de ultrassom também foram negativos quanto a uma origem cardíaca ou da carótida da oclusão do ramo da artéria da retina. Após dois meses de acompanhamento, nenhum novo evento vascular oclusivo retiniano foi observado. Embora, a acuidade visual melhor corrigida na apresentação tenha sido de 8/10 no olho esquerdo, a acuidade visual final melhor corrigida permaneceu em 3/10.

Prepapillary vascular loops – A new classification

Background: Prepapillary vascular loops are a type of congenital vascular anomaly seen on or around the optic disk. Patients with this condition are usually asymptomatic and are detected incidentally on routine fundus examinations. Differential diagnosis for this condition includes neovascularization of the disk and collaterals on the disk. Prepapillary capillary loops are not associated with any systemic condition. They are usually unilateral in presentation, but can rarely be bilateral. Purpose: To discuss the new proposed classification of prepapillary capillary loops. Synopsis: Prepapillary capillary loops are classified based on their location around the disk, loop characteristics such as elevation, shape, and covering, and presence of vitreoretinal traction. Highlights: The most common vascular loops are arterial in origin and rarely venous in origin. They can sometimes be associated with spontaneous and recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, branch retinal artery or vein occlusion, and subretinal hemorrhage. It is an important differential diagnosis in spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage. Treatment is symptomatic

Case series of central retinal artery occlusion in COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis

Rhino orbital Mucormycosis caused by filamentous fungus of mucoraceae family was considered a rare disease affecting immunocompromised and diabetics with ketoacidosis until the recent COVID 19 pandemic. We are presenting a series of six cases of Rhino orbital cerebral Mucormycosis with central retinal artery occlusion. All six cases had common history of COVID 19 infection in recent past with sinusitis, proptosis and total ophthalmoplegia with central retinal artery occlusion on presentation. MR imaging showed invasive pan sinusitis with orbital and cerebral involvement. Urgent debridement was done and histopathological examination showed broad, filamentous aseptate fungi suggestive of Mucormycosis. All patients inspite of intravenous Amphotericin B with local debridement did not show any improvement and expired within a week of presentation. Hence our study shows poor prognosis of post covid 19 associated Mucormycosis with central retinal artery occlusion.

Central retinal artery occlusion with cilioretinal artery sparing secondary to COVID-19: Additional ocular complication

We describe a 68-year-old female patient with unilateral central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) with cilioretinal artery sparing post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. The patient presented with acute vision loss in the left eye 11 days after discharge from a severe COVID-19 infection, with altered D-dimer, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the left eye was 20/400; fundoscopic examination revealed diffuse pallor retina with a patent arterial branch from the optic disk to the fovea, confirmed by fluorescein angiography. CRAO with a cilioretinal artery sparing post-COVID-19 may be considered an additional ocular manifestation of the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome spectrum.

Efficacy and safety of intra-arterial thrombolysis for retinal artery occlusion based on the green channel for eye stroke / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective:To explore the short-term efficacy and safety of intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) in the treatment of retinal artery occlusion (RAO) with the assistance of the rescue green channel in the eye stroke center.Methods:A prospective, interventional, single-center study. Thirty-eight eyes from 38 RAO patients who received IAT treatment in Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital were enrolled. All the patients were rescued via the green channel in our eye stroke center. Data from comprehensive ocular examinations including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) were collected. BCVA was measured with Snellen chart and converted to the logarithmic minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) unit for statistical analysis. RTVue XR OCTA was used to measure vascular densities (VD) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP) and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC), and central retinal thickness (CRT). All RAO eyes attempted IAT treatment and 34 eyes were successful. Four eyes failed to complete IAT because of the occlusion of internal or common carotid arteries on the same side with the RAO eyes. Ocular examinations in post-operative 1-3 days were performed with the same devices and methods as those before surgery. Parameters measured before and after surgery include BCVA, VD of SCP, DCP, RPC, and CRT. Data of the green channel collected include the time intervals from onset of RAO to first presentation in local hospitals, and from onset of RAO to our eye stroke center. Comparisons of VD and CRT between the RAO eyes and contralateral healthy eyes were performed with independent samples Mann-Whitney U test; comparisons of VD and CRT in RAO eyes before and after IAT surgery were performed with paired samples Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. Results:Among the 34 RAO patients who had successful IAT surgery, 18 (52.9%, 18/34) were males and 16 (47.1%, 16/34) were females; the mean age was (51.0±12.9) years old. There were 30 and 4 eyes diagnosed as central RAO and branch RAO respectively. The logMAR BCVA before and after IAT surgery was 2.52±0.61 and 2.18±0.85 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-3.453, P=0.002). Before surgery, VD of SCP, DCP and RPC were significantly decreased and CRT was significantly increased in the affected eye compared with the contralateral healthy eyes, with the statistical significance ( P<0.001). Compared with those before surgery, the VD of SCP and DCP were significantly improved after surgery ( Z=-2.523, -2.427; P=0.010, 0.014), while there was no difference in VD of RPC and CRT ( Z=-1.448, -1.454; P=0.150, 0.159). The time interval between onset of RAO and first visit to the hospital was (6.56±6.73) hours; the time interval between onset of RAO and the arrival at our hospital was (24.11±19.90) hours. No cerebral stroke was observed in the early postoperative period and no cerebrocardiovascular events were observed later. he time interval between onset of RAO and the arrival at our hospital was (24.11±19.90) hours. No cerebral stroke was observed in the early postoperative period and no cerebrocardiovascular events were observed later. Conclusions:The short-term efficacy and safety of IAT in the treatment of RAO were satisfactory. The rescue time window might be prolonged.

Relationship between age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index and ischemic stroke in patients with ophthalmic artery occlusion or retinal artery occlusion / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (aCCI) and ischemic stroke in patients with ophthalmic artery occlusion (OAO) or retinal artery occlusion (RAO).Methods:A single center retrospective cohort study. Seventy-four patients with OAO or RAO diagnosed by ophthalmology examination in Shenzhen Second People's Hospital from June 2004 to December 2020 were included in the study. The baseline information of patients were collected and aCCI was used to score the patients' comorbidity. The outcome was ischemic stroke. The median duration of follow-up was 1 796.5 days. According to the maximum likelihood ratio of the two-piecewise COX regression model and the recursive algorithm, the aCCI inflection point value was determined to be 6, and the patients were divided into low aCCI group (<6 points) and high aCCI group (≥6 points). A Cox regression model was used to quantify the association between baseline aCCI and ischemic stroke.Results:Among the 74 patients, 53 were males and 21 were females, with the mean age of (55.22±14.18) (19-84) years. There were 9 patients of OAO and 65 patients of RAO. The aCCI value ranges from 1 to 10 points, with a median of 3 points. There were 63 patients (85.14%, 63/74) in the low aCCI group and 11 patients (14.86%, 11/74) in the high aCCI group. Since 2 patients could not determine the time from baseline to the occurrence of outcome events, 72 patients were included for Cox regression analysis. The results showed that 16 patients (22.22%, 16/72) had ischemic stroke in the future. The baseline aCCI in the low aCCI group was significantly associated with ischemic stroke [hazard ratio ( HR)=1.76, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.21-2.56, P=0.003], and for every 1 point increase in baseline aCCI, the risk of future ischemic stroke increased by 76% on average. The baseline aCCI in the high aCCI group had no significant correlation with the ischemic stroke ( HR=0.66, 95% CI 0.33-1.33, P=0.247). Conclusions:aCCI score is an important prognostic information for patients with OAO or RAO. A higher baseline aCCI score predicts a higher risk of ischemic stroke, and the association has a saturation effect.

Research progress on intra-arterial thrombolysis for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO), also known as eye stroke, always results in acute and painless visual loss. At present, conservative treatments, such as eye massage, lowering intraocular pressure and vasodilators have little effect on reducing visual loss. Intra-arterial thrombolysis(IAT)has significantly improved prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke, thus IAT has been gradually applied in the treatment of CRAO. IAT injects fibrinolytic drugs directly into the ophthalmic artery by a microcatheter, and dissolves the emboli that block the central retinal artery to restore the blood flow of the retina. Theoretically, IAT may be effective for CRAO as what has been found for stroke, but existing clinical studies exhibited inconsistent results. This paper summarizes the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of IAT treatment in CRAO. It will also analyze related factors that affect the prognosis, putting forward potential development directions and providing insights for the further clinical application of IAT.

Macular microvasculature in central retinal artery occlusion with paracentral acute middle maculopathy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To investigate the changes in the macular microvasculature in eyes with central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO)and paracentral acute middle maculopathy(PAMM).METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 27 cases(27 eyes)who diagnosed with CRAO-PAMM and 29 patients(29 eyes)diagnosed as CRAO but with no PAMM were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2020 to December 2021. There were 33 normal people(33 eyes)who underwent physical examination in our hospital selected as control group. Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)was used to measure retinal blood flow and thickness parameters in the 3 mm×3 mm area of the macula. The correlation among macular retinal blood flow density, retinal thickness, foveal avascular zone(FAZ)area, FAZ perimeter, acircularity index(AI), flow density in a 300-μm-wide region around the FAZ(FD-300)and lesion area, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)in the CRAO-PAMM group was analyzed.RESULTS: Among the three groups, there were significant differences in the overall and parafoveal blood flow density of superficial capillary layer(SCP)and deep capillary layer(DCP), foveal thickness, FAZ area, FAZ perimeter, AI and FD-300(all P&#x003C;0.05). In the CRAO-PAMM group, the lesion area was negatively correlated with DCP overall and parafoveal blood flow density(r=-0.569, P=0.002; r=-0.543, P=0.004), and positively correlated with the parafoveal thickness(r=0.606, P=0.001); BCVA(LogMAR)was negatively correlated with DCP foveal and parafoveal blood flow density(r=-0.433, P=0.024; r=-0.515, P=0.006), and positively correlated with FAZ area, perimeter and lesion area(r=0.484, P=0.011; r=0.531, P=0.004; r=0.417, P=0.030).CONCLUSION:Patients with CRAO and PAMM have lower macular blood flow density, heavier macular edema and poorer visual acuity, and BCVA may be influenced by both lesion area and FAZ area.

Prevalence and systemic associations of retinal vascular occlusions in Sub­Saharan Africa

Background: Retinal vascular occlusions are a common cause of visual impairment. Studies on retinal vascular occlusions in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) have primarily been retrospective and on retinal vein occlusion (RVO) only. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the prevalence and pattern of retinal vascular occlusions and their systemic associations in SSA. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based, cross sectional study involving all new patients presenting at the general ophthalmic and specialty retina clinics in four hospitals in Nigeria over a 1 year period. All the patients underwent a comprehensive eye examination. The demographic and clinical data of patients with retinal vascular occlusions were entered into an excel sheet and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0. Statistical significance was indicated by P < 0.05. Results: A total of 8614 new patients were seen, and a diagnosis of retinal vascular occlusion was made in 90 eyes of 81 patients giving a disease prevalence of 0.9%. Eighty one eyes of 72 (88.9%) patients had RVO, while 9 eyes of 9 (11.1%) patients had retinal artery occlusion (RAO). The mean age of patients with RVO and RAO was 59.5 years and 52.4 years, respectively. Increasing age, hypertension, and diabetes were the significant associations with retinal vascular occlusion with P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Retinal vascular occlusions are an increasing cause of retinal disease in SSA and tend to occur at an earlier age. They are associated with hypertension, diabetes, and increasing age. Further studies will, however, be required to establish the demographic and clinical profile of patients with RAO in the region

Vitrectomy with arteriotomy and neurotomy in retinal artery occlusion – A case series

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the visual outcomes and anatomical changes after vitrectomy for retinal artery occlusion. Methods: Twelve patients with retinal artery occlusion (11 central retinal artery occlusion and 1 branch retinal artery occlusion) were part of this study. Our patients were treated with vitrectomy with arteriotomy or with neurotomy and arteriotomy. Complete ophthalmic examination was performed preoperatively, at 2 weeks, and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery. Results: The mean preoperative best?corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 1.94 logMAR, and the final BCVA after 12?months follow?up was 2.04 logMAR. After vitrectomy with arteriotomy, the BCVA in patients treated with neurotomy and arteriotomy was 1.65 and 2.45, respectively (P = 0.038). Conclusion: No benefits have been achieved from using vitrectomy in retinal artery occlusion cases

Ranibizumab intravítreo para el tratamiento de oclusiones vasculares retinianas: análisis mediante tomografía de coherencia óptica / Intravitreal Ranibizumab for the Treatment of Retinal Vascular Occlusions: Analysis Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Introducción: El uso del medicamento ranibizumab intravítreo favorece la reducción del edema macular generador de las oclusiones vasculares retinianas causantes de la pérdida visual. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la administración intravítreo de ranibizumab en el cambio de espesor macular central en las oclusiones vasculares retinianas analizado mediante tomografía de coherencia óptica. Material y métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de tipo retrospectivo, analítico, correlacional y observacional de campo con diseño no experimental en 125 pacientes mayores de 30 años con oclusión vascular retiniana diagnosticados en la consulta de oftalmología del Hospital "Teodoro Maldonado Carbó" durante enero de 2017 a junio de 2018. La técnica ANOVA compara las medias para determinar mediante el proceso de contraste de hipótesis si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estas. Resultados: El análisis de la agudeza visual con escala logMAR demostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los promedios obtenidos 3 meses antes y después de la aplicación del tratamiento (p=0,0001). Se encontró 28,8 por ciento de efectos adversos. Con frecuencia en aumento de presión intraocular (4 por ciento), sequedad ocular (16 por ciento) y hemorragia conjuntival (11,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: El ranibizumab en oclusiones vasculares retinianas proporciona una mejor agudeza visual corregida en relación con el grosor macular, favorece el desarrollo de nuevos vasos sanguíneos a partir de vasos preexistentes desde migración de células endoteliales(AU)

Introduction: The use of the intravitreal ranibizumab favors the reduction of the macular edema that generates retinal vascular occlusions that cause visual loss. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the intravitreal administration of ranibizumab in the change in central macular thickness in retinal vascular occlusions analyzed by optical coherence tomography. Material and methods: A retrospective, analytical, correlational and observational field study with a non-experimental design was carried out on 125 patients over 30 years of age diagnosed with retinal vascular occlusion in the Ophthalmology Service of "Teodoro Maldonado Carbó" Hospital during the period between January 2017 and June 2018. The ANOVA technique was used to compare means in order to determine, through the hypothesis contrast process, if there are statistically significant differences between them. Results: Visual acuity analysis using the logMAR scale showed statistically significant differences between the averages obtained 3 months before and after the application of the treatment (p =0.0001). In addition, 28,8 percent of adverse effects were found. The most frequent ones included increased intraocular pressure (4 percent), dry eyes (16 percent), and conjunctival hemorrhage (11,2 percent). Conclusions: In retinal vascular occlusions, Ranibizumab provides a better corrected visual acuity in relation to macular thickness, favors the development of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels from endothelial cell migration(AU)

Bilateral blindness in a young male of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: A case report

The storm of COVID?19?associated mucormycosis (CAM) has not yet settled, and it has proven itself a disfiguring and potentially life?threatening disease, complicating the course of COVID?19 infection. Mucormycosis is a rare but devastating fungal infection caused by filamentous fungi of the family Mucoraceae. We report a rare case of a 37?year?old diabetic male with bilateral rhino?orbital?cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) where it leads to bilateral central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) as manifestation of the disease. Bilateral CRAO secondary to ROCM is extremely rare. A strong suspicion of CAM in uncontrolled diabetics can result in early diagnosis and management.

Visual loss after aesthetic facial filler injection: a literature review on an ophthalmologic issue / Perda visual após preenchimento facial estético: uma revisão da literatura sobre complicações oftalmológicas

ABSTRACT Dermal filler injection is among facial rejuvenation treatments that have been increasingly used. Despite being a minimally invasive procedure, it can lead to severe complications such as blindness. A review of all cases of filler- -induced visual loss in the world literature was conducted to summarize the mechanisms, anatomical considerations, and clinical ophthalmologic course, current strategies of prevention and management, and trends over the years. We identified 233 cases of filler-induced visual loss, and 172 patients had a severe visual impairment in at least one eye. The typical patients are young women who received injections of hyaluronic acid or autologous fat in the glabella or nose, and the typical presentations were sudden ocular pain, ptosis, and ophthalmoplegia due to vascular occlusion. The findings of this study also suggest an increase in the number of unlicensed professionals performing the procedure. Even though the continued development of dermal fillers has improved the treatment options available, further studies and strategies are necessary to reduce the incidence and minimize the consequences of filler-induced visual loss.

RESUMO O uso de preenchedores dérmicos é uma prática bem estabelecida de rejuvenescimento facial. Embora seja um procedimento minimamente invasivo, pode levar a complicações graves como cegueira. Uma revisão de casos de perda visual pós preenchimento facial estético foi conduzida para descrever os mecanismos, considerações anatômicas, quadro oftalmológico, atuais estratégias de prevenção e manejo, e tendências ao longo dos anos. Foram identificados 233 casos, e 172 pacientes tiveram ao menos um olho com baixa visão ao final do seguimento. O paciente típico é uma mulher jovem submetida a preenchimento de ácido hialurônico na glabela ou nariz, apresentando dor ocular súbita, ptose e oftalmoplegia devido à oclusão vascular. Este estudo também destaca um possível aumento de profissionais não habilitados realizando este procedimento. Apesar do contínuo desenvolvimento dos preenchedores dérmicos e aprimoramento das opções de tratamento disponíveis, mais estudos e estratégias são necessários para reduzir a incidência de complicações e minimizar suas consequências.

Retinal vasoocclusive spectrum following COVID-19

The coagulation abnormalities and thromboembolic complications of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are now a well-established fact. The hypercoagulable state, the tendency for thromboembolism, and a cytokine surge state have been the exclusive reasons for multiorgan failure and other morbidities that have been regularly reported in COVID-19 patients. Ocular involvement in patients with active disease and those who have recovered is uncommon but not rare. We report a case series of four patients with CRVO, BRVO, CRAO, and vitreous hemorrhage in patients with proven COVID-19 infection and no other systemic ailments. The case series also tries to correlate the elevated D-dimer values, which signify a plausible prothrombotic state with the vaso-occlusive phenomenon in the retina leading to significant visual morbidity.

Surgical mobilization of an arterial embolus in cilioretinal artery occlusion

We describe an effective surgical approach for the management of cilioretinal artery occlusion. A 23?G pars plana vitrectomy assisted with two soft tip cannulas was performed. One cannula pressed the cilioretinal artery branch directed toward the macula, distal to the location of the embolus, whereas the other cannula was used to gently swipe over the cilioretinal artery proximal to the occlusion. Anatomical and functional outcomes were evaluated by fundus examination, fluorescein angiography, Goldmann visual field, and best?corrected visual acuity (BCVA). It was possible to mobilize the embolus by mechanical displacement with 23?G soft?tip cannulas and disintegrate it, preventing the passage toward the branch directed to the macula. Restoration of retinal circulation was confirmed by fluorescein angiogram. The patient recovered his previous documented BCVA and visual field. The described technique can be considered as a new possibility for achieving a solution to cilioretinal artery occlusion or any other retinal artery occlusion

Simultaneous Appearance of Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Central Retinal Artery Occlusion in Giant Cell Arteritis

@#Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is uncommon among Asian population. It is frequently associated with sight threatening complications. Simultaneous bilateral ocular involvement with different pathology is uncommon. We would like to highlight a rare case of GCA that was presented with transient visual loss over the right eye with simultaneous onset of central retinal artery occlusion as well as arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in both eyes. High dose intravenous methylprednisolone then subsequently maintenance dose of oral steroid and oral aspirin were given. His visual acuity remained the same after treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of GCA is crucial. Visual outcome can be devastating if treatment is delayed.

Relationship between the macular retina vascular density and retinal circulation time in CRAO patients / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To observe the macular retina vascular density of patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO)by optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)and to analyze the relationship with retinal circulation time of these patients on fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA).METHODS: Retrospective case analysis. A total of 43 patients(43 eyes)from January 2019 to March 2021 admitted to Shaanxi Eye Hospital with clinical diagnosis of acute CRAO(course of disease ≤7d)were included. All patients underwent FFA, OCTA, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)examination and thrombolytic therapy. The patients with enhanced or unchanged retinal blood flow signal in the affected eye showed on OCTA before treatment compared with the contralateral healthy eye were assigned to group A, and the patients with retinal blood flow signal of the affected eye was lower than that in the contralateral healthy eye by OCTA were assigned to group B. Image J software was used for OCTA image processing to evaluate the macular retina vascular density before treatment, and FFA examination was performed to record the affected retinal circulation time before treatment.RESULTS: The retinal vascular density of patients in the affected eye and the contralateral healthy eye in group A was higher than that in group B(25.08%±4.40% vs 12.24%±3.41%, 25.72%±2.70% vs 17.89%±4.55%, all P&#x003C;0.001), the filling time(FT)of retinal artery trunk to terminal in group B [96(20.50, 193.50)s] was longer than that in group A [11(5.00, 19.50)s](P&#x003C;0.001). The course of disease, the retinal vascular density of contralateral healthy eye and FT were related factors of retinal vascular density of the affected eye(all P&#x003C;0.05), and the influence strength order was FT, course of disease and the retinal vascular density of contralateral healthy eye, in which the course of disease and FT was negatively correlated with the retinal vascular density.CONCLUSION: OCTA retinal vascular density was correlated with FFA retinal circulation time in CRAO patients.