Perfil de resistencia de la Salmonella sp durante un periodo de tres años en un hospital de Colombia / Resistance Profile of Salmonella SP During a Period of Three Years in a Hospital of Colombia / Perfil de resistência de Salmonella SP durante um período de três años em um hospital da Colômbia

Resumen Introducción: en Colombia, del 2000 al 2012, se describió un aumento progresivo en la resistência a betalactámicos y quinolonas en los aislamientos de Salmonella sp. A partir de esta fecha se desconoce la evolución de las tasas de resistencia en el país. El objetivo de este estúdio fue describir el perfil de suscep tibilidad durante el periodo 2014-2017 así como evaluar la asociación entre las características clínicas y sociodemográficas de la población con los patrones de resistencia de Salmonella sp. Materiales y méto dos: estudio de corte transversal del 2014 al 2017, realizado en la Fundación Cardioinfantil en mayores de 18 años, con aislamiento de Salmonella sp en cualquier tipo de muestra biológica. Resultados: se encontraron sesenta casos, ningún aislamiento fue resistente a quinolonas, uno mostró resistencia a ampicilina y uno se caracterizó como ; el 95 % tenia perfil de susceptibilidad usual. No se encontró asociación entre las variables estudiadas y la presencia de resistencia. Conclusión: los resultados pueden reflejar un cambio en el perfil de susceptibilidad de Salmonella sp en Colombia, con una disminución en la resistencia a betalactámicos y quinolonas a partir del 2014. Sin embargo, se requiere una mayor muestra poblacional para corroborar esta hipótesis.

Abstract Objective: In Colombia, from 2000 to 2012, a progressive increase in resistance to beta-lactams and quinolones was described in isolates of Salmonella As of this date, the evolution of resistance rates in the country is unknown. The objective of this study is to describe the susceptibility profile from 2014 to 2017, as well as to evaluate the association between the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the population with the resistance patterns of Salmonella Materials and methods: The study is a cross-sectional study between 2014 and 2017 at the Fundación Cardioinfantil, in patients over 18 years of age with Salmonella in any type of biologic sample. Results: The authors found 60 cases, no isolate was resistant to quinolones. One showed resistant to ampicillin, and añother one was characterized as amp-C; 95% had a usual susceptibility profile. No association was found between the variables studied and the presence of resistance. Conclusion: The results may reflect a change in the susceptibility profile of Salmonella in Colombia, with a decrease in resistance to beta-lactams and quinolones as of 2014; however, a larger population sample is required to corroborate this hypothesis.

Resumo Objetivo: Na Colômbia do ao 2000 ao 2012 se descreveu um aumento progressivo na resistência a beta-lactâmicos e quinolonas nos isolamentos de Salmonella sp. A partir desta data se desconhece a evolução das taxas de resistência no país. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o perfil de susceptibilidade do ao 2014 ao 2017, assim como avaliar a associação entre as características clínicas e sociodemográficas da população com os patrões de resistência Salmonella sp. Materiais e métodos: Estudo de corte transversal do ano 2014 ao ao 2017 realizado na Fundación Cardioinfantil em maiores de 18 ao anos com isolamento de Salmonella sp, em qualquer tipo de amostra biológica. Resultados: se encontraram 60 casos, nenhum isolamento foi resistente a quinolonas, um mostrou resistência a ampicilina e um se caracterizou como AMP-C, o 95 % tinha perfil de susceptibilidade usual. Não se encontrou associação entre as variáveis estudadas e a presença de resistência. Conclusão: Os resultados podem refletir uma mudança no perfil de susceptibilidade de Salmonella sp. Na Colômbia, com uma diminuição na resistência a beta-lactâmicos e quinolonas a partir do año 2014, no entanto se requere uma maior amostra populacional para corroborar esta hipótese.

Clinical features and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella gastroenteritis in children: A ten-year review

@#extraintestinal infections among Thai children,especially infants, and leading to overwhelming antibioticuse.Materials and Methods: In this retrospective review, datacollected during 2006-2015 from the medical charts ofpatients with evidence of infection, caused by anySalmonellaserogroup or clinical form, were examined. Weaimed to assess the clinical manifestations, antibioticsusceptibility, and antibiotic use in children with Salmonellagastroenteritis over the ten years’ period.Results: A total of 419 patients had non-typhoidalSalmonellainfection. Four-hundred (95.5%) patients werediagnosed with acute gastroenteritis, which was common inchildren aged <12 months (72.3%). The clinical features ofpatients with gastroenteritis included fever (74.5%),diarrhoea with bloody mucus (60.5%), watery diarrhoea(39.5%), and vomiting (19.8%). Serogroup B was mostcommonly detected in the stool specimens. Thesusceptibility of non-typhoidal Salmonellato ampicillin,norfloxacin, and co-trimoxazole was 36.3%, 98.0%, and80.5%, respectively. Serogroup B was the most resistantstrain, which was sensitive to ampicillin in only 21.6% ofspecimens, while it showed high susceptibility tonorfloxacin and co-trimoxazole (98.1 and 84.0%,respectively). Third-generation cephalosporin andfluoroquinolone were most commonly prescribed. Conclusions: Acute gastroenteritis is the most commonform of Salmonellainfection. Gastroenteritis caused byserogroup B is still the most common infection, whichmostly occurs among infants under one year of age. Themajority of stool specimens were still susceptible toantimicrobial agents, especially fluoroquinolone and co-trimoxazole; however, there was an overuse of antibioticswithout proper indications.

Salmonelosis invasiva en un hospital de Lima, Perú / Invasive salmonellosis in a hospital in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y laboratoriales de los casos de salmonelosis invasiva y el perfil de susceptibilidad antibiótica de aislamientos de salmonela (2013-2017), en una serie de casos de pacientes con Salmonella spp. aislada de secreciones y/o líquidos corporales con o sin coprocultivo positivo (n=70). Para la evaluación de la susceptibilidad antibiótica se consideró el primer aislamiento en todos los casos de salmonelosis (n=168). La mayor frecuencia de casos ocurrió entre 0 a 4 años (14,3%) y mayores de 65 años (24,3%). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre (66,1%), diarrea (40,7%) y trastorno del sensorio (40,7%). La infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) fue la comorbilidad más frecuente (42,4%). La frecuencia de susceptibilidad fue de 83,3% a ceftriaxona, 78,8% a cotrimoxazol y 75,0% a cloranfenicol. Sólo 50,8% fueron susceptibles a ciprofloxacino. Concluimos que, la salmonelosis invasiva fue más frecuente en niños pequeños y ancianos, y que la comorbilidad más frecuente fue la infección por VIH.

ABSTRACT The study's objective was to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of cases of invasive salmonellosis and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of salmonella isolates (2013-2017), in a series of cases of patients with Salmonella spp. isolated from secretions and/or body fluids with or without positive stool culture (n=70). For the evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility, the first isolate was considered in all cases of salmonellosis (n=168). The highest frequency of cases occurred between 0 to 4 years (14.3%) and over 65 years (24.3%). The most frequent symptoms were fever (66.1%), diarrhea (40.7%), and sensory issues (40.7%). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was the most common co-morbidity (42.4%). The frequency of susceptibility was 83.3% to ceftriaxone, 78.8% to cotrimoxazole, and 75.0% to chloramphenicol. Only 50.8% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. We concluded that invasive salmonellosis was more common in young children and the elderly and that HIV infection was the most common comorbidity.

A large outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson infections associated with chocolate cake in Busan, Korea / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to reveal the epidemiologic characteristics of the outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson in Busan Metropolitan City and to identify points for improvement to prevent of food-borne disease outbreak. METHODS: This was a case-control study. The control group comprised asymptomatic students in the same classes of the cases. The presence or absence of symptoms, ingestion of each food provided by school meal service, and commonly ingested foods in addition to those foods in meal service were investigated. Moreover, specimens collected from rectal swab, preserved foods, and environmental surface were tested. RESULTS: Of the 6,092 subjects, 1,111 (1,083 students, 22 school personnel, and 6 foodservice employees) were included in the case group; this corresponded to an 18.4% attack rate. Symptoms included diarrhea (n=1,051, 94.6%), abdominal pain (n=931, 83.8%), febrile sensation (n=502, 45.2%), and vomiting (n=275, 24.8%). The epidemic curves of each 10 schools were unimodal. Investigation of food intake showed a significantly high odds ratio for chocolate cake in 5 out of the 10 schools. Laboratory test detected Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson both in rectal swab specimens of 9 schools and in collected preserved chocolate cakes of 9 schools. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis test result showed that Salmonella enterica seorvar Thompson isolated from human and foods were the same. CONCLUSIONS: The source of infection for the Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson outbreak in the 10 schools of Busan Metropolitan City is chocolate cake. Traceback investigation for origin of contaminated food in food-borne disease outbreak and safety control during food production should be more enhanced.

Acute myocarditis associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis

Acute myocarditis is clinically rare in children, but poses a significant risk for morbidity and mortality. Children with myocarditis show a wide variety of clinical manifestations ranging from subclinical myocarditis to heart failure, hemodynamic compromise, arrhythmia, and even sudden death. Salmonella species are associated with clinical presentations including gastroenteritis, enteric fever, bacteremia, and extra-intestinal focal infections. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections usually cause self-limiting gastroenteritis, but are rarely associated with myocarditis. In this report, we present a case of myocarditis associated with Salmonella serogroup B gastroenteritis in a previously healthy 15-year-old boy.

A large outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson infections associated with chocolate cake in Busan, Korea / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to reveal the epidemiologic characteristics of the outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson in Busan Metropolitan City and to identify points for improvement to prevent of food-borne disease outbreak.METHODS: This was a case-control study. The control group comprised asymptomatic students in the same classes of the cases. The presence or absence of symptoms, ingestion of each food provided by school meal service, and commonly ingested foods in addition to those foods in meal service were investigated. Moreover, specimens collected from rectal swab, preserved foods, and environmental surface were tested.RESULTS: Of the 6,092 subjects, 1,111 (1,083 students, 22 school personnel, and 6 foodservice employees) were included in the case group; this corresponded to an 18.4% attack rate. Symptoms included diarrhea (n=1,051, 94.6%), abdominal pain (n=931, 83.8%), febrile sensation (n=502, 45.2%), and vomiting (n=275, 24.8%). The epidemic curves of each 10 schools were unimodal. Investigation of food intake showed a significantly high odds ratio for chocolate cake in 5 out of the 10 schools. Laboratory test detected Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson both in rectal swab specimens of 9 schools and in collected preserved chocolate cakes of 9 schools. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis test result showed that Salmonella enterica seorvar Thompson isolated from human and foods were the same.CONCLUSIONS: The source of infection for the Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson outbreak in the 10 schools of Busan Metropolitan City is chocolate cake. Traceback investigation for origin of contaminated food in food-borne disease outbreak and safety control during food production should be more enhanced.

Producción pecuaria y emergencia de antibiótico resistencia en Colombia: Revisión sistemática / Livestock production and emergency antibiotic resistance in Colombia: Systematic review

El uso extensivo de antibióticos es una práctica comúnmente realizada para aumentar la producción pecuaria. Así, la crianza animal demanda una fuerte presión selectiva para prevenir brotes de infecciones pero que también podría resultar en la emergencia de cepas multidrogoresistentes. El propósito de esta revisión, es documentar la posible contribución de las practicas pecuarias en la emergencia de patógenos zoonóticos que exhiben resistencia a antibióticos en Colombia. Los patógenos resistentes a antibióticos reportados con mayor frecuencia y asociados a alimentos fueron Salmonella sp. y Escherichia coli. Se encontró que el uso no terapéutico y abuso de antibióticos β-lactámicos, macrólidos y tetraciclinas constituyen la mayor presión selectiva. Adicionalmente, se encontraron estudios locales que reportan la contaminación de fuentes ambientales y alimentos con trazas de antibióticos. La aparición de patógenos resistentes a antibióticos de uso veterinario podría ser producto de la precaria implementación de buenas prácticas pecuarias entorno al componente de sanidad animal.

The extensive use of antibiotics is a common practice to increase livestock production. Thus, animal husbandry entails a high selective pressure to control infectious outbreaks which also might result in the emergence of multidrug resistant strains. This review's aim is to survey cases associated with zoonotic pathogens showing antibiotic resistance in Colombia. The resistant pathogens most commonly isolated from the food chain were Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. The nontherapeutic and abuse of antibiotics such as β-lactams, macrolides and tetracycline represented the most critical selective pressure. Furthermore, environmental and food contamination with traces of antibiotics have been found in different local studies. Rise of resistant pathogens to veterinary drugs might result due poor implementation of good farming practices in the animal health plan.

Surveillance of contamination level and antimicrobial resistance analysis of Salmonella on broiler carcasses after chilling in 4 poultry slaughterhouses of Henan Province / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#Tests were carried out for obtaining contamination level and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella on broiler carcasses after chilling in four poultry slaughterhouses in Henan.@*Methods@#Totally, two hundred sixty nine broiler carcasses after chilling were collected in four slaughterhouses with the daily slaughter amount around 15 000 to 50 000. For qualitative analysis of Salmonella EFSA method was used and for quantitative analysis of Salmonella modified Rappaport-Vassiliadis most probable number (MSRV-MPN) method was used. All of the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 8 antibiotics by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).@*Results@#Overall, 48.7% (131/269) of the broiler carcasses after chilling were contaminated by Salmonella, and the average of contamination level is 1.32 most probable number MPN/g. Eight serotypes were detected. The dominant serotype is Salmonella enteritidis (93, 71.0%) followed by Salmonella Indiana (21, 16.0%). Only 2 (1.5%) Salmonella enteritidis strains were sensitive to all the tested antibiotics and the remaining 129 isolates were resistant to at least one kind of eight class antibiotics. Among them, resistant to NAL was the common (104, 79.4%) and 51 (38.9%) Salmonella isolates were multidrug-resistant.@*Conclusion@#The contamination rate and multiple antimicrobial resistant of Salmonella on broiler carcasses after chilling from slaughterhouses was very serious, while the isolates contained various serotypes.

Correlation analysis of drug resistance of Salmonella and enterotoxin genes in 132 children with diarrhea in Taizhou area / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the drug resistance of Salmonella and enterotoxin gene in diarrhea children of Taizhou.Methods 132 children with Salmonella infection who had fever ,diarrhea and other symptoms and were confirmed by fecal culture were selected .The Salmonella serotype , drug resistance analysis of 10 kinds of antibiotics,and enterotoxin gene (spvA,spvB,rck) were detected.Results 132 cases of Salmonella isolated from blood serological were identified a total of 10 serotypes,Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis were the most common.In 132 strains of Salmonella ,the highest drug resistance rate was to ampicillin (51.82％) and ampicil-lin/sulbactam(51.52％),and had no resistance to imipenem ,ertapenem.In 132 strains of Salmonella,including sin-gle drug resistance of 27 strains(20.45％),the rest had two or more drugs resistance .In 132 strains of Salmonella, 132 strains were spvA positive(positive rate 100％),38 cases were spvB positive(positive rate 28.79％),45 cases were rck positive(positive rate 34.09％).The incidence rates of fever,dehydration and hematochezia in spvB positive children were significantly higher than those in spvB negative children (χ2 =6.022,6.661,6.978,all P<0.05).The incidence rates of fever and hematochezia in rck positive children were significantly higher than those in rck negative children (χ2 =9.134,12.673,all P<0.05).Conclusion Salmonella infection diarrhea children in the Taizhou area are mainly Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis infection ,the strains are highly resistant strains , enterotoxin spvB gene is correlated with the incidence rates of fever ,dehydration and hematochezia ,and rck gene is correlated with the incidence rates of fever and hematochezia .

Pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp. in a patient with polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis / Pionefrose causada por Salmonella sp. em um paciente com doença renal policística submetido a hemodiálise

AIMS: This article reports a case of pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp. in a patient with polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis treatment. CASE DESCRIPTION: An elderly male patient previously diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease undergoing standard hemodyalitic treatment presented uronephrosis, evolving to pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp., and was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: The polycystic kidney disease may have contributed to the bacteria's attachment to the kidney, due to increase of permeability of the intestinal mucosa, easier bacterial translocation to bloodstream and its subsequent accommodation in the infected organ.

OBJETIVOS: Este artigo relata um caso de pionefrose causada por Salmonella sp. em paciente com doença renal policística em tratamento por hemodiálise. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Um paciente idoso do sexo masculino, previamente diagnosticado com doença renal policística, em tratamento convencional por hemodiálise, apresentou uronefrose, evoluindo a pionefrose causada por Salmonella sp., sendo tratado com sucesso com ciprofloxacino. CONCLUSÕES: A doença renal policística pode ter contribuído para a instalação da bactéria no rim, visto o aumento da permeabilidade da mucosa intestinal e maior facilidade de translocação da bactéria para a corrente sanguínea e seu posterior alojamento no órgão infectado.

Prevalence and pathologic study of porcine salmonellosis in Jeju

Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium is highly contagious, and its infection may rapidly spread within pig populations of herd. According to the survey (1,191 pigs) from 2003 to 2012, 155 pigs (13.0%) were diagnosed as salmonellosis in Jeju. Major porcine salmonellosis cases (88.4%) were concentrated in 4- to 12-week-old weaned pigs, but 6 pigs (3.9%) under 4 weeks old were also diagnosed. Based on the histopathologic examinations, ulcerative enteritis (63.9%) in the large intestine and/or paratyphoid nodules formation (57.4%) in the liver were most prevalent lesions in porcine salmonellosis. Single infection of S. Typhimurium and mixed infection with more than 2 pathogens were detected in 38 (24.5%) and 117 (75.5%) in pigs, respectively. Co-infections of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Porcine circovirus type 2 were very common in porcine salmonellosis in Jeju and detected in 84 (54.2%) and 59 (38.1%) pigs, respectively. Based on the serotyping tests using 41 bacterial isolates, S. Typhimurium and S. Rissen were confirmed in 39 (95.1%) and 2 (4.9%) cases, respectively.

Lactoferrina bovina disminuye la invasión de Salmonella enterica en células HEp-2 / Bovine lactoferrin decreases the invasion of Salmonella enterica to HEp-2 cells

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la lactoferrina bovina (Lfb) en el proceso de invasión de Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium en células HEp-2. Materiales y métodos: Se infectaron células HEp-2 con 10(6) unidades formadoras de colonia (UFC) de la bacteria en ausencia y presencia de 1 y 10 mg/mL de Lfb (saturada con hierro) durante 1,5 horas a 37°C. En este estudio evaluamos 2 tratamientos: pre-infección (las células HEp-2 se incubaron con Lf 1 hora, previo a la infección con Salmonella) y post-infección (la Lfb se adicionó 15 minutos después de la infección). La capacidad de invasión de Salmonella se determinó mediante la cuantificación de las UFC recuperadas desde el interior de las células HEp-2 (después del tratamiento con 100 μg/mL y 10 μg/mL de gentamicina y Triton X-100). Resultados: En el tratamiento pre-infección se observó una disminución de 23% en la invasión de Salmonella cuando las células HEp-2 fueron pre-incubadas con 1 mg/mL de Lfb (2,8x10(5) vs 2,1x10(5), p=0,04) y una disminución de 50% cuando fueron pre-incubadas con 10 mg/mL de Lfb (2,8x10(5) vs 1,4x10(5), p=0,04). Con el tratamiento post-infección no se observaron cambios en la capacidad de invasión de Salmonella. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que Lfb reduce la capacidad de invadir de Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium a células HEp-2 en el tratamiento pre-infección

Objective: To assess the effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) on the invasion of Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium to HEp-2 cells. Materials and methods: HEp-2 monolayers were infected with 10(6) colony forming unit (CFU) of bacteria in the absence and presence of 1 and 10 mg/mL of bLf (iron-saturated) and incubated 1.5 hours at 37°C. Two treatments were evaluated: preinfection (HEp-2 cells were incubated with bLf one hour prior to infection with Salmonella) and post-infection (bLf was added 15 minutes after the infection). Invasiveness of Salmonella was determined throgh quantification of CFU recovered from inside the HEp-2 cells (after treatment with 100 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL of gentamicin and Triton X -100). Results: In the pre-infection treatment, we observed a decrease of 23% of Salmonella invasion when HEp-2 cells were pre incubated with 1 mg/mL of bLf (2.8x105 vs 2.1x105, p=0.04) and 50% when them were pre-incubated with 10 mg/mL of bLf (2.8x10(5) vs 1.4x10(5), p=0.04). In post-infection treatment, no changes were observed in the invasiveness of Salmonella. Conclusion: The results indicated that bLf reduces the invasiveness of Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium to HEp-2 cells in the pre-infection treatment

Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos de Salmonellaentérica obtenidos del pre-beneficio y de porcinos en Colombia / Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica isolated during the pre-harvest period in swine in Colombia

Objetivo Determinar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos de Salmonella enterica obtenidos durante la etapa de prebeneficio y de animales. Método Se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana con el método de difusión en agar a 333 aislamientos de Salmonella enterica obtenidos del prebeneficio de camiones de transporte y de corrales. Se obtuvieron heces en camión, heces en corral, nódulos linfáticos mesentéricos y contenido cecal. Los especímenes fueron obtenidos en cuatro plantas de beneficio porcino. Resultados El 99,6 % (n=332) de las aislamientos mostró resistencia frente al menos un antimicrobiano. Se encontraron los siguientes porcentajes de resistencia: amoxacilina-ácido clavulánico 15,9 % (n=53), ampicilina 33,9 % (n=113), ceftiofur 41,4 % (n=138), ciprofloxacina 9 % (n=30), cloranfenicol 19,2 % (n=64), florfenicol 33 % (n=110), gentamicina 22,8 % (n=76), sulfametoxazol-trimetroprim 24,9 % (n=83), tetraciclina 93,1 % (n=310) y tilmicosina 73,8 % (n=246). Conclusiones Los resultados muestran que es indispensable reforzar las medidas de contención para prevenir el desarrollo de resistencias antimicrobianas y fortaleciendo la capacitación de operarios, trabajadores y médicos veterinarios en la producción primaria durante el procesamiento del producto, durante la distribución y venta hasta el consumidor, garantizando un alimento inocuo.

Objective To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates of Salmonella enterica isolated from animals and during the pre-slaughter period. Method Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the agar diffusion method on 333 isolates of Salmonella enterica obtained from the pre-harvest period represented by transport trucks and pens. From the animals, isolates were obtained from the animals' feces in transport trucks and pens, mesenteric lymph nodes, and cecal content. The specimens were obtained from four slaughtering facilities. Results The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed obtaining the following results: 99.6 % (n=332) of isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. The following resistance percentages were found: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 15.9 % (n=53), ampicillin 33.9 % (n=113), ceftiofur 41.4 % (n=138), ciprofloxacin 9 % (n=30 ), chloramphenicol 19.2 % (n=64), florfenicol 33 % (n=110), gentamicin 22.8 % (n=76), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 24.9 % (n=83), tetracycline 93.1 % (n=310) and tilmicosin 73.8 % (n=246). Conclusion The results show that it is essential to reinforce containment measures to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistances and improve training of the operators, workers, and veterinarians in Colombia involved in the primary production, product processing, distribution, and sale to the consumer, thereby guaranteeing a safe food product and the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in human and veterinary medicine.

Pyogenic Sacroiliitis Caused by Salmonella enterica Serotype Livingstone / 대한내과학회지

Pyogenic sacroiliitis is a rare joint infection, with a challenging diagnosis due to its nonspecific indicators and symptoms. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative bacteria of pyogenic sacroiliitis, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most common causative gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, whereas Salmonella species. is reportedly the second most common cause of this disorder there have been no reported cases of acute sacroiliitis due to Salmonella spp. in Korea, to the best of our knowledge. In this study, we report on the first case in a young Korean adult caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Livingstone, with no underlying disease or predisposing factors.

Caracterización fenotípica y genotípica de Salmonella Typhimurium variante 5- asociada a un brote de enfermedad transmitida por alimentos en el municipio de Paz de Río, Boyacá, 2010 / Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium variant 5- isolates associated with an outbreak of food-borne disease in Paz de Rio, Boyacá, Colombia, in 2010

Introducción: Salmonella enterica serotipo Typhimurium variante 5- es un patógeno muy relacionado con animales, especialmente con palomas, y asociado en pocos casos con infecciones esporádicas en humanos. Sin embargo, los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica han permitido detectarla en brotes en humanos. Objetivo: caracterizar por técnicas fenotípicas y genotípicas los aislamientos de Salmonella Typhimurium variante 5- asociados a un brote de enfermedad transmitida por alimentos (ETA) en el municipio de Paz de Río, Boyacá, en el 2010. Materiales y métodos: doce aislamientos de Salmonella spp., fueron remitidos para confirmación bioquímica, identificación del serotipo y perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Se analizaron genotípicamente por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE) con las enzimas Xbal y Blnl. Resultados: todos los aislamientos se confirmaron como Salmonella spp., y presentaron resistencia a tetraciclina y estreptomicina y sensibilidad a los demás antibióticos ensayados; 11/12 se identificaron como Salmonella Typhimurium variante 5- y mostraron en la PFGE el patrón COIN10.JPX.X01.0168 con la enzima XbaI y dos aislamientos de este mismo grupo se confirmaron con la enzima BlnI obteniendo el patrón de PFGE COIN10.JPX.A26.0002. El aislamiento restante se identificó como Salmonella Typhimurium con patrón de PFGE con la enzima Xbal COIN10.JPX.X01.0221. Conclusión: se reporta por primera vez en Colombia un brote de ETA asociado epidemiológicamente con aislamientos de Salmonella Typhimurium variante 5- que estuvieron relacionados fenotípica y genéticamente.

Introduction: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium variant 5- is a pathogen closely related to animals, especially pigeons, which has been also associated in rare cases with sporadic infections in humans. However, epidemiological surveillance systems have enabled the detection of this variant in human outbreaks. Objective: To characterize by means of phenotypic and genotypic techniques the isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium variant 5- associated with an outbreak of food-borne disease in Paz de Rio, Boyacá, Colombia (2010), in order to establish their molecular relationships. Materials and methods: Twelve isolates of Salmonella spp., were analyzed by biochemical, serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI and Blnl enzymes was used to establish their molecular relationships. Results: All isolates were confirmed as Salmonella spp. They were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin and sensitive to the rest of antibiotics tested. Eleven isolates were identified as Salmonella Typhimurium variant 5- and grouped in COIN10.JPX.X01.0168 pattern using the enzyme XbaI; two isolates in this group were confirmed using the enzyme BlnI with the COIN10. JPX.A26.0002 pattern. One isolate was identified as Salmonella Typhimurium with COIN10.JPX.X01.0221 pattern with the enzyme XbaI. Conclusion: This is the first outbreak in Colombia of foodborne illness epidemiologically associated with isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium variant 5 -, which were phenotypically and genetically related.

Epidemiological Investigation of an Outbreak of Salmonellosis in Gyeongju, Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: A salmonellosis outbreak occurred within a community of Gyeongju residents who ingested catered food from a wedding in June 2009. We aimed to epidemiologically investigate the probable vehicle of the infection. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study on 34 local residents who ingested the wedding food. RESULTS: Among the 34 residents, 31 (91.2%) reported symptoms of infection after eating the food. Among all of the wedding foods, pan-fried foods were highly associated with the diarrheal attack rate. On bacteriological examination, Salmonella species were detected in the pan-fried foods among the leftover foods and in 17 of the 31 stool specimens from the cases. There were five different types of pan-fried foods, but the onset of symptoms was independent of the ingredients used. We found that the pan-fried food was prepared at a food store in Seoul and that eggs were a common ingredient. CONCLUSIONS: The major cause of the salmonellosis in this population was presumed to be the pan-fried food prepared with contaminated eggs. These food items might have been partially undercooked because of their irregular shape, which allowed the Salmonella species to survive and multiply before ingestion.

Brote de Salmonella Enteritidis resistente a ácido nalidíxico en Popayán, Cauca, 2011 / A nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak in Popayán, Cauca, 2011

Introducción. Salmonella Enteritidis es reconocida a nivel mundial como uno de los principales agentes de infección gastrointestinal. Varios reportes indican la presencia de aislamientos con sensibilidad disminuida a la ciprofloxacina que puede conllevar a una respuesta retardada o al desarrollo de resistencia durante el tratamiento. Objetivo. Describir y caracterizar los aislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis asociados a un brote de enfermedad transmitida por alimentos en Popayán, Cauca. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 10 aislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis, nueve de pacientes y uno de alimentos (emparedado de pollo), por pruebas bioquímicas, serotipificación y sensibilidad antimicrobiana. La concentración inhibitoria mínima a la ciprofloxacina se determinó por E-test y el perfil genético de los aislamientos se evaluó por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis, PFGE) con las enzimas Xbal y Blnl. Resultados. En todos los aislamientos se identificó Salmonella Enteritidis con resistencia al ácido nalidíxico y sensibilidad disminuida a la ciprofloxaxina entre 0,25 y 0,5 µg/ml; todos fueron sensibles a los demás antimicrobianos ensayados. La PFGE agrupó los 10 aislamientos con la enzima Xbal en el patrón COIN11.JEG.X01.0038 y siete aislamientos se confirmaron con la enzima BlnI con el patrón COIN11.JEG.A26.0009. Conclusión. Se reporta por primera vez en Colombia un brote de Salmonella Enteritidis con resistencia al ácido nalidíxico y se confirma por análisis fenotípico y genotípico la asociación entre los aislamientos de los pacientes con el del emparedado de pollo como la fuente de infección.

Introduction. Salmonella Enteritidis is recognized worldwide as one of the main agents of human gastrointestinal infection. Several reports indicate the presence of isolates with decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin that can lead to a delayed response or the development of resistance during treatment. Objective. To describe and characterize isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis associated to an outbreak of food-borne diseases in Popayán, Cauca. Materials and methods. Ten Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from nine patients and one food sample (chicken sandwich) were analyzed by biochemical tests, serotyping and antimicrobial sensitivity. The minimum inhibitory concentration to ciprofloxacin was determined by E-test and the genetic profile of the isolates was tested by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI and Blnl enzymes. Results. Salmonella Enteritidis was identified in all isolates. They were resistant to nalidixic acid and had a decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxaxin between 0.25 and 0.5 µg/ml; all isolates were sensitive to all the other antimicrobials we tested. Ten isolates were grouped by PFGE with the XbaI enzyme in the COIN11.JEG.X01.0038 pattern, and seven isolates were confirmed with the BlnI enzyme using the COIN11.JEG.A26.0009 pattern. Conclusion. We report for the first time an outbreak of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in Colombia and confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic analysis the association between the isolates from patients and the chicken sandwich as the source of infection.

Brotes por Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus y Listeria monocytogenes asociados al consumo de pollo / Outbreaks of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes associated with poultry consumption. Systematic review.

Introducción. Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos son un serio problema de salud pública y, el pollo, uno de los alimentos asociados con ellas. Objetivo. Determinar la distribución y frecuencia de brotes alimentarios asociados al consumo de pollo contaminado por Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes y Staphylococus aureus, mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica. Materiales y métodos. Se buscaron los estudios de brotes asociados a Salmonella spp., S. aureus y L. monocytogenes, en las bases de datos Medline, Pubmed, Science Direct,SciELO,Librería Cochrane (CCRT),Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Highwire,HINARI y MedicLatina. Se obtuvieron los datos para el cálculo de odds ratios (OR) mediante la elaboración de tablas de contingencia en el programa RevMan5™. Resultados. Siete artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y no se encontraron reportes de L. monocytogenes. El OR global fue de 3,01 (IC95% 2,37-3,81), lo que se interpreta como una asociación significativa entre el consumo de pollo contaminado y la infección alimentaria. Se presentó heterogeneidad en los estudios incluidos (p=0,03), por lo que fue necesario un análisis por subgrupos de microorganismos; para el caso de Salmonella spp., el OR fue de 2,67 (IC95% 2,09-3,41). No se hizo análisis para S. aureus por reportarse un solo artículo. Conclusiones. Se encontró un OR de 2,61, lo que indica que hay una fuerte asociación entre el consumo de pollo y la adquisición de salmonelosis. El principal factor de riesgo para adquirir salmonelosis es el consumo de pollo de asadero en los restaurantes.

Introduction. Food borne diseases are a serious public health problem. Poultry are often associated with these outbreaks. Objective. A systematic review of the literature is provided concerning the distribution and frequency of food borne outbreaks associated with consumption of chicken contaminated with Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods. The search for studies of outbreaks associated with Salmonella, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was conducted in Medline, Pubmed, Science Direct, Scielo, Cochrane Library (CCRT), Virtual Health Library (VHL), Highwire, HINARI and MedicLatina. Data were obtained for the calculation of odds ratio (OR) by preparing contingency tables using the RevMan5 program. Results. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria; however, no reports of L. monocytogenes were obtained. The overall OR was 3.01 (95% CI: 2.37, 3.81); this was interpreted as a significant association between the consumption of contaminated chicken and food poisoning. In the included studies heterogeneity (p= 0.03) was presented, so it took a subgroup analysis of microorganisms, in the case of Salmonella OR was 2.67 (95% CI: 2.09 -3.41). No analysis was made for S. aureus reported a single article. Conclusions. The OR indicated a strong association between chicken consumption and acquisition of salmonellosis. The main risk factor for acquiring salmonellosis is the consumption of chicken from grill restaurants.

Transmisión de Salmonella enterica a través de huevos de gallina y su importancia en salud pública / Transmission of Salmonella enterica through chicken eggs and their importance in public health

La salmonelosis producida por especies de Salmonella sp. no tíficas, se manifiesta en humanos como una gastroenteritis o enterocolitis aguda de inicio repentino, cuyos síntomas aparecen de 6 a 48 horas después de la ingestión de alimentos o agua contaminada. Salmonella se transmite principalmente por el consumo de productos avícolas contaminados o por contaminación cruzada a través de manipuladores de alimentos o utensilios de cocina. La presente revisión se fundamenta en la interacción de Salmonella con el sistema reproductivo de la gallina y trata importantes aspectos como las formas de trasmisión al huevo, la epidemiología y prevención de este evento. Lo anterior con el fin de destacar la importancia de este patógeno en la generación de enfermedades trasmitidas por alimentos y el impacto que tiene el control de puntos críticos en la cadena de producción de los huevos y la vigilancia epidemiológica como mecanismos de control. Salud UIS 2011; 43 (2): 167-177.

Salmonellosis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella species manifests in human like an acute gastroenteritis or enterocolitis that suddenly happens, whose symptoms occur between 6 to 48 hours after ingestion of contaminated food or water. Salmonella is mainly transmitted through consumption of contaminated poultry products, or crossed contamination by food handlers or kitchen utensils. This review is based on the interaction of Salmonella with the hen's reproductive system and presents important aspects such as the routes of transmission to the egg, epidemiology and prevention of this event. This in order to highlight the importance of this pathogen like source of foodborne diseases and the impact of the critical control points in the eggs production and epidemiological surveillance like control mechanisms. Salud UIS 2011; 43 (2): 167-177.

Prevalence of R-type ACSSuT in strains of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT193 isolated from human infections in Brazil / Prevalencia de resistencia de tipo ACSSuT en cepas de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium DT193 aisladas a partir de infecciones humanas en el Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracyclines (ACSSuT) in Salmonella serovar Typhimurium definitive [phage] type (DT) 193 strains isolated from human sources over the last four decades. METHODS: From 2008 to 2010, 553 DT193 isolates out of 810 human-origin Salmonella ser. Typhimurium phage-typed strains isolated from the 1970s through 2008 were selected and tested for ACSSuT resistance: 91 strains isolated during the 1970s, 65 from the 1980s, 70 from the 1990s, and 327 from 2000-2008. Resistance profiles were determined using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: †An antimicrobial susceptibility assay indicated 20.9 percent, or 116, of all isolates tested were ACSSuT-resistant, 52.0 percent (287) were resistant to one or more drugs in the ACSSuT profile, and 27.1 percent (150) were nonresistant (susceptible to antimicrobials). Based on the assay, overall antimicrobial resistance was extremely high in the 1970s (affecting 99.0 percent of isolates from that period) and remained high during the 1980s, when 95.4 percent of isolates had some type of antimicrobial resistance and incidence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium DT193 R-type ACSSuT increased to 73.8 percent. R-type ACSSuT dropped to 27.1 percent (19 isolates) during the 1990s, and to 5.2 percent (17) during 2000-2008, despite a substantial increase in the number of isolates tested (397 versus 204, 111, and 98, respectively, for the previous three decades). CONCLUSIONS: †Although prevalence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium DT193 R-type ACSSuT in Brazil has decreased since the 1970s, ACSSuT resistance markers continue to circulate. Therefore, continuous surveillance should be conducted to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium DT193 and its antimicrobial resistance.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de resistencia a la ampicilina, el cloranfenicol, la estreptomicina, las sulfonamidas y las tetraciclinas (ACSSuT) en cepas de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium fagotipo definitivo (DT) 193 aisladas de fuentes de origen humano durante las cuatro últimas décadas. MÉTODOS: Entre el 2008 y el 2010 se seleccionaron 553 aislados de DT193 entre 810 cepas de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium fagotipificadas aisladas desde la década de 1970 hasta el 2008, y en ellos se analizó la resistencia a ACSSuT: se estudiaron 91 cepas aisladas durante la década de 1970, 65 aisladas durante la década de 1980, 70 aisladas durante la década de 1990, y 327 aisladas entre el 2000 y el 2008, respectivamente. Los perfiles de resistencia a los antibióticos se determinaron mediante el método de difusión en disco. RESULTADOS: El antibiograma indicó que 20,9 por ciento (116) de todos los aislados que se analizaron fueron resistentes a ACSSuT, 52,0 por ciento (287) fueron resistentes a uno o más antibióticos del grupo ACSSuT y 27,1 por ciento (150) no fueron resistentes (es decir, fueron sensibles a dichos antibióticos). Según el análisis, la resistencia general a los antibióticos fue muy alta en la década de 1970 (y comprendió a 99,0 por ciento de los aislados de ese período) y continuó siendo alta durante la década de 1980, cuando 95,4 por ciento de los aislados presentó algún tipo de resistencia a los antibióticos y la incidencia de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium DT193 con resistencia de tipo ACSSuT aumentó hasta 73,8 por ciento. La resistencia de tipo ACSSuT descendió a 27,1 por ciento (31 aislados) durante la década de 1990, y a 5,2 por ciento (17 aislados) entre el 2000 y el 2008, a pesar del aumento importante en el número de aislados que se evaluaron (397 frente a 204, 111 y 98 en las tres décadas anteriores, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: Aunque la prevalencia de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium DT193 con resistencia de tipo ACSSuT en el Brasil ha disminuido desde la década de 1970, los marcadores de resistencia a ACSSuT continúan en circulación. Por consiguiente, debe llevarse a cabo una vigilancia permanente para evaluar la aparición de infecciones por Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium DT193 y su resistencia a los antibióticos.