Perinatal serotonergic activity: A decisive factor in the control of food intake / Atividade serotoninérgica perinatal: um fator decisivo para o controle da ingestão alimentar

ABSTRACT The serotoninergic system controls key events related to proper nervous system development. The neurotransmitter serotonin and the serotonin transporter are critical for this control. Availability of these components is minutely regulated during the development period, and the environment may affect their action on the nervous system. Environmental factors such as undernutrition and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may increase the availability of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and change its anorectic action. The physiological responses promoted by serotonin on intake control decrease when requested by acute stimuli or stress, demonstrating that animals or individuals develop adaptations in response to the environmental insults they experience during the development period. Diseases, such as anxiety and obesity, appear to be associated with the body's response to stress or stimulus, and require greater serotonergic system action. These findings demonstrate the importance of the level of serotonin in the perinatal period to the development of molecular and morphological aspects of food intake control, and its decisive role in understanding the possible environmental factors that cause diseases in adulthood.

RESUMO O sistema serotoninérgico apresenta funções no controle de eventos biológicos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento adequado do sistema nervoso. A serotonina e o transportador de serotonina são indispensáveis para esta função de controle. A disponibilidade destes componentes é precisamente regulada durante o período de desenvolvimento, e podem sofrer interferências provindas do ambiente alterando sua ação sobre o sistema nervoso. A desnutrição, a inibição da recaptação da serotonina a partir de fármacos e mudanças na expressão de gênica do transportador de serotonina na gestação e lactação podem induzir o aumento de serotonina alterando sua ação anorexígena. As respostas fisiológicas desempenhadas pela serotonina no controle da ingestão exibem uma resistência quando requisitadas por estímulos ou estresses agudos, demonstrando que os animais ou indivíduos desenvolvem adaptações de acordo com as agressões ambientais sofridas no período de desenvolvimento. Patologias como, ansiedade e obesidade, parecem estar associadas à resposta do organismo a um estresse ou estímulo, necessitando de uma maior ação do sistema serotoninérgico. Estes achados demonstram a importância do conteúdo da serotonina no período perinatal ao desenvolvimento de aspectos moleculares e morfológicos do controle da ingestão alimentar, e sua função determinante para a compreensão das possíveis influências ambientais causadoras de patologias na vida adulta.

Manejo perioperatorio de pacientes usuarios de antidepresivos / Perioperative management of patients using antidepressants

El uso de antidepresivos en el perioperatorio es muy frecuente, y la práctica clínica indica que los pacientes usuarios de antidepresivos que son sometidos a cirugía tienen un riesgo perioperatorio aumentado. No existen en la actualidad guías clínicas basadas en la evidencia que orienten el manejo de este tipo de pacientes, por lo que las recomendaciones se basan en las escasas revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis disponibles, reportes de casos y opinión de expertos, que en muchos casos resultan controversiales. La decisión de mantener o suspender la medicación antidepresiva implica considerar los riesgos tanto desde el punto de vista fisiológico (características generales del paciente, riesgos asociados al antidepresivo utilizado, la cirugía propiamente como tal, la interacción con fármacos frecuentemente utilizados en el perioperatorio, entre otros) como desde el punto de vista psiquiátrico (riesgo de síndrome de retirada, recaída de la enfermedad psiquiátrica, intentos suicidas), por lo que la decisión debe ser tomada idealmente de forma multidisciplinaria entre cirujanos, anestesiólogos y psiquiatras, con la idea de confeccionar un plan quirúrgico, anestésico y de manejo perioperatorio seguro para el paciente.

Antidepressant use in the perioperative is a common practice, and clinical evidence shows that surgical patients using antidepressants have an increased perioperative risk. There are not evidence-based guidelines for the perioperative management of these patients, and recommendations are based on few systematic reviews and meta-analysis, case reports and expert opinion, which in many cases are controversial. The decision to continue or discontinue the medication involves considering general patient characteristics, risks associated with the antidepressant used, type of surgery, interaction with drugs commonly used in the perioperative, risk of withdrawal symptoms, relapse of psychiatric disease and suicide risk, so decision should be made between surgeons, anesthesiologists and psychiatrists, in order to design a safe management plan for the patient who undergo surgery.

Ten years after the FDA black box warning for antidepressant drugs: a critical narrative review

ABSTRACT Background The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned about the increased suicidality risk associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and venlafaxine in children and adolescents. Objectives To critically appraise the available evidence supporting the FDA Black box warning concerning to the use of antidepressants in child and adolescents. Methods A critical review of articles in Medline/PubMed and SciELO databases regarding the FDA Black box warning for antidepressants, and the impact of FDA warnings on antidepressant prescriptions and suicide rates. Results The warning was based on surveys that did not report either cases of suicide nor a significant difference supporting an increased suicidality rate. The concept was defined in an ambiguous way and there is currently more available evidence to support such definition. The use of SSRI and venlafaxine has been associated to lower suicidality rates, but the prescription fall due to the warning increased suicide rates. Discussion Suicidality is an inherent feature of depressive disorders so it would be desirable to consider how much of the phenomenon may be attributed to antidepressants per se. It would be appropriate to consider that suicide rates might increase also as a consequence of the warning.

Vilazodone for the Treatment of Depression: An Update / 전남의대학술지

Vilazodone is a novel antidepressant having a selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist profile, so it has been regarded as a serotonin partial agonist-reuptake inhibitor (SPARI). We aimed to provide Vilazodone's clinical implications mainly by reviewing published clinical trials. Vilazodone has been speculated to have three potential benefits including faster onset of action, greater efficacy, and better tolerability owning to its SPARI properties. However, no studies conducted so far have directly proven the above speculations. Five initial phase II trials failed to distinguish vilazodone from placebo in the treatment of MDD, but 4 randomized clinical trials (RCT), 3 post-hoc or pooled analysis, 1 long-term open label study, and a meta-analysis showed vilazodone's superior efficacy over placebo. The studies also showed vilazodone is generally safe and tolerable. However, diarrhea, nausea, headache, dizziness, dry mouth, and insomnia warrant close attention in clinical practice because they have been constantly noted throughout the clinical studies. 2 RCTs recently documented the efficacy and safety of vilazodone in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, which could be a start of broadening vilazodone's usage or FDA approval in diverse anxiety disorders.

Vilazodone for the Treatment of Depression: An Update / 전남의대학술지

Vilazodone is a novel antidepressant having a selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist profile, so it has been regarded as a serotonin partial agonist-reuptake inhibitor (SPARI). We aimed to provide Vilazodone's clinical implications mainly by reviewing published clinical trials. Vilazodone has been speculated to have three potential benefits including faster onset of action, greater efficacy, and better tolerability owning to its SPARI properties. However, no studies conducted so far have directly proven the above speculations. Five initial phase II trials failed to distinguish vilazodone from placebo in the treatment of MDD, but 4 randomized clinical trials (RCT), 3 post-hoc or pooled analysis, 1 long-term open label study, and a meta-analysis showed vilazodone's superior efficacy over placebo. The studies also showed vilazodone is generally safe and tolerable. However, diarrhea, nausea, headache, dizziness, dry mouth, and insomnia warrant close attention in clinical practice because they have been constantly noted throughout the clinical studies. 2 RCTs recently documented the efficacy and safety of vilazodone in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, which could be a start of broadening vilazodone's usage or FDA approval in diverse anxiety disorders.

Antidepressant induced excessive yawning and indifference / Bocejos excessivos e indiferença induzidos por antidepressivos

Introduction Antidepressant induced excessive yawning has been described as a possible side effect of pharmacotherapy. A syndrome of indifference has also been described as another possible side effect. The frequency of those phenomena and their physiopathology are unknown. They are both considered benign and reversible after antidepressant discontinuation but severe cases with complications as temporomandibular lesions, have been described. Methods We report two unprecedented cases in which excessive yawning and indifference occurred simultaneously as side effects of antidepressant therapy, discussing possible physiopathological mechanisms for this co-occurrence. Case 1: A male patient presented excessive yawning (approximately 80/day) and apathy after venlafaxine XR treatment. Symptoms reduced after a switch to escitalopram, with a reduction to 50 yawns/day. Case 2: A female patient presented excessive yawning (approximately 25/day) and inability to react to environmental stressors with desvenlafaxine. Conclusion Induction of indifference and excessive yawning may be modulated by serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms. One proposal to unify these side effects would be enhancement of serotonin in midbrain, especially paraventricular and raphe nucleus. .

Introdução Alguns relatos de caso descrevem pacientes com bocejos excessivos induzidos por antidepressivos. Também é relatada a capacidade dos antidepressivos induzirem uma síndrome de indiferença. A frequência desses efeitos colaterais é desconhecida, assim como seus mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Ambos os efeitos são considerados benignos e costumam ser reversíveis após a suspensão dos antidepressivos, porém há relatos de casos graves com a ocorrência de luxação temporomandibular devida aos bocejos excessivos induzidos por antidepressivos. Métodos Relatamos dois casos inéditos de pacientes, apresentando esses efeitos colaterais de forma concomitante, discutindo os possíveis mecanismos fisiopatológicos e explicando essa coocorrência. Caso 1: O paciente apresentou bocejos excessivos e apatia com o uso de venlafaxina XR (cerca de 80 bocejos por dia) e, após a troca para escitalopram por conta desse efeito, teve redução para cerca de 50 bocejos por dia. Também relatava sentimento de lentidão e apatia com ambas as medicações. Caso 2: A paciente apresentou bocejos excessivos (cerca de 25 por dia) e declínio na responsividade emocional a estímulos ambientais, associado à incapacidade de chorar com o uso de desvenlafaxina. Conclusão A indução de indiferença e de bocejos excessivos parece ser modulada por mecanismos serotonérgicos e noradrenérgicos. Uma proposta que poderia unificar esses efeitos é pelo aumento serotoninérgico no mesencéfalo, especialmente nos núcleos paraventriculares hipotalâmicos e da rafe. .

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of ischemic stroke / 国际脑血管病杂志

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),a new generation of anti-depressant agent,are mainly used to treat emotional disorders in clinical practice now.Recent studies have found that SSRIs can increase neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia,promote neurovascular reconstruction,and are conducive to the recovery of neurological function.Furthermore,SSRIs can improve the tolerance of ischemic tissue,exert anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation properties,reduce the blood-brain-barrier injury,and inhibit excitatory amino acid toxicity in order to exert neuroprotective effect.This article reviews the related research progress in SSRIs and ischemic stroke.

Ecotoxicological assessment of fourpharmaceuticals compounds through acutetoxicity tests / Avaliação ecotoxicológica de quatro diferentes fármacosusando testes de toxicidade aguda

In this study, we evaluated acute toxicity of four different pharmaceutical compounds: 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), fluoxetine,diclofenac and ibuprofen to Daphnia similis. The average values of EC50 were 1.63 mg/L to the 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2), 4.41 mg/L to the fluoxetine, 46.0 mg/L to the diclofenac and 97.0 mg/L to the ibuprofen. The effects of these drugs,in particular those caused to aquatic biota, still unknown especially at low concentrations in a range from ng/L up to mg/L.

Este estudo avaliou a toxicidade aguda de quatro diferentes fármacos: 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), fluoxetina, diclofenaco eibuprofeno à Daphnia similis. Os valores médios de CE50 foram de 1,63 mg/L para 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 4,41 mg/Lpara fluoxetina, 46,0 mg/L para diclofenaco e 97,0 mg/L para ibuprofeno. Os efeitos desses fármacos, sobretudo à biotaaquática, ainda são pouco conhecidos especialmente em baixas concentrações na ordem de ng/L a mg/L.

Antidepressant Use and Diabetes Mellitus Risk: A Meta-Analysis / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between the use of antidepressants and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) risk. We performed a meta-analysis to systematically assess the association between antidepressants and type 2 DM risk. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (through Dec 31, 2011), including references of qualifying articles. Studies concerning the use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), or other antidepressants and the associated risk of diabetes mellitus were included. RESULTS: Out of 2,934 screened articles, 3 case-control studies, 9 cohort studies, and no clinical trials were included in the final analyses. When all studies were pooled, use of antidepressants was significantly associated with an increased risk of DM in a random effect model (relative risk [RR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29 to 1.71). In subgroup analyses, the risk of DM increased among both SSRI users (RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.58) and TCA users (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.96). The subgroup analyses were consistent with overall results regardless of study type, information source, country, duration of medication, or study quality. The subgroup results considering body weight, depression severity, and physical activity also showed a positive association (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.28). A publication bias was observed in the selected studies (Egger's test, P for bias = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the use of antidepressants is associated with an increased risk of DM.

The Necessity of Bone Densitometry for Patients Taking Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

BACKGROUND: To analyze the necessity of bone densitometry for patients long-term taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) over a long period of time, which is one of the risk factors of osteoporosis. METHODS: We selected patients from 5 veterans hospitals who took SSRI for more than 2 months while taking bone densitometry on a regular basis. RESULTS: Of the 85 patients from a total of 5 veterans hospitals taking SSRI for more than two months, only 34 patients were under diagnosis and treatment measures of osteoporosis through checking each person's bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary for patients taking SSRI to check bone density on a regular basis.

Two Cases of Hyponatremia Induced by Duloxetine for Treating Peripheral Neuropathic Pain / 대한내과학회지

Duloxetine is a balanced serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor available for treating peripheral neuropathic pain. The occurrence of hyponatremia as an adverse event of duloxetine treatment, but it has not yet been reported in Korea. Here, we report two cases of hyponatremia induced by duloxetine for treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain. Our findings highlight the need for special attention when using duloxetine in elderly patients taking thiazide diuretics.

Effect of Sertraline on Current-Source Distribution of the High Beta Frequency Band: Analysis of Electroencephalography under Audiovisual Erotic Stimuli in Healthy, Right-Handed Males

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the cerebral changes in high beta frequency oscillations (22-30 Hz) induced by sertraline and by audiovisual erotic stimuli in healthy adult males. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scalp electroencephalographies (EEGs) were conducted twice in 11 healthy, right-handed males, once before sertraline intake and again 4 hours thereafter. The EEGs included four sessions recorded sequentially while the subjects were resting, watching a music video, resting, and watching an erotic video for 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes, respectively. We performed frequency-domain analysis using the EEGs with a distributed model of current-source analysis. The statistical nonparametric maps were obtained from the sessions of watching erotic and music videos (p<0.05). RESULTS: The erotic stimuli decreased the current-source density of the high beta frequency band in the middle frontal gyrus, the precentral gyrus, the postcentral gyrus, and the supramarginal gyrus of the left cerebral hemisphere in the baseline EEGs taken before sertraline intake (p<0.05). The erotic stimuli did not induce any changes in current-source distribution of the brain 4 hours after sertraline intake. CONCLUSIONS: It is speculated that erotic stimuli may decrease the function of the middle frontal gyrus, the precentral gyrus, the postcentral gyrus, and the supramarginal gyrus of the left cerebral hemisphere in healthy adult males. This change may debase the inhibitory control of the brain against erotic stimuli. Sertraline may reduce the decrement in inhibitory control.

Síndrome de Gilles de la Tourette associada ao transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade: resposta clínica satisfatória a inibidor seletivo da recaptura de serotonina e metilfenidato / Tourette syndrome associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: satisfactory clinical response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and methylphenidate

A Síndrome de Gilles de la Tourette (SGT), caracterizada pela presença de tiques motores e vocais, apresenta elevada associação com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) e transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH). Essas condições frequentemente causam mais prejuízo aos pacientes do que os tiques, propriamente. Relata-se o caso clínico de um paciente com SGT e comorbidade com TDAH e TOC. O tratamento com inibidor seletivo de recaptura de serotonina (ISRS) e metilfenidato promoveu melhora significativa dos sintomas de TDAH, sintomas compulsivos e tiques.

Tourette Syndrome (TS), characterized by motor and vocal tics, is often associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These associated conditions frequently cause more impairment in patients than tics themselves. We report the case of TS with comorbid ADHD and OCD. Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and methylphenidate, led to significantly improvement of ADHD symptoms, compulsive symptoms and tics.

Response of symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder to treatment with citalopram or placebo

OBJECTIVE: There is increasing evidence that the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder lie on discrete dimensions. Relatively little work has, however, explored the relationship between such factors and response to pharmacotherapy. METHOD: Data from a multi-site randomized placebo-controlled study of citalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder were analyzed. Factor analysis of individual items and symptom categories of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Checklist were undertaken, and the impact of symptom dimensions on treatment outcomes was analysed. RESULTS: Factor analysis of Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Checklist individual items yielded 5 factors (contamination/cleaning, harm/checking, aggressive/sexual/religious, hoarding/symmetry, and somatic/hypochondriacal). Hoarding/symmetry was associated with male gender, longer duration of obsessive-compulsive disorder and early onset, whereas contamination/cleaning was associated with female gender. Citalopram was more effective than placebo, but high scores on the symmetry/hoarding and contamination/cleaning subscales predicted worse outcome at the end of study while high scores on the aggressive/religious/sexual subscale predicted better outcome. Factor analysis of Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Checklist symptom clusters yielded a 4 factor solution, but confirmed that symmetry/ordering was associated with male gender, early onset, and long duration of obsessive-compulsive disorder while high scores on the hoarding subscale predicted worse response to pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSION: Citalopram shows good efficacy across the range of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom dimensions. The relatively worse response of symmetry/hoarding to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is consistent with other evidence that this symptom dimension is mediated by the dopamine system. There may be associations between symmetry/hoarding, male gender, early onset, tics, and particular...

OBJETIVO: Há crescentes evidências de que os sintomas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo residem em dimensões discretas. Alguns estudos têm sugerido que esses fatores possuem suportes neurobiológicos específicos. No entanto, poucos trabalhos têm explorado a relação entre tais fatores e a resposta à farmacoterapia. MÉTODO: Foi realizada a análise fatorial dos itens individuais e categorias de sintomas do checklist da Escala de Obsessão e Compulsão de Yale-Brown e foi analisado o impacto da dimensão dos sintomas no desfecho dos tratamentos. RESULTADOS: A análise fatorial exploratória dos itens individuais da Escala de Obsessão e Compulsão de Yale-Brown produziu cinco fatores (contaminação/limpeza, dano/verificação, agressividade/sexual/religioso, colecionismo/simetria e somático/hipocondríaco). Colecionismo/simetria foi associado ao sexo masculino, longa duração do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e início precoce, ao passo que contaminação/limpeza foi associado ao sexo feminino. O citalopram foi mais eficaz do que placebo, mas altos escores nas subescalas de simetria/colecionismo e de contaminação/limpeza predisseram desfecho pior ao final do estudo, ao passo que altos escores na subescala agressividade/sexual/religioso predisseram melhor desfecho. Uma análise fatorial de sintomas do checklist da Escala de Obsessão e Compulsão de Yale-Brown produziu uma solução com quatro fatores, mas confirmou que simetria/ordenação estava associado ao sexo masculino, início precoce e longa duração do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, enquanto altos escores na subescala colecionismo predisseram uma resposta pior à farmacoterapia. CONCLUSÃO: O citalopram demonstra boa eficácia ao longo das dimensões do espectro de sintomas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. A resposta relativamente pior de simetria/colecionismo a um inibidor seletivo da recaptação da serotonina é consistente com outras evidências de que essa dimensão de sintomas é mediada pelo sistema...

Demencia frontotemporal / Frontotemporal Dementia

Introducción: el 20% de los pacientes que mueren con demencia antes de los 70 años de edad tienen demencia frontotemporal, un síndrome amplio con tres grandes variantes clínicas: variante frontal, demencia semántica y afasia primaria progresiva. Objetivo: presentar las características demográfi cas, la genética, el diagnóstico, la patología, el tratamiento y otras variantes de la demencia frontotemporal. Método: revisión de la literatura médica existente sobre el tema. Conclusión: la mayoría de las formas familiares de demencia frontotemporal tienen una herencia autosómica dominante y se asocian con mutaciones en el gen que codifi ca la proteína tau. Los síntomas iniciales están relacionados con cambios de personalidad, alteraciones comportamentales, del afecto, el lenguaje o las funciones ejecutivas, y se requieren imágenes cerebrales y pruebas neuropsicológicas para hacer un diagnóstico acertado. No existe en la actualidad tratamiento específi co para la demencia frontotemporal, y este se basa en el control de síntomas.

Introduction: Frontotemporal dementia constitutes a signifi cant percentage of the degenerative dementias, making up for 20% of patients who die with dementia before the age of 70. It is an extensive syndrome with three clinical variants: frontal variant, semantic dementia and primary progressive aphasia. Objective: To describe the demographic characteristics, genetics, diagnosis, pathology and treatment, as well as other types of frontotemporal dementia. Method: Review of the medical literature. Conclusions: Patients with this syndrome present with behavioral and affective symptoms, language diffi culties or executive dysfunction. An imaging study of the brain should be performed, as well as neuropsychological assessment. At present, no specifi c pharmacologic therapies have been approved for use in frontotemporal dementia.

Estudo multicêntrico brasileiro da sertralina* no tratamento da depressão com ansiedade / Brazilian multicenter study of sertraline for the treatment of depression associated with anxiety

Introdução: Os sintomas de ansiedade freqüentemente acompanham o quadro clínico de depressão. A sertralina é um inibidor seletivo da recaptação de serotonina ativa em depressão e ansiedade. Este estudo aberto e multicêntrico avaliou a eficácia, a segurança e a tolerabilidade da sertralina em pacientes com depressão maior associada a sintomas de ansiedade.Pacientes e métodos: Os candidatos ao estudo tinham idade > 18 anos e critérios diagnósticos de depressão maior com ansiedade, de acordo com o DSM-IV, há no mínimo seis meses, além de escore total > 18 na Escala MADRS (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale), escore < 2 no item 3 da Escala de Hamilton para Depressão (HAM-D), escore ³ 7 na Escala Hamilton para Ansiedade (HAM-A) e escore ³ 5 na Escala de Impressão Clínica Global (ICG). Após a visita de seleção e período de duas semanas de wash-out com placebo, sete outras visitas foram feitas para fornecimento da medicação e avaliações dos pacientes. A sertralina foi iniciada na dose diária de 50 mg, que poderia ser aumentada até 200 mg.Resultados: Dos 66 pacientes selecionados em três centros, 61 receberam a sertralina e 44 completaram as 14 semanas de estudo. As variáveis primárias de eficácia (escores MADRS, HAM-A e HAM-D) diminuíram significativamente em todas as visitas, comparadas à medida basal (p<0,001). Da mesma forma, a avaliação pela escala ICG revelou que grande parte dos pacientes apresentava sintomas de depressão/ansiedade com escores de 5 a 7 no início do estudo, enquanto 93,2% dos pacientes apresentavam escores 1 a 4 ao final. Os eventos adversos mais freqüentes foram náusea, cefaléia, diarréia, tontura e sonolência e dois pacientes descontinuaram o tratamento por eventos adversos.Conclusão: A sertralina foi eficaz, bem tolerada e com bom perfil de segurança no tratamento de pacientes com depressão maior e ansiedade.

Dapoxetine in treatment of premature ejaculation:A systematic review / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To assesss the effectiveness of dapoxetine in the treatment of premature ejaculation.Methods:Both English and Chinese studies involving men with prematrue ejaculation who were treated with dapoxetine from the Cochrane Library,MEDLINE,EMBASE and CNKI,CBM,VIP between 1979 and 2009.were included in the randomized controlled trials(RCTs) and the data processed by RevMan.Results:Five RCTs involving 4433 patients were included in the Meta analysis,of which 3 were of grade A and 2 were of grade B according to the quality evaluation of methodology.Intravaginal ejaculatory latency time(IELT),patient-reported global impression of change(PGI),satisfaction with sexual intercourse(SWSI),perceived control over ejaculation(PCOE),personal distress related to ejaculation(PDRE) were used for assessment.Meta analysis based on included studies of patients having been treated with dapoxetine for 9-24 weeks showed that:(1) the difference of the patients' IELT between treatment group and control group was statistically significan [P