Psicanálise e violência social de gênero / Psychoanalysis and social gender-based violence / Psychanalyse et violence sociale de genre / Psicoanálisis y violencia social de género

Neste texto, discuto algumas colaborações e resistências da psicanálise à violência social de gênero, evidenciando conflitos e tensões no âmbito de suas práticas. Reflito especialmente sobre a noção da diferença de sexos, segundo Freud e Lacan, dada a sua posição estratégica nas abordagens psicanalíticas sobre sexuação e subjetividades LGBTQI+. Apresento algumas vinhetas teóricas de autores contemporâneos, organizando-as em torno de três eixos que visam, respectivamente: reposicionar e/ou transpor o Édipo; desconstruir o binarismo e pensar/clinicar com a noção de corpo aberto, e problematizar o sujeito epistêmico no dispositivo da escuta analítica.

Resumos This paper discusses some collaborations and resistences of psychoanalysis to social gender-based violence, highlighting conflicts and tensions therein. It examines the notion of gender difference, according to Freud and Lacan, given its strategic position in psychoanalytic approaches to sexuation and LGBTQI+ subjectivities. Finally, the paper presents some theoretical vignettes from contemporary authors, organized into three axes aiming to: repositioning and/or overcoming the Oedipus Complex; deconstructing binary reasoning and working with the notion of open body; and problematizing the epistemic subject within the analytical listening.

Cet article discute certaines collaborations et résistances de la psychanalyse à la violence sociale de genre, en mettant en évidence les conflits et les tensions qui en découle. Il examine la notion de différence de sexes, selon Freud et Lacanétant donné sa position stratégique dans les approches psychanalytiques de la sexuation et des subjectivités LGBTQI+. Enfin, l'article présente quelques vignettes théoriques issues d'auteurs contemporains, en les organisant en trois axes qui visent, respectivement, à : repositionner et/ou dépasser l'Œdipe ; déconstruire le binarisme et travailler avec la notion de corps ouvert, et problématiser le sujet épistémique au sein de l'écoute analytique.

En este texto analizo algunas colaboraciones y resistencias del psicoanálisis a la violencia social de género, destacando conflictos y tensiones en el ámbito de sus prácticas. Reflexiono especialmente sobre la noción de diferencia de sexos, según Freud y Lacan, dada su posición estratégica en los enfoques psicoanalíticos de la sexuación y las subjetividades LGBTQI+. Presento algunas viñetas teóricas de autores contemporáneos, organizándolas en torno a tres ejes que tienen como objetivo, respectivamente: reposicionar y/o transponer el edipo; deconstruir el binarismo y pensar/clinicar con la noción de cuerpo abierto, y problematizar el sujeto epistémico en el dispositivo de la escucha analítica.

Lacan e o feminismo francês: a história de uma (não) relação / Lacan and French feminism: the story of a (non) relation / Lacan y el feminismo francés: la historia de una (no) relación / Lacan et le féminisme français: l´histoire d´un (non) rapport

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta as teorias empreendidas pelas feministas francesas dos anos 1970, notadamente a respeito do uso e da interpretação que fizeram da psicanálise lacaniana, assim como o que consideramos ter sido a postura epistemológica que Lacan adota nesse momento. Fortemente marcadas por Derrida e o pós-estruturalismo, Irigaray e Cixous tecem suas críticas ao arsenal teórico psicanalítico supostamente condizente com o modelo patriarcal, ao passo que concebem um tipo de escrita subversiva com aspirações políticas. Também nesse intuito, Montrelay e Kristeva pretendem oferecer uma sustentação teórica consistente com o movimento. Já Wittig, marcada pelo marxismo, lê os conceitos lacanianos como determinados pela mentalidade heterossexual enquanto regime político. Sustentamos que Lacan, atento ao entusiasmo feminista do período, opta por desenvolver sua teoria da sexuação e se dedica à formalização do aforismo "Não há relação sexual".

Abstract This paper presents French feminist theories of the 1970s, especially regarding the use and interpretation they have made of Lacanian psychoanalysis, such as what we consider to have been the epistemological attitude that Lacan adopted at that moment. Substantially influenced by Derrida and poststructuralism, Irigaray and Cixous make their criticisms of the theoretical psychoanalytic arsenal that supposedly matched the patriarchal model, while conceiving a kind of subversive writing with political aspirations. Also for this purpose, Montrelay and Kristeva offer a consistent theoretical support to this movement. Wittig, marked by Marxism, interprets Lacanian concepts as determined by heterosexual mentality as a political regime. We think that Lacan, attentive to the feminist enthusiasm of this period, chooses to develop his theory of sexuation and dedicates itself to the formalization of the aphorism "There is no sexual relation".

Resumen Este artículo pretende presentar las teorías emprendidas por las feministas francesas de los años 70, especialmente sobre el uso y la interpretación que hicieron del psicoanálisis lacaniano, así como lo que consideramos haber sido la postura epistemológica que Lacan adopta en ese entonces. Marcadas fuertemente por Derrida y el postestructuralismo, Irigaray y Cixous tejen sus críticas al arsenal teórico psicoanalítico supuestamente concordante con el modelo patriarcal, mientras que conciben un tipo de escritura subversiva con aspiraciones políticas. También en este propósito, Montrelay y Kristeva pretenden ofrecer una fundamentación teórica consistente en este movimiento. Wittig, marcada por el marxismo, considera los conceptos lacanianos determinados por la mentalidad heterosexual como régimen político. Sostenemos que Lacan, atento al entusiasmo feminista de ese período, opta por desarrollar su teoría de la sexuación y se dedica a la formalización del aforismo "No hay relación sexual".

Résumé Cet article vise à présenter les théories des féministes françaises des années 1970, notamment en ce qui concerne l'utilisation et l'interprétation de la psychanalyse lacanienne, ainsi que ce que nous considérons comme la position épistémologique adoptée par Lacan en ce moment. Fortement marquées par Derrida et le post-structuralisme, Irigaray et Cixous posent leurs critiques de l'arsenal théorique psychanalytique supposée correspondant au modèle patriarcal, tout en concevant une sorte d'écriture subversive avec des aspirations politiques. Aussi à cet effet, Montrelay et Kristeva ont l'intention d'offrir un soutien théorique cohérent à ce mouvement. Wittig, marqué par le marxisme, lit les concepts lacaniens tels que déterminés par la mentalité hétérosexuelle en tant que régime politique. Nous soutenons que Lacan, attentif à l'enthousiasme féministe de cette période, choisit de développer sa théorie de la sexuation et se consacre à la formalisation de l'aphorisme "Il n'y a pas de rapport sexuel".

Psychoanalysis and gender binarism: a debate in the light of lacanian sexuation / Psicanálise e binaridade de gênero: um debate à luz da sexuação lacaniana

RESUMO: Este artigo examina a crítica endereçada à psicanálise lacaniana de que seus desenvolvimentos teóricos a respeito da diferença sexual teriam se dado sob a regência da dinâmica que regula a binaridade de gênero. Pretendemos mostrar que a teoria da sexuação, através do recurso dos números e das subversões lógicas propostas, visa formalizar o aforismo "não há relação sexual", deduzido de incompatíveis regências fálicas e modalidades de gozo. Desta forma, Lacan não teria adotado a operação de opor termos binários, homem/mulher, mas se vertido ao que faz obstáculo entre eles, desviando-se da mecânica dicotômica preconizada pela norma heterossexual.

Abstract: This paper examines the criticism that the Lacanian theoretical developments about sexual difference would have taken place under the regency of the dynamics that regulate the gender binarism. We intend to show that the theory of sexuation, through the resources of numbers and logical subversions proposed, aims to formalize the aphorism "there is no sexual relation", deduced from incompatible phallic regencies and modalities of jouissance. In this way, Lacan would not have assumed the operation of opposing binary terms, male/female, but instead turned to the obstacle between them, diverging from the dichotomous mechanics that keep the heterosexual norm.

Relação entre desempenho neurocognitivo e composição corporal de homens e mulheres expostos a solventes orgânicos / Relación entre desempeño neurocognitivo y composición corporal de hombres y mujeres expuestos a solventes orgánicos / Relationship between neurocognitive performance and body composition of men and women exposed to organic solvents

Resumo Investigou-se o efeito dos solventes orgânicos sobre o desempenho neurocognitivo de homens e mulheres com e sem exposição crônica a solventes orgânicos, e verificou correlações entre o desempenho neurocognitivo e índices de composição corporal. Participaram 14 homens e 14 mulheres expostos e 14 homens e 14 mulheres não expostos. Utilizou-se o Trail Making Test (TMT) A e B, Figura Complexa de Rey (FCR), Cópia e Memória, questionário sociodemográfico e avaliação de bioimpedância. A comparação entre mulheres expostas e não expostas mostrou diferença significativa em todos os testes. A comparação entre os homens expostos e não expostos mostrou diferença significativa no TMT-A, FCR-Cópia, FCR-Memória. Contudo, na comparação entre homens e mulheres expostos os resultados não mostraram diferenças significantes. Já na correlação entre o desempenho neurocognitivo com índices de composição corpórea, as mulheres expostas apresentaram correlação significante entre FCR-Cópia com água corporal, peso, massa gorda, massa magra corporal. Os homens expostos apresentaram correlação significante entre o TMT-B com a Relação Cintura-Quadril e gordura visceral. No geral, os solventes orgânicos podem afetar o desempenho neurocognitivo e os efeitos da exposição crônica dependem da precisão do teste neurocognitivo e do índice de composição corpórea.

Resumen Se investigo el efecto de solventes orgánicos sobre el rendimiento neurocognitivo de hombres y mujeres con y sin exposición crónica a solventes orgánicos, además de verificar la correlación entre el rendimiento neurocognitivo y los índices de composición corporal. Participaron 14 hombres y 14 mujeres expuestas y 14 hombres y 14 mujeres no expuestas. Se utilizaron los siguientes tests: Trail Making Test (TMT) A y B, el test Figura Compleja de Rey (FCR; Copia y Memoria), cuestionario sociodemográfico y la evaluación de bioimpedancia. Hubo diferencia significativa entre las mujeres expuestas y las no expuestas, en todos los tests. La comparación de los hombres expuestos con los que no fueron expuestos mostró diferencia significativa en el TMT-A, FCR-Copia y FCR-Memoria. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas entre los sexos. Con relación a la comparación del rendimiento neurocognitivo con los índices de composición corporal, para las mujeres expuestas hubo correlación significativa entre la FCR-Copia y el agua, peso, masa corporal grasa y masa corporal magra. Para los hombres expuestos hubo correlación significativa entre la TMT-B y la relación cintura/cadera (RCC) y grasa visceral. En general, los solventes orgánicos pueden afectar el desempeño neurocognitivo y los efectos de la exposición crónica dependen de la precisión del test neurocognitivo y del índice de composición corporal.

Abstract It was investigate the effect of organic solvents on the neurocognitive performance of men and women with and without chronic exposure to organic solvents and verify correlations between neurocognitive performance and body composition indices. Participants included 14 men and 14 exposed women and 14 men and 14 unexposed women. The Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, the Rey Complex Figure (RCF; Copy and Memory), sociodemographic questionnaire, and bioimpedance evaluation were used. There was a significant difference between exposed and non-exposed women in all tests. Comparison between exposed and non-exposed men showed a significant difference in TMT-A, RCF-Copy, and RCF-Memory. However, there was no significant difference between sexes. Regarding the comparison between neurocognitive performance and body composition indices, for exposed women, there was a significant correlation between RCF- Copy and water, body weight, fat mass, and lean mass. Regarding the exposed men, there was a significant correlation between TMT-B and WHR (waist-hip ratio) and visceral fat. In general, organic solvents can affect neurocognitive performance and the effects of chronic exposure depend on the accuracy of the neurocognitive test and the body composition index.

Sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors among people with type two diabetes

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is associated with various risk factors, which accelerates the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The increased relative risk for CVD due to diabetes is greater in women than in men. Aims and objectives of this study were to study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes patients and to assess the sex differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes patients.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among the 500 adult (>15 years) patients of type 2 diabetes who attended Department of Medicine, SGRDIMSR, Amritsar and were assessed for the presence of various CVD risk factors and the prevalence of these was compared between both sexes.Results: The most prevalent CVD risk factor among 500 patients of type 2 DM was high HBA1C levels which was present in 67.2% of the study population. It was followed by obesity (which had prevalence of 66.2%), dyslipidaemia (i.e. high triglyceride levels - 64.8% and low HDL levels - 65.6%) and microalbuminuria along with macroalbuminuria (65.4%). Diabetic males had microalbuminuria (along with macroalbuminuria) as the most prevalent CVD risk factor (69.03%), followed by alcohol consumption (63.18%) and abnormal waist circumference (61%). On the other hand, the most prevalent CVD risk factor among female diabetics was high HBA1C (77.4%) followed by obesity (77.0%) and dyslipidaemia-hypertriglyceridemia (75.1%) and low HDL levels (70.5%).Conclusions: Cardiovascular risk factors were highly prevalent among patients with type 2 diabetes attending department of medicine, SGRDIMSR, Amritsar with different risk profiles among diabetic male and females. A gender-sensitive approach is required in planning interventions (counselling and treatment) to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetes.

Crown-Rump Length estimation of Human Fetuses by external surface area of Right Parietal bone.

Background: Despite enormous volume of research devoted to the skeletogenous and to the quantitative studies of the developing and mature skeleton, the growth of skull in respect to its surface area is still never been comprehensively studied. Since classical study of Streeter reported gestational age estimation from crown-rump length (CRL), numerous investigators have studied and reported various measures of fetal growth during pregnancy such as biparietal diameter, diaphyseal length of long bones and even cephalometric growth analysis. Present study was done in dried fetal skull bones by calculation of their external surface area and estimation of linear correlation with crown-rump length and hence determination of gestational age. Aim: To establish the correlation between the external surface area of right parietal bone and crown-rump length, to predict fetal age from crown-rump length and circulation of growth rate of right parietal bone. Material and methods: Fifty apparently normal fetuses ranging from 12 cm -42 cm CR length of both sexes were obtained from the Departmen of Obstetrics and Gynecology, of our native hospital. After measuring crown-rump length of each fetal skull after removing brain tissue via foramen magnum was then kept for maceration in running tap water. After complete maceration and separation of right parietal skull bone, measurement of external surface area of right parietal skull bone was obtained using wet cotton cloth, marker pen and graph paper. Results: The regression values were plotted in the graph and these values were found to cluster around the standard straight line and are in hand with the straight line indicating highly significant results. Conclusion: In the present study, CR length was estimated from external surface area of right parietal bone. A definite correlation was observed between external surface area of right parietal bone and CR length.

Controle postural em crianças nascidas a termo segundo a alberta infant motor scale: diferenças entre os sexos / Postural control in children born at term according to the alberta infant motor scale: comparison between sexes

Acquisitions and changes in the motor and cognitive development of boys and girls are related not only to existing biological differences between both sexes, but also to socio-economic, cultural and family factors OBJECTIVE: to investigate the differences between sexes in the acquisition of anti-gravitational postures METHODS: the participants in this study were 638 children born at term (324 males and 314 females), from 0 to 18 months, coming from Infant Education Schools in the south of Brazil. The Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) was used to evaluate motor performance RESULTS: most of the evaluated children showed normal motor performance for their age (69.7%), with nonlinear development and plateaus in postural acquisition from 15 months. There were not significant differences (p>0.05) in motor performance between boys and girls from 0 to 18 months CONCLUSION: motor development was similar between the sexes in the first months of life. However, throughout childhood, sociocultural differences and parents' practices seem to influence differently the process of motor acquisition and development of skills, since children are exposed to experiences in conformity with sex expectations...

As aquisições e mudanças no desenvolvimento motor e cognitivo de meninos e meninas não estão relacionadas apenas as diferenças biológicas existentes entre os sexos, mas também a fatores sócio econômicos, culturais e familiares OBJETIVO: investigar as diferenças entre os sexos nas aquisições posturais antigravitacionais MÉTODOS: participaram deste estudo, 638 crianças nascidas atermo, de 0 a 18 meses (324 meninos e 314 meninas), residentes no Sul do Brasil, provenientes de Escolas de Educação Infantil. A Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) foi utilizada para avaliar o desempenho motor RESULTADOS: a maioria das crianças avaliadas demonstrou desempenho motor normal para idade (69,7%), com desenvolvimento não linear e aparecimento de platôs nas aquisições posturais a partir dos 15 meses. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) entre o desempenho motor de meninos e meninas dos 0 aos 18 meses de idade CONCLUSÃO: o desenvolvimento motor foi semelhante entre os sexos nos primeiros anos de vida. Entretanto destaca-se que com o passar dos anos as diferenças sócio culturais e de práticas parentais exercem influências sobre o processo de aquisição e desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras, uma vez que, as crianças tem sido sendo expostas a experiências de acordo com as expectativas para cada gênero...

Sex Related Assessment and Differentiation of Atherogenic Risk Factors.

Aims: Atherosclerosis is latent precursor of clinical cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to assess modifiable and non-modifiable atherogenic risk factors in both sexes. Study Design: Cross sectional design. Place and Duration of Study: It was conducted at Exservicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS) Polyclinic, Sultanpur Lodhi, Kapurthala, Punjab, India from June, 2013 to Oct, 2013. Methodology: This study was undertaken to assess age, education, employment, socioeconomic status, physical activity, body mass index, dietary habits, family history, sleep, stress, dysglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia as determinants of atherogenic risk factors. The level of significance was defined by P<.05 with Chi Square test. Results: All patients (N=351) were divided into male (49.58%) and female (50.42%) cohorts. A statistically significant males (45.41%; P<.001) were found >65 years old and females (43.51%; P<.001) in 51-65 years. Males had significant higher literacy (55.19%; P<.001) and employment status (55.75%; P<.001). Females were reported with significant positive family history (40.12%; P<.01), stress (25.99%), sleep inadequacy (28.82%; P<.001), sedentary lifestyle (83.62%; P<.001), and vegetarianism (74.02%; P<.01). Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in females (19.78%) than males (14.95%). The higher prevalence of hypertension (females: 49.16%; males: 48.28%), obesity (females: 23.72%; males: 17.24%), dysglycaemia (females: 25.99%; males: 22.42%) was recorded in females; and dyslipidemia (males: 29.32%, females: 23.17%) in males. Conclusion: Females were reported with significantly higher frequencies of atherogenic risk factors which make them highly susceptible to cardiovascular events than males. Hence, sex should be considered to assess and differentiate atherogenic risk factors, and when health professionals recommend lifestyle modifications.

Le féminin et la différence des sexes / Femininity and the difference between the sexes / Lo femenino y las diferencias de género

L'être féminin ou masculin n'est pas seulement une affaire d'anatomie ou de biologie. Il est lié à la subjectivité, mais il porte aussi la marque d'une culture. Les rites et les mythes collectifs dont la fonction est de donner du sens à l'énigme du féminin et à ce qui différencie les sexes en témoignent avec force. Or que deviennent ces rites, dans lesquels chaque sujet s'implique singulièrement, face aux mutations culturelles? La pratique clinique auprès de sujets immigrés, confrontés à un monde nouveau, qui n'abrite plus les mêmes rites et les mêmes ancrages symboliques, est riche en enseignements. Je chercherai à démontrer, en prenant appui sur mon expérience orientée par la psychanalyse et basée sur l'écoute du sujet dans son articulation au lien social, que ces transformations de repères ne sont pas sans répercussions subjectives, surtout lorsque le sujet ne se réfère pas à d'autres repères ou modèles identificatoires lui permettant de se reconnaître dans sa condition d'être sexué et d'accepter sa différence...

Ser homem ou mulher não é apenas uma questão de anatomia ou biologia. Ela está relacionada com a subjetividade, mas também traz a marca de uma cultura. Testemunha disso são os rituais e mitos coletivos, cuja função é dar sentido ao mistério das mulheres e ao que diferencia os sexos. Mas o que acontece a estes ritos, nos quais cada sujeito está envolvido particularmente, face às mudanças culturais? A prática clínica com sujeitos imigrantes, confrontados a um mundo novo que já não oferece os mesmos ritos e as mesmas âncoras simbólicas, é instrutiva. Tentaremos mostrar, com base na experiência orientada pela psicanálise e baseada na escuta do sujeito em sua articulação com o laço social, que essas transformações trazem repercussões subjetivas, sobretudo quando o sujeito não se refere a outras referências ou modelos identificatórios que lhe permitam se reconhecer em sua condição de ser sexuado e aceitar suas diferenças...

Femininity and the difference between the sexes are examined in their relationship to subjectivity and to cultural constructions, the forms of which change depending on the time and place. These constructions, which each subject must appropriate in a singular way and according to his or her own history, represent a certain necessity. They allow us to give meaning to the enigma of sex. However, they can also expose us to the risks of a subjective collapse when they become detached from their symbolic support. I will try to show, relying on my experience oriented by psychoanalysis and based on listening the subject in his articulation of the social link that these transformations are not without subjective consequences, especially when the subject does not refer other benchmarks or role models that allow to recognize his status as a sexual being and to accept their differences...

Ser hombre o mujer no es sólo una cuestión de anatomía o biología. Está relacionado a la subjetividad, pero también lleva la marca de una cultura. Los rituales y mitos colectivos cuya función es dar sentido al misterio de la mujer y a lo que diferencia los sexos lo han demostrado vívidamente. Sin embargo ¿qué les ocurre a estos ritos, en los que cada sujeto está implicado singularmente, frente a los cambios culturales? La práctica clínica ejercida con sujetos inmigrantes, que se enfrentan a un mundo nuevo, un mundo que ya no les ofrece los mismos ritos ni los mismos anclajes simbólicos, es instructivo. Voy a tratar de demostrar, a partir de mi experiencia orientada por el psicoanálisis y basada en la escucha del sujeto en su articulación con el vínculo social, que esas transformaciones de anclajes tiene repercusiones subjetivas, especialmente cuando el sujeto no se refiere a otros anclajes o modelos de identificación que le permitirían reconocerse en su condición de ser sexuado y aceptar su diferencia...

A interpretação da diferença dos sexos: inferioridade, estranheza, variedade, igualdade / The interpretation of the difference between the sexes: inferiority, strangeness, variety, equality / La interpretación de la diferencia entre los sexos: inferioridad, extranñeza, variedad, igualdad

Até hoje, a constância da subordinação das mulheres, através das épocas e das sociedades, faz da diferença dos sexos um problema específico da relação com o outro. O estatuto social da mulher é efeito de um processo complexo que combina as constituições orgânicas (natureza) e sua transposição metafórica para construções culturais, com ambivalências e denegações dos desejos e das angústias mais profundas, ou seja, com as exigências de ordem social e de reprodução deste. São as transformações do espírito crítico e da emancipação cultural que livram do domínio efetivo original da natureza e restituem a diferença dos sexos às dimensões de uma variação da espécie. Esse processo só pode ser compreendido quando se recorre, entre outras disciplinas, à antropologia, à fisiologia, à sociologia, à psicanálise e à história...

Until today, the constancy of the subordination of women, through the ages and societies, makes the difference between the sexes a more specific problem when referring it to the relationship, one with another. The social status of women is the effect of a complex process that combines the organic constitutions (nature) and its metaphorical transposition to cultural constructions, with ambivalence anddegradation of desires anxieties deepen, in other words, with the demands of social order andreproduction of this demands. Are the transformations of critical spirit and cultural emancipation that which will bring about a domino effect restoring the natural balance of the sexes to the dimensions of a variation of the species.This process can only be understood when one uses, among other disciplines, anthropology, physiology, sociology, psychoanalysis and history....

Hasta ahora, la constancia de la subordinación de las mujeres a través de los siglos y de las sociedades, hace de la diferencia entre los sexos un problema específico de relación con el otro. El estatuto social de la mujer es el efecto de un proceso complejo que combina las constituciones orgánicas (la naturaleza) y su transposición metafórica a las construcciones culturales, con ambivalencias y renuncias de los deseos y angustias más profundos, es decir, con las exigencias de orden social y reproducción. Las transformaciones del espíritu crítico y de la emancipación cultural son las que libertan del dominio efectivo original de la naturaleza y restituyen la diferenciaentre los sexos a las dimensiones de una variación de la especie. Este proceso sólo se puede entender cuando se relaciona, entre otras disciplinas, con la antropología, con la fisiología, con la sociología, con el psicoanálisis y con la historia...

Jusque ici, la constance, à travers époques et sociétés, de la subordination des femmes fait de la différence des sexes un problème spécifique de la relation à l'autre. Le statut social de la femme est l'effet d'un processus complexe qui combine les constitutions organiques (nature), leur transposition métaphorique dans des constructions culturelles, avec les ambivalences et les dénis des désirs et des angoisses les plus profonds, enfin avec les exigences d'ordre social et de reproduction du même. Ce sont les transformations de l'esprit critique et de l'émancipation culturelle qui arrivent à dégager de l'emprise effective originelle de la nature et à restituer la différence des sexes aux dimensions d'une variation de l'espèce. Processus qui ne ‘peut être compris qu'en faisant appel, entre autres, à l'anthropologie, à la physiologie, à la sociologie, à la psychanalyse et à l'histoire…

Classe social e desigualdade de gênero no Brasil / Social class and gender inequality in Brazil / Classe sociale et inégalité des sexes au Brésil

This article investigates the hypothesis that gender inequality in income in Brazil is influenced by the social class context. Class order and occupational segregation act as relevant factors in gender inequality. The effect of social class on the gender wage gap, although less pronounced as compared to interactions between class and race, plays an important "moderating" role on gender disparity, particularly by accentuating the gap in the case of capitalists, managers, and holders of professional qualifications (as assets) and attenuating them in the case of ordinary workers. The study identifies sharp inequality in gender treatment that appears to supersede the inequality in access to valuable contexts and resources, representing a direct effect of gender.

Dans cet article, on cherche à savoir si l'inégalité de revenu selon le sexe au Brésil serait liée à l'appartenance à une classe sociale donnée. L'ordre de classe et la ségrégation professionnelle agissent comme d'importants facteurs médiateurs de l'inégalité selon le sexe. L'effet de la classe sociale sur les écarts selon le sexe, bien que moins aigu lorsqu'on le compare aux interactions entre classe et race, joue un rôle "modérateur" important sur l'inégalité de revenu selon le sexe, en particulier chez les détenteurs de capital, les cadres et ceux qui diposent d'actifs de qualification, dans le sens de leur approfondissement, et les travailleurs primaires, dans le sens de leur allègement. Dans cette étude, on constate une forte inégalité de traitement selon le sexe, qui semble prédominer sur les inégalités d'accès à de considérables contextes et ressources, ce qui représente un effet direct de l'appartenance à l'un des sexes.