La protesta social en ecuador en octubre 2019: entre la disputa de modelo, la judicialización y el reconocimiento

Este artículo presenta una perspectiva analítica y crítica sobre las protestas sociales vividas en Ecuador en octubre 2019, basada en la investigación de fuentes originales a las que la autora tuvo acceso como parlamentaria y coordinadora del Grupo Parlamentario de Derechos Humanos en el momento de estos acontecimientos y que permite situar los hechos en la visión de sus diversos actores tanto estatales como desde la sociedad. Analizamos sus contenidos, discursos y narrativas, el papel de las redes sociales y los medios digitales en dicha protesta. Reflexionamos sobre los indicadores de cohesión social versus la conflictividad y fractura en una sociedad como la ecuatoriana y las consecuencias negativas de la criminalización de la protesta, frente a la urgencia de atender a sus causas más estructurales y sus aportes críticos al modelo de desarrollo de la sociedad.

This article presents an analytical and critical perspective on the social protests experienced in Ecuador in October 2019. A perspective based on original sources to which the author had access as a parliamentarian and coordinator of the Human Rights parliamentary group at the time of these events and that allows place the facts in the perspective of its various actors, both state and from society. We analyze its contents, speeches and narratives, the role of social networks and digital media in that protest. We reflect on the indicators of social cohesion versus the conflict and fracture in a society like the Ecuadorian one; and, the negative consequences of the criminalization of protest in the face of the urgency of addressing its most structural causes and its critical contributions to the development model of society.

Preventive role of community-level social capital in the need for long-term care and impairment in instrumental activities of daily living: a multilevel analysis

BACKGROUND@#Individual-level social capital is an important determinant of older adults' long-term care needs; however, there is scant evidence regarding community-level social capital. Therefore, we investigated the association between community-level social capital and the prevalence of the need for long-term care among older adults.@*METHODS@#Between January and February 2018, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among all older adults (n = 13,558) aged 65 to 74 years in a rural municipality in Japan (total population, n = 72,833). A self-reported questionnaire was used to identify community-level social capital, comprising civic participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios of the need for long-term care and a decline in social activity competence as assessed by instrumental activities of daily living. For the analysis, the community levels were divided into 76 voting districts and adjusted for daily life, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, health conditions, and the three social capital subscale scores at the individual level.@*RESULTS@#After adjusting for the covariates, we observed a tendency that a higher community level of reciprocity was associated with a lower prevalence of long-term care needs (OR: 0.86, 95% confidence interval: 0.75-1.00), whereas a high community level of social cohesion was associated with a significantly reduced decline in instrumental activities of daily living (OR per standard deviation increase: 0.87, 95% confidence interval: 0.79-0.96). No significant association was found with civic participation. Similarly, individual-level social capital was associated with the need for long-term care and decline in instrumental activities of daily living.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our findings suggest that good community-level reciprocity or social cohesion as well as good individual social capital status may help prevent the need for long-term care among older adults.

Social and personal control, legitimacy of authorities, and social cohesion as protective factors of anti-sociality in adolescents / Control social y personal, legitimidad de las autoridades y cohesión social como factores protectores de la conducta antisocial en adolescentes

Abstract Law can shape individual and social behavior in different ways including through perceived control and legitimacy of authorities. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether legitimacy of authorities, social and personal control, and social cohesion influence antisocial behaviors in juvenile offenders. The study, included a sample of two hundred juvenile offenders in Mexico, used structural equation modeling to test the relationship between the perception of just treatment by police and judges (i.e., legitimacy) and social and personal control and outcomes of antisocial behaviors and tendencies (self-report and probability of antisocial behavior as well as reports of peer antisocial behavior). Results indicate legitimacy of authorities and personal control had a negative effect while social control showed a positive effect on these behaviors. Social cohesion had a positive effect on social control. Our results suggest that legitimacy of authorities and personal control act as protective factors against antisocial behaviors whereas, contrary to the expected results, social control may be a risk factor. This research highlights the importance of preventative protective efforts in juvenile offenders such as just treatment and development of personal control rather than the use of punitive processes. In this sense, it is important to consider alternatives for judicial involvement and punishment such as community programs as well as cognitive and emotional prevention and intervention efforts to reduce antisocial behaviors. Programs such as the Reasoning and Rehabilitation Program, other cognitive skill interventions as well as developmental prevention programs have shown efficacy.

Resumen La ley puede modelar la conducta de diferentes maneras, consecuentemente, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de la legitimidad, el control social y personal, y la cohesión social en la conducta antisocial de jóvenes infractores. Doscientos menores infractores en México contestaron un cuestionario realizado para este estudio. Los datos fueron analizados a través de ecuaciones estructurales. Cuatro factores fueron especificados: Legitimidad de las autoridades, relacionada con la percepción de tratamiento justo por parte de policías y jueces. Disuasión y norma social conformaron la variable de control social. Orientación al futuro, normas personales y autodeterminación integraron la variable de control personal. La variable conducta antisocial resultó del autoreporte respecto a la conducta antisocial y la probabilidad de conducta antisocial, y del reporte de la conducta antisocial de los amigos. Los resultados indicaron un efecto negativo de la legitimidad y el control personal y uno positivo del control social en la conducta antisocial. La cohesión social tuvo un efecto positivo en el control social. Contrario a lo esperado el control social tuvo un efecto positivo en la conducta antisocial. Por lo tanto, se deben considerar alternativas al "tratamiento" en internamiento (cárcel), ya que la disuasión y el castigo no producen los efectos esperados de retraer a los adolescentes de que cometan delitos. La alternativa pudiera ser los programas de tratamiento comunitarios, así como programas de prevención e intervención que contemplen aspectos emocionales y cognitivos.

Comunicación y cohesión en familias de adolescentes que interrumpen el embarazo en Cienfuegos / Communication and cohesion in families of adolescents who interrupt pregnancy in Cienfuegos city

RESUMEN Fundamento: La comunicación y cohesión constituyen categorías fundamentales en la dinámica de las familias con hijas adolescentes embarazadas. Objetivo: Determinar el tipo de comunicación y cohesión en familias de adolescentes que interrumpen el embarazo. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 40 adolescentes embarazadas y sus familiares. Se aplicaron las siguientes técnicas: Escala valorativa, test de percepción de funcionamiento familiar, subescala de cohesión familiar y escudo familiar; además de una entrevista semiestructurada a familiares de las adolescentes. Se incluyeron las variables: sociodemográficas, comunicación familiar y cohesión. Resultados: Predominaron las edades de 16 y 18 años, el nivel medio superior de escolaridad, ocupación estudiante, unión consensual, procedencia urbana, sin hijos, ni antecedentes de embarazos anteriores, el 57.5 % de las adolescentes y el 65 % de sus familiares consideraron regular la comunicación familiar, 62.5 % de las adolescentes percibieron cohesión intermedia en sus familias, resultados cercanos al 57.5 % de sus familiares. Conclusiones: Las adolescentes se encontraban en la etapa tardía, eran estudiantes, mantenían unión consensual con sus parejas, no tenían hijos, ni embarazos anteriores. En las familias de las adolescentes que interrumpieron el embarazo la comunicación fue regular y valoraron como intermedia la cohesión.

ABSTRACT Background: Communication and cohesion constitute fundamental categories in the dynamics of families with pregnant teenage daughters. Objective: to determine the type of communication and cohesion in families of adolescents who interrupt the pregnancy. Methodology: A descriptive observational study was carried out in 40 adolescent pregnant women and their families. The following techniques were applied: Assessment scale, test of perception of family functioning, subscale of family cohesion and family coat of arms; besides the semi-structured interview with relatives of the adolescents, other variables were included like: sociodemographic, family communication and cohesion. Results: The ages of 16 and 18 predominated, the upper middle level of schooling, student occupation, consensual union, urban origin, no children, no history of previous pregnancies, 57.5 % of adolescents and 65 % of their relatives considered regulate family communication, 62.5 % of adolescents perceived intermediate cohesion in their families, results close to 57.5 % of their relatives. Conclusions: The adolescents were in the late stage, they were students, they maintained consensual union with their partners, they had no children, nor previous pregnancies. In the families of the adolescents who terminated their pregnancies, communication was regular and they rated cohesion as intermediate.

A saúde pública para além do debate entre direito e meritocracia / Public health beyond the debate between law and meritocracy

Este artigo discute a ressignificação de parte da saúde pública a partir da realidade posta pela COVID-19. Na primeira parte, é tratada a evolução da concepção da saúde como um direito, inserido no âmbito da seguridade social, em diversos países, desde o final do século XIX. Na segunda, são apontadas as críticas do pensamento neoliberal aos gastos públicos com a saúde, desde a crise dos anos 1970. Já na terceira, apresentamos os argumentos que nos levam a defender que parte da saúde pública pode estar sendo ressignificada, para além do direito cidadão ou meritocrático. Entre esses argumentos, destacamos que, a crise econômica e sanitária que acompanhou o avanço da COVID-19, ao deixar claro que esta não será a última pandemia que iremos enfrentar, recolocou a saúde pública no centro da discussão, mas agora como elemento chave para a garantia da soberania nacional e da coesão social, essenciais à continuidade do processo de acumulação na mundialização do capital. Para isso, foi feita revisão da literatura de textos que colocam o acesso à saúde a partir de uma perspectiva histórica crítica e acompanhamento dos desdobramentos da crise sanitária decorrente da COVID-19

This article discusses the redefinition of a portion of public health policies in view of the new reality established by COVID-19. The first part deals with the evolution of the concept of health as a right since the end of the 19th century, within the scope of social security in several countries. The second part discusses the criticisms made by neoliberal thinking to public spending on health kicked off by the 1970s crisis. In the third part, we defend that part of public health may be in the process of being reframed, beyond the concepts of civil rights or meritocracy. Among these arguments, we highlight that, by making it clear that this will not be the last pandemic we will face, the economic and health crisis that accompanied the advance of COVID-19 has brought back public health at the center of the discussion, now placed as a key element for the guarantee of national sovereignty and social cohesion. These are essential for the continuity of the accumulation process with the globalization of capital. To this end, this article presents a literature review that analyzes both the access to healthcare from a critical historical perspective and the monitoring of the consequences of the health crisis resulting from COVID-19

Family Functioning of Adolescents with Congenital Cardiopathy in a Sample from Public Schools in Porto Alegre - RS

Abstract Background The impact of chronic diseases on the patient and the family ranges from minimal to severe distress. Family functioning has been often investigated as a psychosocial measure having an essential role for social adjustment in chronic diseases. Objectives To compare family functioning among families of adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) and healthy controls (H) in relation to cohesion, adaptability, and family risk. Method Cross-sectional exposed-control study with 2 groups of adolescents (12 -18 years). The exposed group included adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD), from a specialized public health system hospital (SUS), and adolescents from 7 public schools, considered healthy, composed the control group. In the hospital, the data collection was individual, before the medical consultation. In schools, the collection took place in groups. Adolescents and parents responded to the FACES III scale. The following statistical tests were used: Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's test, T-test for independent samples, Poisson multivariate regression analysis with 95% reliability, significance established at 5% and a statistical power at 99% (ß = 0.01). Results A total of 161 (41.6%) adolescents with CHD and 226 (58.4%) healthy adolescents participated. There was greater family cohesion among adolescents with CHD, with a higher frequency of connected families, while among healthy adolescents, there are more families of the disengaged type. Regarding adaptability, a higher proportion of families of the chaotic type were found among healthy adolescents compared to adolescents with CHD. A higher frequency of high-risk families was identified among healthy adolescents (16.8%). Conclusion The families of the adolescents with CHD have a more balanced functioning and low risk when compared to the families of healthy adolescents; with greater cohesion between the members and greater adaptability. Congenital heart disease was not an independent factor for high-risk family. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).

Relationship between social capital and the experience of dental carie: systematic review and meta-analysis / Relação entre o capital social e a experiência da cárie dentária: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT Objective Understanding the individual and collective behavior of individuals about their oral health conditions is important to prevent and control of dental caries. This study aimed to seek evidence of the relationship between social capital and caries experience. Methods Using a systematic review with meta-analysis, we searched articles in PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, LILACS, IBECS, BBO, SCIELO, The Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases. Studies with humans, of all ages and languages, published until July 2019, which related social capital to the caries experience, were included in this review. Results We identified 1163 articles evaluated considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, leaving 5 articles selected to compose the study sample, and only 3 included in the meta-analysis. In the final analysis p value was significant (p <0.001), showing that both social cohesion and neighborhood empowerment are associated with the caries experience. In the random model, the individual has 2.39 chances of not having the caries disease. The results reinforce the importance of community social capital in the caries experience of individuals. Conclusions The high level of community social capital is directly related to lower caries experience rates.

RESUMO Objetivo A compreensão do o padrão de comportamento dos indivíduos no nível individual e coletivo frente às suas condições de saúde bucal é de importância inequívoca para prevenção e controle da cárie dentária. Nesta perspectiva o objetivo deste estudo foi buscar evidências da relação entre o capital social e a experiência de cárie. Métodos Utilizando como método revisão sistemática com meta-análise, foram pesquisados artigos nas bases de dados PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, LILACS, IBECS, BBO, SciELO, The Cochrane Library e MEDLINE. Estudos com humanos, de todas as idades e línguas, publicados até julho de 2019, que relacionaram o capital social com a experiência de cárie, foram incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados Foram identificados 1163 artigos, que passaram por avaliação sob critérios de inclusão e exclusão, restando 5 artigos selecionados para compor a amostra do estudo, sendo apenas 3 incluídos na meta-análise. Na análise final o p-valor foi significativo (<0,001), mostrando que tanto a coesão social como o empoderamento de vizinhança estão associados com a experiência de cárie. No modelo randômico foi constatado que o indivíduo tem 2,39 chances de não ter a doença cárie. Os resultados do estudo reforçam a importância do capital social comunitário na experiência de cárie dos indivíduos. Conclusão O alto nível de capital social comunitário tem relação direta com menores índices de experiência de cárie nos indivíduos.

Aproximación a la cohesión social y su relación con la mortalidad evitable en la niñez de Chiapas, México, 2015 / Approximation to the social cohesion and its relation with the avoidable mortality in Chiapas's childhood, Mexico, 2015

RESUMEN. Objetivo: Relacionar los datos de la tasa de mortalidad en la niñez por diarrea y gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso o TMN A(090-099) con el Grado de Cohesión Social (GCS). Métodos: Es un estudio transversal y ecológico para el año 2015. La TMN A(090-099) municipal se calculó con los registros de defunciones del Sistema Nacional en Información en Salud (SINAIS). La aproximación hacia la cohesión social se hizo con base en el Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) a través del grado de cohesión social (GCS) municipal. Se calculó una correlación bivariada con la prueba de significancia de Spearman. Se obtuvo la correlación entre la TMN A(090-099) y el GCS. También se hizo un modelo: TMN A(090-099) variable dependiente confrontada con el GCS, el índice de Gini, el índice de rezago social y la no derecho habiencia. Resultados: Existe relación negativa entre el GCS y la TMN A(090-099), con significancia pero débilmente correlacionadas (- 0.320**); la hipótesis se acepta con reservas. El modelo presenta correlación moderada y positiva (R=0.554), la R cuadrada sugiere que el modelo explica casi el 27 % de los casos y el valor Durbin-Watson sugiere que el modelo cubre casi 90 % de los casos estudiados. Discusión: La cohesión social en Chiapas es muy tenue al hacer la aproximación que trató este trabajo. Los datos dan cuenta de que existen municipios con muy alta TMN A(090-099) y baja cohesión social, además de alto grado de rezago social; este escenario predomina, pero es necesario replantear la utilidad del abordaje cualitativo como recomendación encontrada en la literatura.

ABSTRAC. Objective: To relate the information of the childhood rate of mortality due to diarrhea and gastroenteritis of supposed infectious origin or TMN A(090-099) with the social cohesion degree (GCS). Methods: It is a transverse and ecological study for the year 2015. The municipal TMN A(090-099) was calculated with the National System in Health Information (SINAIS) deaths records. The approximation towards the social cohesion was done with the National Council for the Evaluation of the Social Development Policy (CONEVAL) through the municipal Social Cohesion Degree (GCS). A bivariate correlation was calculated with Spearman test. The correlation between the TMN A(090-099) and the GCS was obtained. Also a model was calculated: TMN A(090-099) as the dependent variable confronted with the GCS, Gini's index, social blacklog index and the lack of medical services. Results: A negative relation between the GCS and the TMN TO (090-099) was found, with significant but weakly correlation (-0.320 **); the hypothesis is accepted with reservations. The model presents moderate and positive correlation (R=0.554), the square R suggests that the model explains almost 27 % of the cases, and the Durbin-Watson value suggests that the model covers almost 90 % of the studied cases. Discussion: The social cohesion in Chiapas is very subdued. There are municipalities with very high TMN A(090-099) and lower social cohesion degree besides high social backlog degree; this scene prevails, but is necessary to restate the usefulness of the qualitative boarding as recommendation found in social cohesion literature.

Validación de un Instrumento de Cohesión Vecinal para la Ciudad de México / Validation of a Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument in Mexico City

Resumen La cohesión vecinal podría ser un constructo tanto multidimensional como de un solo factor, según la población que se mida; sin embargo, su operacionalización se ha realizado en culturas individualistas o con economías de altos ingresos. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este trabajo fueron conocer la estructura factorial de la cohesión vecinal en una población colectivista y comprobar su consistencia interna global y por factor. Se aplicó de manera individual una escala de auto-reporte tipo Likert con 48 reactivos a 513 habitantes de la Ciudad de México con edades entre 15 y 78 años, que residían en colonias de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Un análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó una estructura organizada en tres factores que explican el 54% de la varianza (α = .91), lo cual se corroboró con un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se concluye que, en la versión adaptada del Instrumento de Cohesión Vecinal, se valida el modelo de tres factores (sentido de comunidad, atracción al vecindario y relaciones vecinales), y se comprueba una consistencia interna global excelente y buena para sus factores. Se sugiere el uso y baremación de esta escala en México.

Abstract Neighborhood cohesion comprises three elements: Sense of community, neighboring, and attraction to neighborhood. This theoretical structure has not always been found in empirical research and it has only been tested in individualistic cultures or in high economy countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain the factorial structure of neighborhood cohesion among a collectivist population. To achieve this, a total sample of 513 residents of Mexico City was obtained; participants lived in neighborhoods with different income levels and had ages from 15 to 78 years old. Participants individually answered a self-report neighborhood cohesion instrument with a Likert scale response format that ranged from one (totally disagree) to five (totally agree). The instrument was previously translated to Spanish from the English original version and then adapted to the intended population. The sample was divided into two randomized sub-samples in order to conduct separated analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted with the first sub-sample (n = 240), and it displayed a three-factor structure of neighborhood cohesion that explained 54% of the total variance with high internal consistency (α = .91). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with the second sub-sample (n = 273); a three-factor model showed better fit indexes compared with a one factor model. Also, a modification search was conducted to obtain a model with better fit, resulting in the removal of some items. In conclusion, through the adapted version of the Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument the three-factor model is validated (sense of community, attraction to neighborhood and relations with neighbors) along with an excellent global internal consistency and good for each factor. The use of this scale in Mexico is recommended, as well as obtaining norms for this population.

Are Value Preferences and Social Cohesion Interconnected? The Case of Mexico / ¿Están Conectadas las Preferencias de Valores y la Cohesión Social? El Caso de México

Abstract Social cohesion, the modern version of the fraternité motto of the French revolution, has become a hot social science topic. The paper addresses it from a social-psychological perspective, asking whether individually and societally prevailing value preferences are interconnected with the level of cohesion in society. Mexico serves as the case to examine whether findings for European countries, obtained in the Bertelsmann Social Cohesion Radar, can be generalized to Latin America. Is it true also in Mexico that strong self-transcendence values (Universalism) foster social cohesion, whereas strong self-enhancement values (Power) impede it? A large random probability quota sample (N = 2,003) was gathered to answer the research question. Results showed that, largely, findings from Europe could be generalized to the Mexican context. However, the role of Security values emerged as different. Whereas in Europe such value preferences covaried with low levels of cohesion, in Mexico they were generally associated with higher levels. The authors interpret this as evidence for negative consequences of neoliberal economic policies for social cohesion. Unlike in Europe, strong support for Security values seems to serve as a safeguard against capitalist economic pressures more so than being a sign for an egoistic preservation of one's own lot.

Resumen La cohesión social, versión moderna del lema fraternité de la revolución francesa, se ha vuelto un tópico relevante en la ciencia social. Este trabajo aborda el tema desde una perspectiva socio-psicológica, preguntándose si preferencias en valores individuales o sociales están relacionadas con el nivel de cohesión en la sociedad. México funciona como punto de comparación para ver si los hallazgos en países europeos, obtenidos del Radar de Cohesión Social Bertelsmann, pueden ser generalizados a América Latina. ¿Será también verdad que en México fuertes valores de auto-trascendencia (universalismo) fomentan la cohesión social, mientras que fuertes valores de auto-promoción (poder) la impiden? Una muestra aleatoria probabilística por cuotas (N=2003) se utilizó para contestar la pregunta de investigación. Los resultados muestran que, en su mayoría, los resultados de Europa podrían ser generalizados al contexto mexicano. Sin embargo, el rol de los valores de conservación resultó ser diferente. Mientras que en Europa dichas preferencias en valores covarían con bajos niveles de cohesión, en México están asociadas con altos niveles. Los autores interpretan esto como evidencia de las consecuencias ne-gativas de las políticas neoliberales económicas para la cohesión social. A diferencia de Europa, un fuerte apoyo a los valores de conservación parece servir como factor de protección ante las presiones capitalistas económicas más allá de ser una señal de tendencias egoístas de preservación hacia lo que uno tiene.

Social Cohesion Process in Dabeiba and Nariño, two Returned Municipalities, in Antioquia, Colombia / Proceso de cohesión social en dos poblaciones retornadas en el departamento de antioquia (colombia), dabeiba y nariño

Resumen El desplazamiento forzado tiene consecuencias negativas en la familia y los vínculos sociales. En este sentido, esta investigación analiza dos experiencias de retorno de personas desplazadas, en los municipios Dabeida y Nariño (Antioquia-Colombia). El objetivo de la investigación fue explorar, desde una perspectiva psicosocial, los procesos de cohesión social y la construcción de comunidad. Para tal efecto se realizaron grupos focales y entrevistas semiestructuradas a miembros de las comunidades, y la información recolectada se analizó desde el enfoque del interaccionismo simbólico. A partir de los hallazgos se concluye que se requiere de un acompañamiento interdisciplinar, sistemático y articulado a las poblaciones que retornan después de una experiencia de desplazamiento forzado, que posibilite procesos de autonomía social; así como espacios adecuados para que estas comunidades potencialicen su capacidad de trabajo colectivo y de liderazgo. Además, se evidenció la necesidad de que, en el marco de las políticas de retorno y/o reubicación, se desarrollen propuestas diferenciales para grupos específicos dentro de las víctimas del desplazamiento forzado como niños, mujeres y adultos mayores.

Abstract Forced displacement has negative effects on people's life, their families and community networks. In this sense, this research analyzes two returning experiences of people who have being subjected to forced displacement, one in the municipality of Dabeiba and the other one in the municipality of Nariño, both located in Antioquia, Colombia. The objective of this research is to explore, from a psychosocial perspective, issues like social cohesion and community building. To this end, focal groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted to the community members, and data collection was analyzed from the symbolic interactionism approach. This study concludes that communities that return to their residential areas after forced displacement, requires interdisciplinary, systematic and articulated assistance that make possible social autonomy processes, as well as adequate spaces to enhance their capacity for collective work and leadership. In addition, there was a need to carry out differential proposals within the framework of return and / or relocation policies, for specific groups who have been victims of forced displacement, such as children, women and elderly people.

Role ambiguity, group cohesion and job satisfaction: A Demands-Resources Model (JD-R) Study from Mexico and Spain / Ambigüedad de rol, cohesión grupal y satisfacción laboral: un estudio con el modelo demandas y recursos laborales (JD-R) en México y España

Abstract In line with the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, this paper studies the rela tionship between role ambiguity (Demand) and group cohesion (Resource) to predict job satisfaction. This study was carried out at the same multinational company in Mexico and Spain (N= 537), where blue-collar workers are organized in work groups. It is hypothesized that high levels of role ambiguity are related to low job satisfaction whereas positive high levels of group cohesion are related to high job satisfaction. In addition, it is posited that group cohesion could buffer the relationship between role ambiguity and job satisfaction. Results confirm the JD-R theory with regard to direct effects. Moderating effects have been found in both countries but, contrary to the hypotheses, since these strengthen the negative effect of role ambiguity on job satisfaction. These results are relevant since nowadays, organizations need to deal with increas ingly higher levels of ambiguity. The results are also being commented from a cross-cultural research perspective.

Resumen Siguiendo la teoria de las demandas-recursos laborales, este trabajo estudia las relaciones entre la ambigüedad de rol (demanda), y la cohesión grupal (recurso) para predecir la satisfacciön. El estudio se ha realizado en la misma multinacional en México y en España (N = 537), donde los operarios trabajan en grupos. Las hipötesis plantean que los altos niveles de ambigüedad de rol se relacionarán con una baja satisfacciön laboral, mientras que altos niveles de cohesión grupal estarán relacionados con una elevada satisfacciön laboral en ambos países. Además, se plantea que la cohesión grupal amortiguará la relaciön entre la ambigüedad de rol y la satisfacciön. Los resultados confirman la teoría demandas-recursos en relaciön con los efectos directos. También se han encontrado efectos moduladores en los dos pa ses, aunque en contra de las hipötesis, pues potencian el efecto negativo de la ambigüedad en la satisfacciön. Estos resultados pueden ser relevantes para las organizaciones actuales dado el creciente nivel de ambigüedad. Los resultados tambien se comentan desde la perspectiva de la investigaciön transcultural.

¿Qué sucede en las comunidades cuando se cierra la escuela rural? Un análisis psicosocial de la política de cierre de las escuelas rurales en Chile / What happens in rural communities when school is closed? A psychosocial analysis about policy of closing rural schools in Chile

El cierre de escuelas municipales rurales en Chile es un fenómeno que cobra relevancia en los últimos años. Este ha dejado de constituirse como un conjunto de decisiones aisladas, materializándose como una política escasamente estudiada. Con los objetivos de analizar y comprender los procesos psicosociales que emergen a nivel de comunidad local y escolar cuando se cierra una escuela municipal rural, se desarrolla una investigación cualitativa con un diseño cuasi etnográfico, en dos comunidades rurales del sur de Chile cuyas escuelas fueron cerradas luego del terremoto del 2010. Los resultados muestran que el cierre de la escuela en comunidades rurales afecta la cohesión social a distintos niveles, en lo cual las formas en que los cierres se producen adquieren influencia.

The closure of rural municipal schools in Chile is a phenomenon that becomes relevant in recent years. These decisions have ceased to be isolated, materializing as a policy that has been poorly studied. With the objective to analyze and understand the psychosocial processes that emerge at the level of local community and school when closing a rural school, develops a qualitative research with quasi ethnographic in two rural communities in the south of Chile, where the schools were closed after the earthquake in 2010. The results of the research suggest that the closure or schools in rural contexts affect the social cohesion at different levels, where the particularly way of the closure happens is very important.

Erradicación de la pobreza y calidad en la salud: elementos indispensables para alcanzarla cohesión social en Colombia / Eradication of poverty and quality in health: essential elements to achieve social cohesion in Colombia

Colombia ha sido recientemente definida como uno de los países con mayor inequidad, marcada con desigualdades y brechas socioeconómicas muy amplias, situación que exige que urgentemente se busquen herramientas de cohesión social, que permitan mejorar la calidad de vida de la población, y que a la vez, permitan enfrentar los retos de la globalización, mediante la integración a un mundo que cada vez es más heterogéneo. En este contexto, la cohesión social es relevante y se determina como el diálogo constante entre la exclusión y la inclusión social, determinada por características particulares como el empleo, el bienestar y la salud, entre otros aspectos, que dan cuenta de una adecuada calidad de vida para los individuos, de forma que se sienta una pertenencia a la sociedad. Frente a esta necesidad, se requiere que los países se preocupen por hacer valer los principios de equidad, desarrollo social, gobernabilidad y Estado Social de derecho. En consonancia con loa anterior, en este artículo se hace una revisión sistemática sobre la incidencia de la pobreza como factor de riesgo en la calidad de la salud, especialmente referida a la desnutrición, como elementos que deben ser mejorados para empezar a pensar en cohesión social. Surge como antecedentes en el desarrollo del proyecto de investigación “Intervención de la pobreza mediante la aplicación de un modelo de emprendimiento”.

Colombia has recently been defined as one of the countries with great inequity, marked with inequalities and very extensive socioeconomic gaps, a situation that requires to urgently look for tools of social cohesion that allow Colombians to improve the quality of life for the population and, at the same time, to meet the challenges of globalization, through the integration to a world that is becoming increasingly heterogeneous. Within this context, social cohesion is relevant and is determined as the constant dialog between the exclusion and social inclusion, as determined by particular characteristics such as employment, welfare, and health among others that give an account of an adequate quality of life for individuals, so that there is a feeling of belonging to society. In response to this need, it is required that the countries worry about upholding the principles of equity, social development, governance, and a social state of law. Consequently, this article makes a systematic review of the incidence of poverty as a risk factor in the quality of health care, especially referring to malnutrition, as an item that should be improved to start thinking about social cohesion. It arises from the search for background on the development of the research project "Intervention of poverty through the application of a model of entrepreneurship".

O caminho dos cantos: morar e intersetorialidade na sáude mental / The songlines: housing and intersectoriality in mental health

Na socialização ativa da saúde mental os serviços socio-sanitários procuram ativar a integração das instituições com as redes sociais e os profissionais estimulam a coesão social, sustentam as redes informais: o metodo do processo é a intersetorialidade. Nesta perspectiva os objetivos das residências terapêuticas ultrapassam a idéia tradicional da reabilitação: os usuários tornam-se gerentes responsáveis dos próprios projetos terapêuticos, exercitam um poder contratual. Mas as residências terapêuticas deveriam também produzir saúde para a comunidade, afirmando o papel dos cidadãos em promover saúde, agregando ênfase nos recursos das pessoas, mais do que nas insuficiências deles.

They are two kinds of mental health services. The first tends to focus on geographic areas: it's called "passive administration". The second tends to focus on functional method: it's called "active socialization". His activities strengthen the integration between different sections of the institutions and between institutions and social networks, develop human resources, stimulate social cohesion. The objective of this process is to make the community competent and protagonist of own health. Supported housing could represent one of the example of this process: they remove institutional processes that may create dependency and, through reciprocal relationships and mutual support networks, can be of more value to self-esteem and recovery.