Effect of Xielitang on TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α Signaling Pathway in Mice with Ulcerative Colitis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the protective effect of Xielitang on ulcerative colitis （UC） mice induced by dextran sodium sulfate （DSS） and its possible mechanism. MethodSixty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， sulfasalazine group and and low-， medium-， and high-dose Xielitang groups. Free drinking DSS solution to build the chronic UC model mice. Except for normal group， other groups were given 1.5% DSS for 3 cycles of drinking （days 1-7， days 22-28 and days 43-49） and distilled water for the rest of the time （days 8-21， days 29-42 and days 50-63）. After the first cycle， corresponding drugs were given for 42 days. The changes of general condition， body weight and disease activity index （DAI） score of mice were daily recorded during the experiment. At the end of the treatment， serum and colon tissue samples were collected， colon length was measured， intestinal weight index and colonic mucosal injury （CMDI） score were calculated. The pathological status of colon tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-10 （IL-10） and tumour necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The gene and protein expressions of Toll like receptor 4 （TLR4）， nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB） and hypoxia inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） in colon tissue was detected by Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot. ResultCompared with the normal group， the body weight， colon length and IL-10 content in the model group were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， DAI score， intestinal weight index， CMDI score， IL-6 and TNF-α contents， and mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4， NF-κB and HIF-1α in the model group were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Moreover， the structure of colonic mucosa was destroyed and inflammatory cells infiltrated in the model group. Compared with model group， body weight， colon length and IL-10 content in each dose group of Xielitang were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， DAI score， intestinal weight index and CMDI score， IL-6 and TNF-α contents， mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4， NF-κB and HIF-1α were notably decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The pathological injury of colon was obviously alleviated. ConclusionXielitang can significantly improve the inflammatory response of UC mice induced by DSS， and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

The therapeutic effect of human thioredoxin on ulcerative colitis in mice / 药学学报

This study was designed to obtain recombinant human thioredoxin (rhTXN) by gene cloning and prokaryotic expression, and evaluated its therapeutic effect in the mouse ulcerative colitis (UC) model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The human thioredoxin gene TXN was cloned from the cDNA of Jurkat cells. The recombinant expression plasmid pCold TF-rhTXN was constructed by restriction enzyme digestion. After expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3), recombinant human thioredoxin was purified by a nickel column. Intact rhTXN recombinant protein was obtained after removal of the fusion partner-tag by enzyme digestion and the activity of disulfide reductase was detected by the insulin reduction method. The animal experiments in this study were performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethical Review Committee of Nanjing University. Experiment ulcerative colitis was induced by providing mice with sterilized drinking water which contained 3% DSS. rhTXN was injected intraperitoneally. The therapeutic effect was studied by weight change, colon length and HE (hematoxylin and eosin) stained sections. In vivo imaging was used to study the targeting of rhTXN to DSS mice. The GSE107499 data set of GEO database was used to screen the hub genes at the lesional sites of UC and study the correlation with TXN. The experimental results showed that rhTXN was successfully expressed and purified with disulfide reductase activity. rhTXN (100 μg·kg-1) had a significant therapeutic effect on maintaining the weight change of mice (P = 0.000 5) and reducing intestinal injury (P < 0.000 1), and had a colon targeting effect on DSS mice. In GSE107499 data set, TXN in inflammatory sites of UC patients was significantly down regulated (P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with hub gene CD40 (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with hub gene fibronectin 1 (FN1) (P < 0.01). In this study, biologically active rhTXN was successfully prepared and proved to have a promising therapeutic effect on the DSS mouse model, and TXN gene was significantly correlated with the UC hub genes CD40 and FN1.

miR-7/TGF-β2 axis sustains acidic tumor microenvironment-induced lung cancer metastasis

Acidosis, regardless of hypoxia involvement, is recognized as a chronic and harsh tumor microenvironment (TME) that educates malignant cells to thrive and metastasize. Although overwhelming evidence supports an acidic environment as a driver or ubiquitous hallmark of cancer progression, the unrevealed core mechanisms underlying the direct effect of acidification on tumorigenesis have hindered the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and clinical therapy. Here, chemical-induced and transgenic mouse models for colon, liver and lung cancer were established, respectively. miR-7 and TGF-β2 expressions were examined in clinical tissues (n = 184). RNA-seq, miRNA-seq, proteomics, biosynthesis analyses and functional studies were performed to validate the mechanisms involved in the acidic TME-induced lung cancer metastasis. Our data show that lung cancer is sensitive to the increased acidification of TME, and acidic TME-induced lung cancer metastasis via inhibition of miR-7-5p. TGF-β2 is a direct target of miR-7-5p. The reduced expression of miR-7-5p subsequently increases the expression of TGF-β2 which enhances the metastatic potential of the lung cancer. Indeed, overexpression of miR-7-5p reduces the acidic pH-enhanced lung cancer metastasis. Furthermore, the human lung tumor samples also show a reduced miR-7-5p expression but an elevated level of activated TGF-β2; the expressions of both miR-7-5p and TGF-β2 are correlated with patients' survival. We are the first to identify the role of the miR-7/TGF-β2 axis in acidic pH-enhanced lung cancer metastasis. Our study not only delineates how acidification directly affects tumorigenesis, but also suggests miR-7 is a novel reliable biomarker for acidic TME and a novel therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Our study opens an avenue to explore the pH-sensitive subcellular components as novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.

Optimization and establishment of therapeutic model of Bletilla striata polysaccharide on dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in mice / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To establish the optimal treatment model of Bletilla striata polysaccharide （BSP） on dextran sodium sulfate （DSS）-induced ulcerative colitis （UC） in mice. 【Methods】 We randomly divided 48 male C57BL/6 mice into normal control group， DSS model group （25 g/L DSS）， BSP low-， medium- and high-dose groups （25 g/L DSS + 95， 190， 380 mg/kg BSP）， and salazosulfapyridine （SASP） （25 g/L DSS + 320 mg/kg SASP， positive control） group. Mice in the normal control group drank distilled water freely， while the other groups were given 25 g/L DSS solution to drink freely for 7 days. From the second day， the low-， medium- and high-dose BSP groups and SASP （positive control）group were administered by gavage according to body mass. The normal control group and DSS model group were given the same amount of normal saline once a day for 7 consecutive days. The mice’s blood pressure was recorded every day. Mental state， body mass， stool characteristics and bloody stool were used to calculate the mice’s disease activity index （DAI）. The mice were killed on the 9th day， and their colonic tissues were taken for hematoxylin eosin （HE） staining and histopathological scoring. The expression of tight junction protein Claudin-1 in colonic tissues was detected by Western blotting. 【Results】 Compared with the normal control group， the DSS model group had obvious clinical manifestations， histopathological changes and reduced body weight， increased histopathological score and DAI score （P<0.05）， and decreased expression of tight junction protein Claudin-1 in colon tissue （P<0.05）. Compared with those in DSS model group， the clinical manifestations of UC and colonic mucosal injury in low-， medium- and high-dose BSP groups were improved in varying degrees. The high-dose （380 mg/kg） BSP group had the best effect. The degree of body weight reduction， histopathological score and DAI score in this group were significantly lower than those in DSS model group （P<0.05）， whereas the expression of Claudin-1 increased significantly （P<0.05）. 【Conclusion】 When BSP was administered by gavage at 380 mg/kg， the therapeutic effect on UC mice induced by 25 g/L DSS was the best. This model can be used as an effective one for further studies on Striata Bletilla polysaccharide in UC mice.

Avaliação da reatividade ao ataque químico de resíduo oriundo da mineração da scheelita utilizado como agregado em argamassas cimentícias / Evaluation of reactivity to the chemical attack of waste from the mining of scheelite used as aggregate in cementitious mortars

RESUMO A mineração de scheelita, localizada em Currais Novos, Rio Grande do Norte, tem gerado grandes volumes de resíduos sólidos que são destinados inadequadamente aos sistemas ambientais, causando impactos ambientais negativos ao município. Uma das alternativas encontradas para destinar adequadamente esses resíduos é o uso em argamassas de matriz cimentícia. No entanto, não há estudos consistentes sobre a viabilidade técnica quanto aos ataques químicos e à influência na sua durabilidade. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se as argamassas confeccionadas com resíduos da mineração de scheelita em substituição total ao agregado convencional são suscetíveis ao ataque por sulfato de sódio. A caracterização física, química e mineralógica do resíduo foi realizada fazendo uso das seguintes técnicas: análise granulométrica por peneiramento; determinação da massa unitária; obtenção do teor de material pulverulento; espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X, e difração de raios X. A investigação da ocorrência do ataque por sulfato de sódio foi avaliada pela variação dimensional dos corpos de prova quando imersos em solução de sulfato de sódio, de acordo com a metodologia da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas NBR 13583. Os resultados do traço 1:3 indicaram que os agregados oriundos dos resíduos da mineração de scheelita apresentaram comportamento reativo ao ataque por sulfato de sódio (expansão maior que 0,06%), bem como houve aumento da resistência à compressão simples em 4,74%. Portanto, embora tenha sido constatado que os corpos de prova incorporados com resíduos de scheelita tenham sido reativos ao sulfato, observou-se que não foram capazes de deteriorar mecanicamente os corpos de prova.

ABSTRACT The scheelite mining, located in Currais Novos, Rio Grande do Norte, has generated large volumes of solid waste that are inadequately destined for environmental systems, causing negative environmental impacts to the municipality. One of the alternatives to destination of these residues is the use in cementitious matrix mortars. However, there are no consistent studies on the technical feasibility of chemical attacks and influence on their durability. In this context, this work aimed to verify whether mortars made with scheelite mining residues in total substitution to conventional aggregate are susceptible to attack by sodium sulfate. The physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of the residue was carried out using the following techniques: sieve particle size analysis; determination of unit mass; obtaining the content of powdery material; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. In the investigation of the occurrence of sodium sulfate attack was evaluated by the dimensional variation of the specimens when immersed in sodium sulfate solution, according to the methodology of Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas NBR 13583. The results of mixture 1:3 indicated that the aggregates from scheelite mining residues showed a reactive behavior to attack by sodium sulfate (expansion greater than 0.06%), as well as an increase in resistance to simple compression by 4.74%. Therefore, although it was found that specimens incorporated with scheelite residues were reactive to sulfate, it was observed that they were not able to mechanically deteriorate the specimens.

Construction of acellular porcine bladder scaffolds / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Bladder repair is currently one of the main treatments for bladder defects. Homologous tissue is less affected by various factors. Tissue engineered acellular bladder matrix has become an increasing area of interest. Porcine bladder acellular matrix has a wide range of sources and has a natural extracellular scaffold structure, which has become a hot topic in tissue engineering bladder substitute materials. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of acellular porcine bladder as a tissue engineering scaffold material. METHODS: The cell-free matrix of pig bladder was prepared by liquid nitrogen freezing and thawing, dodecyl sodium sulfate and trypsin decellularization method. According to different decellularization methods, pig bladders were divided into normal control group (without any treatment), experimental group (treated with 0.6% trypsin and 5% sodium lauryl sulfate (pH 8.0)) and acellular control group (treated with 0.75% trypsin (pH 8.0), 1% trypsin (pH 8.0), 5% sodium lauryl sulfate (pH 7.6) or 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (pH 7.6)). The decellularization effect of pig bladder was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, van Gieson staining, DNA quantification, and α-Gal antigen detection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that in the experimental group, the components of the bladder cells of the pigs were basically removed. van Gieson staining revealed that the DNA residues and α-Gal antigen residues in the cells were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that treatment of pig bladder with 0.6% trypsin and 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate can effectively remove its cellular components while retaining the extracellular matrix of porcine bladder tissue. This provides a reference value for constructing accelular porcine bladder scaffolds.

Optimal Laxatives for Oral Colonoscopy Bowel Preparation: from High-volume to Novel Low-volume Solutions / 대한소화기학회지

Optimal bowel preparation is essential for a more accurate, comfortable, and safe colonoscopy. The majority of postcolonoscopy colorectal cancers can be explained by procedural factors, mainly missed polyps or inadequate examination. Therefore the most important goal of optimal bowel preparation is to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer. Although adequate preparation should be achieved in 85–90% or more of all colonoscopy as a quality indicator, unfortunately 20–30% shows inadequate preparation. Laxatives for oral colonoscopy bowel preparation can be classified into polyethylene glycol (PEG)-electrolyte lavage solution, osmotic laxatives, stimulant laxatives, and divided into high-volume solution (≥3 L) and low-volume solution (<3 L). The updated 2019 European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline is broadly similar to the 2014 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) recommendations and reaffirms the importance of split-dosing. However, new ESGE guideline, unlike the 2014 ASGE recommendation, suggests the use of high volume or low volume PEG-based regimens as well as that of non-PEG based agents that have been clinically validated for most outpatient scenarios. For effective, safe, and highly adherent bowel preparation, physicians who prescribe and implement colonoscopy should properly know the advantages and limitations, the dosing, and the timing of regimens. Recently many studies have attempted to find the most ideal regimens, and more convenient, effective, and safe regimens have been developed by reducing the dosing volume and improving the taste. The high tolerability and acceptability of the new low-volume regimens suggest us how we should use it to increase the participation of the national colorectal cancer screening program.

Resolvin D1 mitigates inflammatory response in DSS-induced colitis mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation / 中国药理学通报

Aim: To investigate the effect of resolvin Dl (RvDl) on DSS-induced mice colitis model and the possible mechanism. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: normal group, control group, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model group, and RvDl group. RvDl was dissolved in physiological saline and intraperitoneally injected into experimental mice on 2nd day, 4th day and 6th day. The disease activity index (DAI), histological index (HI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) were detected using Evans blue test, electron microscopy and cytokine level test. The expression differences of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, pro-IL-1 β and other related genes were analyzed. Results: The DAI score, HI score, MPO activity level, and pro-inflammatory cytokine in colon tissue homogenate were significantly raised in DSS group compared with those of the normal group (P < 0. 05). The above indexes of RvDl experimental group were significantly reduced(P < 0. 05). At the same time, the expressions of NPRP3 pathway-related proteins, such as NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and pro-IL-1 (3, increased in DSS group(F < 0. 05); the expression of the above proteins decreased after RvDl treatment(P < 0. 05). Conclusions: RvDl can mitigate inflammatory response in DSS-induced colitis mice, which may involve the inhibition of RvDl of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.

Therapeutic effects of dendrobium officinale extract on ulcerative colitis model of BALB/c mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim: To explore the therapeutic effects of Dendrobium officinale extract on mice with ulcerative colitis(UC) and its mechanism. Methods: The mice were treated with 4% DSS to induce the UC model. The signs or symptom changes of mice were observed and recorded. Then the scores of disease activity index (DAI) during the days of modeling and drug treatment were also evaluated, and the colon tissues were taken as samples. The samples were used for general and microscopic evaluation, the expression of MPO was detected by Western blot, and the expressions of IFN-γ and TNF-α mRNA were measured by qPCR. Meanwhile, the concentrations of serum IFN-γ, TNF-α in mice were also determined by ELISA. Results: As compared with model group, the colon length of mice treated with Dendrobium officinale extract was longer. The DAI score, histological damage score were reduced (P <0. 05 or P <0. 01); the concentrations of IFN-7 and TNF-α inflammatory cytokines in serum decreased (P < 0. 05); the expressions of IFN-γ mRNA and MPO protein in the colon tissue significantly decreased compared with model group (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: Dendrobium officinale extract could treat DSS-induced UC of BALB/c mice. The anti-UC mechanism of Dendrobium officinale extract can be attributed to its ability to reduce the release of IFN-γ and TNF-α and downregulate the expressions of IFN-γ, TNF-α and MPO, to block the amplification effect of inflammation and to achieve its therapeutic effects.

The inhibitory effect of N-p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl-4-aminosalicylic acid on dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis / 药学学报

The study aims to explore the effects of N-p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl-4-amino salicylic acid on the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mouse. A total of 60 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=10):control group, DSS model group, 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA) group, and administration groups (N-p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl-4-aminosalicylic acid) 10, 20, 40 mg·kg-1. Model group were induced by drinking 4% (w/v) DSS solution for 7 days and normal water for the next 3 days. The positive group and drug group mouse were given 5-ASA (40 mg·kg-1) and N-p-chlorobenzene sulfonyl-4-amino salicylic acid (10, 20, 40 mg·kg-1) by gavage respectively. During the experiment, changes in body weight, bloody stool, fecal character and mental status were observed daily. Damage and repair of the colon mucosa and the pathological changes of important organs were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Expression of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), myeloperoxidase (MPO) in serum were detected by ELISA. The results showed that bloody stools and diarrhea emerged on the 4th day after model establishment in model mice. The number of bloody mice rose to ten, and blood and diarrhea began to appear in the administration group on the 7th day. Mental status was poor and body weight decreased significantly in model group since the 4th day, and the situation was improved in the administration group and 5-ASA group. Colons in the administration groups (10, 20, 40 mg·kg-1) were longer than those in the DSS model group. In the DSS model group, the colonic mucosa and submucosa of mice exhibited severe inflammatory cell infiltration, various degrees of necrosis, proliferation. In the middle dose group (20 mg·kg-1), the situation has improved slightly and the colonic mucosa showed mildly chronic inflammation and a small amount of inflammatory cells infiltration. The high dose group (40 mg·kg-1) showed normal colon mucosal, relatively complete epithelial structure and few inflammatory cell infiltration. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MIP-2 and MPO in the serum of mice were lower in the administration group (40 mg·kg-1) than in model group. Therefore, N-p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl-4-amino salicylic acid might be a feasible treatment for DSS-induced UC.

From Gut to Brain: Alteration in Inflammation Markers in the Brain of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-induced Colitis Model Mice

OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychiatric manifestations like depression and cognitive dysfunction commonly occur in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the context of the brain-gut axis model, colitis can lead to alteration of brain function in a bottom-up manner. Here, the changes in the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inflammation-related markers in the brain in colitis were studied. METHODS: Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was used to generate a mouse model of colitis. Mice were treated with DSS for 3 or 7 days and sacrificed. We analyzed the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the expression of GFAP, in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala. Additionally, the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum cortisol/corticosterone were measured. RESULTS: Alteration of inflammatory-related markers varied depending on the brain region and exposure time. In the hippocampus, COX-2 mRNA, GFAP mRNA, and GFAP expression were upregulated during exposure to DSS. However, in the hypothalamus, COX-2 mRNA was upregulated only 3 days after treatment. In the amygdala, BDNF and COX-2 mRNAs were downregulated. CRP and corticosterone expression increased with DSS treatment at day 7. CONCLUSION: IBD could lead to neuroinflammation in a bottom-up manner, and this effect varied according to brain region. Stress-related hormones and serum inflammatory markers, such as CRP, were upregulated from the third day of DSS treatment. Therefore, early and active intervention is required to prevent psychological and behavioral changes caused by IBD, and region-specific studies can help understand the precise mechanisms by which IBD affects the brain.

Cortical Inflammation is Increased in a DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model / 神经科学通报·英文版

While inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) might be a risk factor in the development of brain dysfunctions, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, mice were treated with 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water and sacrificed on day 7. The serum level of IL-6 increased, accompanied by elevation of the IL-6 and TNF-α levels in cortical tissue. However, the endotoxin concentration in plasma and brain of mice with DSS-induced colitis showed a rising trend, but with no significant difference. We also found significant activation of microglial cells and reduction in occludin and claudin-5 expression in the brain tissue after DSS-induced colitis. These results suggested that DSS-induced colitis increases systemic inflammation which then results in cortical inflammation via up-regulation of serum cytokines. Here, we provide new information on the impact of colitis on the outcomes of cortical inflammation.

Brugia malayi abundant larval transcript 2 protein treatment attenuates experimentally-induced colitis in mice.

Helminths are known to modulate host’s immunity by suppressing host protective pro-inflammatory responses. Such immunomodulatory effects have been experimentally shown to have therapeutic implications in immune mediated disorders. In the present study, we have explored a filarial protein i.e. Brugia malayi recombinant abundant larval transcript 2 (rBmALT2) for its therapeutic effect in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in mouse model. The immunomodulatory activity of rBmALT-2 was initially confirmed by demonstrating that it suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide synthesis and down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro by peritoneal exudate cells of mice. Treatment with rBmALT2 reduced severity of colitis associated with significant reduction in weight loss, disease activity, colon damage, mucosal edema and histopathological score including myeloperoxidase activity in colon tissues. rBmALT2 was comparatively more effective in attenuation of colitis when used in the preventive mode than when used for curative purpose. The therapeutic effect of rBmALT2 was found to be associated with downregulation of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17 and upregulation of IL-10 cytokines. These results provide strong experimental evidence that BmALT2 could be a potential alternative therapeutic agent in colitis.

Aprovechamiento de cromo eliminado en aguas residuales de curtiembres (San Benito, Bogotá), mediante tratamiento con sulfato de sodio / Chromium rcovereed and re-sed from tannery residual water (located in sann benito, bogotá), by treatment with sodyum sulphate

El proceso de curtido consiste en transformar la piel de ganado vacuno u otros animales, en cuero, mediante la aplicación de taninos que son sustancias de origen vegetal, o también de cromo. Este elemento es un contaminante cuya concentración máxima permisible en vertimientos industriales es de 1 mg/L, según la Resolución 1074 de 1997 del Departamento Administrativo de Medio Ambiente (DAMA), para el Distrito Capital, por la cual se establecen estándares ambientales en materia de vertimientos. Se evaluó la factibilidad técnica para recuperar y reutilizar cromo de las aguas residuales del proceso de curtido de una curtiembre en San Benito (Bogotá), precipitándolo con soda cáustica 4 M y regenerándolo con sulfato de sodio y ácido fórmico grado industrial en reemplazo de ácido sulfúrico, regulado por estupefacientes, para reutilizar la sal de cromo en el mismo proceso de curtido. Su implementación minimiza contaminación de aguas con cromo y disminuye costos de producción. Se redujo el contenido de cromo del agua residual del proceso de curtido en 99,9% desde concentraciones promedio de 2.475 mg/L hasta niveles inferiores a 1,0 mg/L, permitiendo reutilización del agua para lavado de pieles saladas que ingresan al proceso, después de tratamiento con hidroxicloruro de aluminio e hipoclorito de sodio, disminuyendo significativamente su consumo. Se determinó la calidad del cuero obtenido mediante pruebas de encogimiento y resistencia a la flexión. Los procesos de reutilización de materiales producidos como desecho en procesos de curtiembres son fundamentales en la sostenibilidad ambiental de estas industrias.

The tan processes consist in the transformation of cattle or other animal skin in leather through the application of tannins which are substances from vegetal origin, or also with chromium. This element is a pollutant which maximum allowed concentration from industrial disposal is 1 mg/L, under Resolution 1074 of 1997 from the Administrative Department of the Environment (ADE) for the Capital District which establishes environmental standards on dumping. Technical feasibility for chrome recovery and reuse of wastewater from the tanning process in a tannery in San Benito (Bogotá) was evaluated, accelerating it with 4 M caustic soda and regenerating it with sodium sulfate and formic acid (industrial grade) in place of sulfuric acid, regulated by drugs, to reuse the chromium salt in the tanning process. Its implementation minimizes water pollution with chromium and decreases production costs. Chromium content of residual water in the tanning process decreased 99.9% from average concentrations of 2,475 mg / L to levels below 1,0 mg/L, allowing reuse water for salted skins wash that start the process after treatment with aluminum chloride hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite, reducing its consumption significantly. The quality of leather obtained was determined by shrinkage tests and bending strength. Processes of materials produced reuse as waste in tan processes are fundamental to the environmental sustainability of these industries.

Research progress in the content assay methods of sulfate polysaccharide drugs / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To review the progress in the content assay methods of sulfate polysaccharide drugs. METHODS: By nonsuiting the literature at home and abroad in recent years, the content assay methods of sulfate polysaccharide drugs, including direct staining method, acid-degradation color-development method, photometric titration, liquid chromatography and biopotency, are introduced and compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The specificity, precision and accuracy, feasibility of practical operation and the instrument cost of the five methods are different. But high performance liquid chromatography method with good specificity, high sensitivity, and accuracy can give more accurate result of the drug content. It is more widely applied in the determination of drug content, so it will be the main method of content assay in the future.

Establishment and evaluation of a model of acute colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in C57BL/6 mice / 医学研究生学报

Objective The expression and impaired function of ion channels might be one of the pathophysiological mecha -nisms responsible for diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) .Proper animal model is the key to explore detailed pathophysiolog-ical process.The purpose of this study was to build a rat model of acute colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in C57BL/6 mice and evaluate diarrhea-associated clinical , histological , pathological parameters and expressions of ion channel protein . Methods C57BL/6J mice of model group were treated with 4%DSS solution for 7 days to induce acute colitis.Mice body weight, stool moisture, stool consistency and the degree of hematochezia were recorded .The histopathological changes of mice colon specimens were observed visually and microcosmically, and the ion channel SLC26A3 protein was detected by Western Blot . Results All experimental mice survived.In the experiment, compared with control group , bloody diarrhea and weight lose occurred in model group , along with increased stool moisture ([73.30 ±8.31]% after experiment vs [44.32 ±6.42]% before experiment, P=0.004), and rapidly in-creased disease activity index (DAI) of acute colitis ([3.50 ±0.87] after experiment vs [1.0 ±0.00] before experiment, P=0.000).At the end of this experiment , compared with control group , the model group resulted in higher colonic damage score and pathological inflammation score (P=0.00, P=0.002), significantly shortened co-lon (P=0.00) and decreased expression of SLC26A3. Conclusion The intestinal mucosal injury and phenotypic features of 4%DSS-induced acute colitis are very similar to those of human ulcerative colitis .Impaired expression of intestinal ion transporter SLC26 A3 coexists with diarrhea in model group mice , and this model can support the research on mechanism of functional changes of ion channels in inflammatory diarrhea .

Comparison on structure-efficacy between mineral drugs weathered sodium sulfate and anhydrous sodium sulfate / 中草药

Objective: To compare the differences between weathered sodium sulfate (WSS) and anhydrous sodium sulfate (ASS) from structure and part potency and to explore the mechanism of action. Methods: AXIOS X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer was applied to analyze structure. We selected the model of gastric emptying, intestinal propulsion, and Compound Diphenoxylate-induced constipation. Results: The result showed that there were two crystal forms: orthogonality and cube in WSS, while only orthogonality in ASS; Meanwhile, after analyzing the microelement of the two by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer, we found out that the common materials, yet, in WSS there were more Al2O3, K2O, SrO, ZnO, and Cl-, while there was only Fe2O3 in ASS. When comparing the medicative function of the two, we found out that there was an obvious difference (P < 0.01). Conclusion: There are some differences in structure and medicative function, which could provide the reference basis for clinical application.

Study on in vitro transdermal absorption of rhubarb free anthraquinones in Dasuan Xiaohuang Pasta / 中草药

Objective: To study the in vitro transdermal absorption characteristics of the free anthraquinones of rhubarb in Dasuan Xiaohuang Pasta (DXP) and investigate the effect of various excipients (vinegar, ginger juice, and vegetable oil) and different compatibilities on rhubarb transdermal characteristics. Methods: Taking rhubarb free anthraquinones, such as aloe emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion as indexes, the studies were carried out by in vitro transdermal absorption. Results: The transdermal absorption of free anthraquinones of rhubarb with various excipients and different compatibilities were all zero-order kinetics; Using vinegar as the excipient, the 8 h accumulation permeation amount and transdermal rate of every ingredient were the largest, followed by ginger juice and vegetable oil; In the different compatibility tests, the 8 h accumulation permeation amount and transdermal rate of each ingredient in anagraph were the largest, followed by rhubarb-sodium sulfate and rhubarb-garlic, and the single rhubarb was the lowest. Conclusion: DXP using vinegar shows the best, followed by ginger juice, while vegetable oil shows the worst. Garlic and sodium sulfate show the improvement on transdermal absorption of free anthraquinones of rhubarb, and sodium sulfate shows better effect than garlic.

Parasitic Helminth Cystatin Inhibits DSS-Induced Intestinal Inflammation Via IL-10+F4/80+ Macrophage Recruitment

Many immune down-regulatory molecules have been isolated from parasites, including cystatin (cystain protease inhibitor). In a previous study, we isolated and characterized Type I cystatin (CsStefin-1) of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. To investigate whether the CsStefin-1 might be a new host immune modulator, we induced intestinal inflammation in mice by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and treated them with recombinant CsStefin-1 (rCsStefin-1). The disease activity index (DAI) increased in DSS only-treated mice. In contrast, the DAI value was significantly reduced in rCsStefin-1-treated mice than DSS only-treated mice. In addition, the colon length of DSS only-treated mice was shorter than that of rCsStefin-1 treated mice. The secretion levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were significantly increased by DSS treatment, but the level of TNF-alpha in MLNs was significantly decreased by rCsStefin-1 treatment. IL-10 production in both spleen and MLNs was significantly increased, and IL-10+F4/80+ macrophage cells were significantly increased in the spleen and MLNs of rCsStefin-1 treated mice after DSS treatment. In conclusion, rCsStefin-1 could reduce the intestinal inflammation occurring after DSS treatment, these effects might be related with recruitment of IL-10 secreting macrophages.

Th17 Responses Are Not Induced in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Model of Acute Colitis

Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) is a widely used chemical model for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is thought that imbalances in the T helper (Th) cell subsets contribute to IBD. Recent studies suggest that the acute DSS-colitis model is polarized toward a Th1/Th17 profile based on RT-PCR analysis of colonic tissues. In the current study we determined whether colonic Th cells from DSS-colitis mice were skewed toward the Th17 profile. Mice were treated with 5% DSS for 7 days and colonic T cells isolated and examined for production of IFN-gamma (Th1 cell), IL-4 (Th2 cell) and IL-17 (Th17 cell) by intracellular flow cytometry. We found that the percentage of colonic Th17 cells were similar to non-treated controls but the percentage of Th1 cells were elevated in DSS-colitis mice. These results suggest that in the acute DSS-colitis model the colonic Th cells exhibit a Th1 profile and not a Th17 profile.