O governo federal e a formulação de políticas públicas de promoção de saúde preventiva no âmbito da educação básica / The federal government and the preparation of public policies to development preventive health in the basic education

A eficácia das práticas corporais, atividades físicas e esportivas regulares é cientificamente comprovada como vetor de saúde e devem ser fomentadas em todos os ambientes. O objetivo é investigar se, no Século XXI, o governo federal brasileiro formulou políticas públicas que as contemplem no âmbito da Educação Básica em prol da saúde. Metodologicamente é um estudo exploratório documental. Como resultados, a Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua e Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar são os inquéritos que subsidiam aspolíticas públicas. Conclui que, alinhado com a Política Nacional de Promoção de Saúde de 2006, 2014 e 2017, Lei do SUS, Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação e a Constituição/1988, o Programa Saúde na Escola é a principal política pública interfederativa que as contemplam.

The effectiveness of body practices, regular physical activity and sports is scientifically demonstrated as a health vector and should be adopted in all environments. The goal is to investigate if, in the 21st Century, the Brazilian federal government created public policies that include these practices and activities in the scope of Basic Education in favor of health. Methodologically it is an exploratory documentary study. As a result, Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey, National Health Survey, National Continuous Household Sample Survey and National School Health Survey are the surveys that support public policy and that, in line with The National Health Promotion Policy of 2006, 2014 and 2017, with the SUS Law, the Education Guidelines and Bases Law and the Federal Constitution / 1988, the Health at School Program is the main interfederative and intersectoral public policy.

Research on the health system of community sports framework based on function orientation / Pesquisa sobre a estrutura do sistema de saúde esportiva comunitária com base na orientação funcional / Investigación sobre el marco del sistema de salud del deporte comunitario basado en la orientación funcional

ABSTRACT Introduction: Community sports activities are performed by people in the community environment, using beneficial factors such as sports equipment, facilities, and natural resources in the community to improve their body structure and functions, and their activity participation levels. Objective: The thesis studies how to use the framework and theory of "International Classification of Functions, Disability and Health" and World Health Organization "Community Rehabilitation Guidelines" to construct a sports service system to promote community health. Methods: The thesis uses the theory and methods related to function, disability, and health of the International Classification of Functions, Disability, and Health, and the matrix of the World Health Organization's Community Rehabilitation Guidelines as the framework for community sports activities and integrated development. Results: The development of community sports activity services can improve the physical function and athletic ability of different participants, promote healthy behaviors, improve mental health, and improve happiness. Community sports activities can promote the community's health, rehabilitation, education, career development, and empowerment. The integrated development of community sports activities and community health and rehabilitation activities will build a modern health service system. Conclusions: Use "International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health" to construct a community sports activity framework based on function orientation and overall health. Use the matrix and methods of the World Health Organization's "Community Rehabilitation Guidelines" to promote the integration of sports activities with activities such as health, rehabilitation, education, professional development, and empowerment to achieve inclusive community development and overall community health. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: As atividades esportivas comunitárias são realizadas por pessoas do meio comunitário, utilizando fatores benéficos como equipes esportivas, instalações e recursos naturais da comunidade para melhorar sua estrutura e funções corporais e seus níveis de participação na atividade. Objetivo: A tese estuda como usar a estrutura e a teoria da "Classificação Internacional de Funções, Incapacidade e Saúde" e as "Diretrizes de Reabilitação Comunitária" da Organização Mundial de Saúde para construir um sistema de serviços esportivos para promover a saúde da comunidade. Métodos: A tese usa a teoria e métodos relacionados à função, deficiência e saúde da Classificação Internacional de Funções, Incapacidade e Saúde, e a matriz das Diretrizes de Reabilitação Comunitária da Organização Mundial de Saúde como uma estrutura para atividades esportivas comunitárias e desenvolvimento integrado. Resultados: O desenvolvimento de serviços de atividades esportivas comunitárias pode melhorar a função física e a capacidade atlética dos diferentes participantes, promover comportamentos saudáveis, melhorar a saúde mental e melhorar a felicidade. As atividades esportivas da comunidade podem promover saúde, reabilitação, educação, desenvolvimento profissional e empoderamento da comunidade. O desenvolvimento integrado de atividades esportivas comunitárias e atividades de saúde e reabilitação comunitárias criará um sistema moderno de serviços de saúde. Conclusões: Use a "Classificação Internacional de Função, Incapacidade e Saúde" para construir uma estrutura de atividade esportiva comunitária baseada na orientação funcional e saúde geral. Use a matriz e os métodos das "Diretrizes de Reabilitação da Comunidade" da Organização Mundial da Saúde para promover a integração das atividades esportivas com atividades como saúde, reabilitação, educação, desenvolvimento profissional e capacitação para alcançar o desenvolvimento comunitário inclusivo e saúde da comunidade em geral. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos: investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las actividades deportivas comunitarias son realizadas por personas del entorno comunitario, utilizando factores beneficiosos como equipos deportivos, instalaciones y recursos naturales de la comunidad para mejorar su estructura y funciones corporales, y sus niveles de participación en la actividad. Objetivo: La tesis estudia cómo utilizar el marco y la teoría de la "Clasificación internacional de funciones, discapacidad y salud" y las "Pautas de rehabilitación comunitaria" de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para construir un sistema de servicios deportivos para promover la salud comunitaria. Métodos: La tesis utiliza la teoría y los métodos relacionados con la función, la discapacidad y la salud de la Clasificación Internacional de Funciones, Discapacidad y Salud, y la matriz de las Pautas de rehabilitación comunitaria de la Organización Mundial de la Salud como marco para las actividades deportivas comunitarias y el desarrollo integrado. Resultados: El desarrollo de servicios comunitarios de actividades deportivas puede mejorar la función física y la capacidad atlética de los diferentes participantes, promover comportamientos saludables, mejorar la salud mental y mejorar la felicidad. Las actividades deportivas comunitarias pueden promover la salud, la rehabilitación, la educación, el desarrollo profesional y el empoderamiento de la comunidad. El desarrollo integrado de las actividades deportivas comunitarias y las actividades comunitarias de salud y rehabilitación construirá un moderno sistema de servicios de salud. Conclusiones: Utilice la "Clasificación internacional de función, discapacidad y salud" para construir un marco de actividad deportiva comunitaria basado en la orientación funcional y la salud en general. Utilice la matriz y los métodos de las "Pautas de rehabilitación comunitaria" de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para promover la integración de actividades deportivas con actividades como salud, rehabilitación, educación, desarrollo profesional y empoderamiento para lograr el desarrollo comunitario inclusivo y la salud comunitaria en general. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Currículos prescritos em projetos sociais vinculados às atividades físicas e esportivas / Curriculums prescribed in social projects linked to physical and sports activities

Analisa os documentos institucionais de três projetos sociais e de um Serviço de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos (SCFV), a fim de compreender os modos como as atividades físicas/esportivas estão organizadas nesses contextos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, na qual empregamos uma análise descritivo-interpretativa para examinar criticamente os documentos institucionais orientadores das práticas pedagógicas. Os dados apontam para o desenvolvimento de aspectos morais e éticos dos participantes, para a valorização da autonomia e do protagonismo dos sujeitos, bem como para questões sociais mais amplas, como a cidadania, o combate ao racismo, a preservação da cultura popular e a importância da educação ambiental. Uma das principais fragilidades encontradas nos documentos analisados é de natureza procedimental e está circunscrita na imprecisão de como as atividades físicas e esportivas serão trabalhadas para atingir os objetivos propostos.

The paper analyzes the institutional documents derived from three social projects and from a Living the Service and Strengthening Linkages (Serviço de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos (SCFV), in order to understand how the physical/sports activities are organized within these contexts. It is a documental research, in which a descriptive-interpretative analysis was used to critically examine the institutional policy documents of pedagogical practices. Data point to the development of moral and ethical aspects of the participants, to the appreciation of autonomy and the protagonism of the ones involved, as well as to wider social issues, such as, citizenship, the fight against racism, the preservation of popular culture and the importance of environmental education. One of the main weaknesses found in the analyzed documents has a procedural nature and is circumscribed in the inaccuracy of how physical and sports activities will be performed to achieve the proposed goals.

Os esportes coletivos na escola: reflexões sobre as atividades curriculares desportivas / Collective sports in school: reflections on sports curricular activities

Na educação escolar pública do estado de São Paulo, além do momento de aprendizagem do esporte nas aulas regulares de Educação Física, desde o ano de 2001 os alunos também têm a possibilidade de participar das turmas de Atividades Curriculares Desportivas (ACDs). Imerso no contexto do esporte escolar, os objetivos do presente estudo foram identificar e analisar as ACDS de esportes coletivos, desenvolvidas nas escolas pertencentes a uma diretoria de ensino do interior de São Paulo, em relação: às modalidades ofertadas/aos gêneros das turmas/às faixas etárias, às práticas de ensino dos docentes e às expectativas de professores e alunos. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, envolveu análise documental, entrevista semiestruturada com 17 professores e aplicação de questionário a 292 alunos, todos estes envolvidos nas turmas de ACDs. Os resultados foram organizados em três categorias de análise, a saber: i. Circunscrevendo as ACDs (modalidades, gênero e faixa etária); ii. Metodologias de ensino; iii. Expectativas em relação às ACDs. O futsal é a modalidade mais presente nas escolas (51%), as turmas masculinas são mais frequentes (71,1%) e existem mais turmas para as faixas etárias de 13 a 17 anos (95%). As metodologias de ensino baseiam-se majoritariamente em práticas tradicionais/técnicas de ensino (88%). As expectativas dos docentes estão mais relacionadas à obtenção de bons resultados nos jogos escolares (70%), enquanto as dos alunos se assentam no gosto pelo esporte que praticam (89%). Considerando que a legislação paulista correspondente às ACDs defende uma formação cidadã, entendemos que os dados expressam reduzida variedade de ofertas de modalidades, precário atendimento do gênero feminino e de determinadas faixas etárias dos alunos, carência de metodologias de ensino inovadoras e divergência entre as expectativas dos professores e dos alunos....(AU)

In São Paulo state public schools, apart from learning about a sport in regular Physical Education classes, since 2001 the students also have the possibility to participate in the classes of Sports Curricular Activities (SCA). According to the context of school sports, the aims of the present study were to identify and to analyze the SCA of team sports developed at schools which belongs to a teaching board of interior of São Paulo in relation to: the modalities offered / to the gender of the classes /to the age groups/to the teaching practices and the expectations of teachers and students. This study was based on a qualitative research involving a documental analysis, a semistructured interview with 17 teachers and a questionnaire to 292 students, all of them involved in the classes of SCA. The results were organized into three categories of analysis, namely: i. Circumscribing the SCA (modalities, gender and age group); ii. Teaching methodologies; iii. Expectations regarding to SCA. The indoor soccer is the most present form of sport in schools (51%), male classes are more frequent (71.1%), and there are more classes for the ages of 13 to 17 years old (95%). The teaching methodologies are mostly based on traditional/technical teaching practices (88%). The expectations of teachers are more related to obtaining good results in school games (70%), while the expectations of the students are based on the taste for the sport they practice (89%). Considering that São Paulo legislation which corresponds to the SCA advocates a citizen education, we believe that the data express a reduced variety of modality offers, precarious attendance of the female gender and determined age range of the students, a lack of innovative teaching methodologies and divergence between the teachers and students' expectations....(AU)

Impact of sports activities on respiratory function and mechanics in children / Repercussões da prática de atividade esportiva na função e mecânica respiratória de crianças

Abstract Introduction: Being physically active in childhood may improve the quality of life in adulthood. So, it is extremely important to evaluate the respiratory function and mechanics of children who participate in sports activities, in order to determine the impact of physical activity on airway resistance. Objective: To analyze measures of respiratory function and mechanics in children who participate (PG) and who do not participate (CG) in sports activities regularly, as well as to compare and correlate the results. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study of healthy school-aged children aged 6 to 12 years, assessed by impulse oscillometry tests (IOS) and spirometry. The sample was divided into PG and CG. The Student's t-Test or Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups according to normality of data tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The correlation between the tests and age, sex, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) was performed using Pearson's and Spearman correlation coefficient. Statistical data were processed by the SPSS® software, considering significance level at p < 0.05. Results: Forty children participated in the study, 20 in each group, with no differences regarding age, sex, weight, height and BMI. There were significant differences in FEF25-75% (CG: 94.19% ± 13.08 x PG: 101.75% ± 17.44, p = 0.049), and oscillometry data did not differ between both groups. Sex correlated with total airway resistance (R5 - p = 0.049, r = 0.314). Conclusion: In the group with children who participated in sports activities, FEF25-75% was higher, compared to the control group.

Resumo Introdução: Ser ativo fisicamente na infância pode proporcionar ao indivíduo uma melhor qualidade de vida na idade adulta. Assim, a avaliação da função e da mecânica respiratória de crianças praticantes de atividade esportiva para a detecção das repercussões da atividade física nos parâmetros de resistências das vias aéreas é extremamente importante. Objetivo: Analisar medidas da função e da mecânica respiratória de crianças, praticantes (GP) e não praticantes de atividade esportiva regular (GC), comparar e correlacionar os resultados. Métodos: Estudo analítico transversal realizado com crianças saudáveis em idade escolar de 6 a 12 anos, avaliadas segundo os exames de oscilometria de impulso (IOS) e espirometria. A amostra foi dividida em GP e GC. Para a comparação dos grupos utilizou-se o teste t de Student ou Mann-Whitney, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A correlação entre os exames e as variáveis idade, sexo, peso, altura e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) foi realizada pelo coeficiente de Pearson e Spearman. Os dados foram processados pelo software SPSS®, considerando significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: Participaram 40 crianças, 20 em cada grupo, que não diferiram em relação à idade, sexo, peso, altura e IMC. Houve diferença significativa no parâmetro espirométrico FEF25-75% (GC: 94,19% ± 13,08 x GP: 101,75% ± 17,44, p = 0,049) e os dados oscilométricos não foram diferentes entre os grupos. O sexo se correlacionou com a variável de resistência total das vias aéreas (R5 - p = 0,049, r = 0,314). Conclusão: No grupo de crianças praticantes de atividade esportiva, o parâmetro espirométrico de FEF25-75% apresentou-se maior em comparação ao grupo controle.

Long-term effects of chronic achilles tendon rupture treatment, using reconstruction with peroneus brevis transfer, on sports activities / Efectos a largo plazo del tratamiento de la ruptura crónica del tendón de aquiles mediante reconstrucción con transferencia del peroneo corto en las actividades deportivas

OBJECTIVE: This study reports long-term effects of chronic Achilles tendon rupture treatment, using reconstruction with peroneus brevis transfer (PBT), on sports activities based on an approximate 10-year follow-up study. METHODS: Twenty patients (6 women and 14 men; mean age, 43 ± 12.85 years at the time of operation) underwent chronic Achilles tendon repair with an average follow-up of 164.05 ± 5.07 months. Seven were involved in competitive sports, 10 participated in recreational activities and three were not involved in any sporting activities. All patients were Asians. Results were assessed using Cybex strength testing and the American Othopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Score, the muscle manual test (MMT), sports activities and comprehensive satisfaction assessment. RESULTS: Cybex strength testing resulted in an average gain of 87.05 ± 14.83% in dorsiflexion strength (range 65-110%) and 98.05 ± 9.02% in plantar flexion strength (range 85%-120%). The AOFAS score average was 86.9 ± 7.27. There were no postoperative re-ruptures, no recurrences and no wound complications. Plantar flexion strength and the AOFAS score were negatively correlated with the age at the time of operation (r = "0.566, r = -0.669, respectively). Seventeen patients (85%) were level five of MMT in eversion strength. Following treatment, six patients (30%) returned to competitive sports, while 10 (50%) who, prior to the injury and surgery, were involved in recreational activities, returned to similar activities. The relatively younger group tended to continue sport activities as competitive athletes (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed in age at the operation between non-satisfaction group and excellent group (p < 0.05). The under 40-year age group tended to show a poor value. CONCLUSION: Recreational athletes and non-athletes could return to their sports activities satisfactorily, while young competitive athletes found difficulties in certain actions, especially related to eversion.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio reporta efectos a largo plazo del tratamiento de la ruptura crónica del tendón de Aquiles mediante reconstrucción con transferencia del peroneo corto (TPC) en actividades deportivas, sobre la base de un estudio de seguimiento de aproximadamente 10 años. MÉTODOS: Veinte pacientes (6 mujeres y 14 hombres; edad promedio, 43 ± 12.85 años en el momento de la operación) fueron sometidos a una reparación de ruptura crónica del tendón de Aquiles con un seguimiento promedio de 164.05 ± 5.07 meses. Siete estaban en medio de competencias deportivas, 10 participaban en actividades recreativas, y tres estaban fuera de toda actividad deportiva. Todos los pacientes eran los asiáticos. Los resultados se evaluaron usando la prueba de Cybex para medir la fuerza, la puntuación de la escala de la Sociedad Ortopédica Americana de Pie y Tobillo (AOFAS) para la valoración quirúrgica, la prueba muscular manual (PMM), y la evaluación integral de la satisfacción y las actividades deportivas. RESULTADOS: La prueba de Cybex indicó una ganancia promedio de 87.05 ± 14.83% en fuerza de dorsiflexión (rango 65-110%) y 98.05 ± 9.02% en fuerza de flexión plantar (rango 85%-120%). El promedio de la puntuación de la escala de AOFAS fue 86.9 ± 7.27. No se produjeron re-rupturas post-operatorias, ni recurrencias, ni complicaciones de heridas. La fuerza de flexión plantar y la puntuación de la escala AOFAS fueron puestas en correlación negativa con la edad al momento de la operación (r = "0.566, r = -0.669, respectivamente). Diecisiete pacientes (85%) alcanzaron el nivel cinco de la PMM en fuerza de eversión. Tras el tratamiento, seis pacientes (30%) se reintegraron a las competencias deportivas, mientras que 10 (50%) que antes de la lesión y la cirugía participaban en actividades recreativas, se reincorporaron a actividades similares. El grupo relativamente más joven tiende a continuar las actividades deportivas como atletas de competencia (p < 0.05). Se observaron diferencias significativas en edad en la operación entre el grupo sin satisfacción y el grupo excelente (p < 0.05). El grupo por debajo de los 40 años de edad mostró valores más pobres como tendencia. CONCLUSIÓN: Tanto los atletas de actividades recreativas como los no atletas, pudieron regresar a sus actividades deportivas satisfactoriamente, mientras que los competidores jóvenes encontraron dificultades en ciertas acciones, en particular las relacionadas con la eversión.

Sudden death during sport activities: A malaysian perspective.

This is a retrospective study of sports related deaths on the human bodies brought for autopsy in the last 10 years (from 1995-2005) at University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur. The objective of this study was to know the cause of death, manner of death, ethnicity, food habits, timings of incident, number of cases and other related information like history of metabolic disorders or any other underlying diseases. All cases were analyzed in relation to age, gender, race, causes of death, type of sport activities and victim’s profile. The present study included those subjects who had died either during playing or immediately after it. Our results showed the most common age group affected in such sports related sudden deaths to be ranging between 40 – 49 years and the least affected were between 0 – 9 years of age. Out of 44 cases reanalyzed, 33 were male and1 was female. Among the ethnic group, most of the subjects were Chinese (45.45 %) followed by Malays (20.45%). This study also showed that 80% of the deaths were caused by ischemic heart disease IHD (50%) or coronary heart disease CAD (30%). Deaths were seen to be more in the subjects above 30 years of age which could be associated with the associated risk factors related to ageing. A significant number of deaths were observed while playing badminton and jogging. No serious need for mass screening was felt as the numbers of cases each year were not significant and they were isolated incidents. Although, there are few basic preventive measures like cardiac screening , lipid profile, avoidance of stressful working conditions which can be easily adopted to decrease loss of life. Incidence may decrease with recreational and health maintaining activities, but absolute prevention may still not be possible.

Advance in Research on Effect of Sports Activities on Intellectuality of Mental Retardation Children (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@# In the special education field, sports are benefit to body and mental health, and also can improve abilities of taking care by self and adapting society. In this article, the authors summarized both domestic and foreign researches on the problem of intellectual influence of sports activities on mental retardation children, and put forward the future research direction and prospect.

Energy expenditure during sport activities by means of a portable device for the measurement of oxygen / 体力科学

Energy expenditure during sport activities has been determined traditionally by the Douglas Bag Method and the Motion Time Study. However, those two methods do not yield accurate values when used in long continuous and/or vigorous physical activities. This study, therefore, measured oxygen uptake by means of a portable device “Oxylog”, and determined the energy expenditure of many sport activities. The experiments were carried out with 13 untrained male subjects (UTS), and 30 trained male subjects (TS) . The 30 trained men consited of ten tennis players, ten badminton players and ten basketball players. UTS played one set of doubles (tennis), one set of singles (badminton), two sets of singles (table tennis), two games (bowling) and jogged 10 minutes, But TS played only their major sports : one set of doubles (tennis), one set of singles (badminton) and two 20-minute halves (basketball) . The results were 0.172±0.017kcal⋅kg<SUP>-1</SUP>⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP> for jogging (UTS), 0.146±0.028kcal⋅kg<SUP>-1</SUP>⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP> for badminton (TS), 0.133±0.021kcal⋅kg<SUP>-1</SUP>⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP> for basketball (TS), 0.130±0.018kcal⋅kg<SUP>-1</SUP>⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP> for badminton (UTS), 0.102±0.016kcal⋅kg<SUP>-1</SUP>⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP> for tennis (TS), 0.096±0.014kcal⋅kg<SUP>-1</SUP>⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP> for tennis (UTS), 0.089±0.019kcal⋅kg<SUP>-1</SUP>⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP> for table tennis (UTS), and 0.055±0.009kcal⋅kg<SUP>-1</SUP>⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP> for bowling (UTS) . In comparison with UTS, TS exhibited higher values in tennis and badminton. This is considered to result from TS's better training. This result indicates that energy expenditure in playing sports activities depends on the level of player's ability. The method employed in of this study is believed to be the best choice at present. Many other sport activities must be reexamined in detail using this method.