Role of post-translational modification of basic leucine zipper transcription factors in response to abiotic stresses in plants / 生物工程学报

Abiotic stresses substantially affect the growth and development of plants. Plants have evolved multiple strategies to cope with the environmental stresses, among which transcription factors play an important role in regulating the tolerance to abiotic stresses. Basic leucine zipper transcription factors (bZIP) are one of the largest gene families. The stability and activity of bZIP transcription factors could be regulated by different post-translational modifications (PTMs) in response to various intracellular or extracellular stresses. This paper introduces the structural feature and classification of bZIP transcription factors, followed by summarizing the PTMs of bZIP transcription factors, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification, in response to abiotic stresses. In addition, future perspectives were prospected, which may facilitate cultivating excellent stress-resistant crop varieties by regulating the PTMs of bZIP transcription factors.

The pattern of alternative splicing and DNA methylation alteration and their interaction in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L) response to repeated drought stresses

BACKGROUND: Drought stress has significantly hampered agricultural productivity worldwide and can also result in modifications to DNA methylation levels. However, the dynamics of DNA methylation and its association with the changes in gene transcription and alternative splicing (AS) under drought stress are unknown in linseed, which is frequently cultivated in arid and semiarid regions. RESULTS: We analysed AS events and DNA methylation patterns in drought-tolerant (Z141) and drought-sensitive (NY-17) linseed under drought stress (DS) and repeated drought stress (RD) treatments. We found that the number of intron-retention (IR) and alternative 3' splice site (Alt3'SS) events were significantly higher in Z141 and NY-17 under drought stress. We found that the linseed response to the DS treatment was mainly regulated by transcription, while the response to the RD treatment was coregulated by transcription and AS. Whole genome-wide DNA methylation analysis revealed that drought stress caused an increase in the overall methylation level of linseed. Although we did not observe any correlation between differentially methylated genes (DMGs) and differentially spliced genes (DSGs) in this study, we found that the DSGs whose gene body region was hypermethylated in Z141 and hypomethylated in NY-17 were enriched in abiotic stress response Gene Ontology (GO) terms. This finding implies that gene body methylation plays an important role in AS regulation in some specific genes. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the relationship between linseed methylation changes and AS under drought and repeated drought stress. Our study revealed different interaction patterns between differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and DSGs under DS and RD treatments and differences between methylation and AS regulation in drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive linseed varieties. The findings will probably be of interest in the future. Our results provide interesting insights into the association between gene expression, AS, and DNA methylation in linseed under drought stress. Differences in these associations may account for the differences in linseed drought tolerance.

Research progress of HDACs and associated inhibitors on regulation of acute lung injury / 中国药理学通报

Acute lung injury ( ALI) and its most extreme form a-cute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS) are lung diseases with high morbidity and mortality. There is no effective therapeutic intervention until now for its complicated pathophysiologi-cal processes and sophisticated regulatory mechanism. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of proteins with deacetylase activity. Studies have shown that HDACs are involved in the pathophysiological processes of ALI/ARDS, including inflammatory responses,endothelial permeability,oxidative stresses,alveolar fluid clearance and lung tissue repairment. Simultaneously, the use of HDACs inhibitors (HDACIs) can interfere with ALI/ ARDS progression. In this review we describe and summarize the pathophysiological processes and the underlying mechanisms in ALI/ARDS regulated by HDACs and HDACIs in detail, in order to provide the basis for the clinical application of HDACs-targe- ted agents and indicate directions for future study.

Structure and character analysis of cotton response regulator genes family reveals that GhRR7 responses to draught stress

BACKGROUND: Cytokinin signal transduction is mediated by a two-component system (TCS). Two-component systems are utilized in plant responses to hormones as well as to biotic and abiotic environmental stimuli. In plants, response regulatory genes (RRs) are one of the main members of the two-component system (TCS). METHOD: From the aspects of gene structure, evolution mode, expression type, regulatory network and gene function, the evolution process and role of RR genes in the evolution of the cotton genome were analyzed. RESULT: A total of 284 RR genes in four cotton species were identified. Including 1049 orthologous/paralogous gene pairs were identified, most of which were whole genome duplication (WGD). The RR genes promoter elements contain phytohormone responses and abiotic or biotic stress-related cis-elements. Expression analysis showed that RR genes family may be negatively regulate and involved in salt stress and drought stress in plants. Protein regulatory network analysis showed that RR family proteins are involved in regulating the DNA-binding transcription factor activity (COG5641) pathway and HP kinase pathways. VIGS analysis showed that the GhRR7 gene may be in the same regulatory pathway as GhAHP5 and GhPHYB, ultimately negatively regulating cotton drought stress by regulating POD, SOD, CAT, H2O2 and other reactive oxygen removal systems. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to gain insight into RR gene members in cotton. Our research lays the foundation for discovering the genes related to drought and salt tolerance and creating new cotton germplasm materials for drought and salt tolerance.

Effects of ecological factors on shape and ginsenoside of Panax ginseng / 中国中药杂志

The ecological environment is closely related to the growth and quality of authentic medicinal materials. Ginseng is very strict with its natural environment and grows mostly in the damp valleys of forests, and the appearance and chemical composition of ginseng under different growth environments are very different. This article reviews the effects of different ecological factors(including light, temperature, altitude, moisture, soil factors, etc.)on the appearance and chemical composition(mainly ginsenosides) of ginseng. Through systematic review, it is found that soil physical factors are the most important ecological factors that affect the appea-rance of ginseng, and soil bulk density plays a key role; temperature affects ginsenosides in ginseng medicinal materials The dominant ecological factors for the accumulation of chemical ingredents; strong light, high altitude, high soil moisture, low soil nutrient and strong acid soil can influence the accumulation of secondary metabolites in ginseng. Environmental stress can also stimulate the formation and accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Appropriate low temperature stress, high or low water stress, acid or alkali stress can also promote the accumulation of ginsenosides. This article systematically reviews the ecological factors that affect the appearance and chemical composition of ginseng, and clarifies the dominant ecological factors and limiting factors for the formation of ginseng's appearance and quality, as well as beneficial environmental stress factors, in order to provide a theoretical basis for ginseng ecological planting and ginseng quality improvement.

Effect of Tianwang Buxin Pills on Behavior, HPA Axis, BDNF Expression and Phosphorylation of GSK3β in Mice with Chronic Unpredictable Stress / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of Tianwang Buxin pills on behavior， hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis （HPA axis）， hippocampal glycogen synthase kinase 3β （GSK3β） phosphorylation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） expression in mice with chronic unpredictable stress， and explore its mechanisms for antidepressant-like action. Method:Totally 60 male ICR mice were randomly divided into normal group， chronic stress model group， fluoxetine hydrochloride group （10 mg·kg-1） and Tianwang Buxin pills high， middle and low dose groups （3.6， 1.8， 0.9 g·kg-1）. The mice were subjected to the chronic unpredictable stress （CUS） protocol for a period of 28 d to induce depressive-like behavior. Then， a sucrose preference test， open-field test and novelty-suppressed feeding test were performed to detect the behavior changes. The blood， adrenal gland and hippocampus of mice were collected. The contents of adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） and corticosterone （CORT） in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The changes of GSK3β phosphorylation and BDNF expression in hippocampus were detected by Western blot， and the adrenal index was then calculated. Result:As compared with the normal group， the sucrose water preference was significantly decreased （P<0.01）， the number of opening activities was significantly reduced （P<0.05）， the feeding latency of novelty inhibition was prolonged （P<0.01）， the serum ACTH and CORT contents were significantly increased （P<0.05，P<0.01）， GSK3β phosphorylation and BDNF expression levels in hippocampus were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and adrenal index was significantly increased in model group （P<0.01）. As compared with the model group， Tianwang Buxin pills treatment significantly reversed the CUS-induced behavioral abnormalities in depression model mice （P<0.05， P<0.01）， significantly decreased the levels of plasma ACTH and CORT （P<0.01） and adrenal and adrenal gland index （P<0.01）， while increased GSK3β phosphorylation and BDNF expression in hippocampus （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with its effect similar to that of fluoxetine hydrochloride. Conclusion:Tianwang Buxin pills produced antidepressant-like effects in chronic unpredictable stress mice， and its mechanism may be associated with inhibiting HPA axis activity and up-regulating GSK3β phosphorylation and BDNF protein expression in hippocampus.

Screening and agronomic benefits of the stay-green trait in common bean genotypes / Screening e contribuições agronômicas do caráter stay-green em genótipos de feijão

Selecting a trait linked to metabolic pathways that enhance resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses may be an excellent alternative. A practical approach to increase the productivity of annual crops is to maximize the photosynthetic efficiency in plant breeding. The purpose of this study was to discriminate common bean genotypes during physiological senescence with regard to the stay-green trait and analyze its effects on other traits of agronomic interest. Ten common bean genotypes were analyzed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The stay-green trait was assessed by visual scores at harvest. The chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b and green pod color were also evaluated during senescence (75, 80, 85, 90, and 95 days after sowing). Pod maturation of all evaluated genotypes was standard when they reached 95 days after sowing. The stay - green feature was detected only in the genotypes BRS Expedito, FT - Tarumã and BAF071. Genetic variability in the mechanisms related to late senescence is indicated by: i) a high initial chlorophyll a content; and ii) reduced chlorophyll degradation throughout senescence. Plants with stay-green properties were significantly correlated with a lower incidence and severity of plant pathology, greater stem diameter, and higher grain yield.

Selecionar uma característica relacionada às vias metabólicas responsáveis pelo aumento da resistência e/ou tolerância a estresses bióticos e abióticos pode ser uma excelente alternativa no melhoramento de plantas. Uma abordagem prática para aumentar a produtividade das culturas anuais é maximizar a eficiência fotossintética. O objetivo do trabalho foi discriminar genótipos de feijão durante a senescência fisiológica quanto ao caráter stay-green e correlacionar os efeitos sobre outros caracteres de interesse agronômico. Foram avaliados dez genótipos de feijão submetidos ao delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. O caráter stay-green foi mensurado por escores de notas visuais na colheita. Também foram avaliados o teor de clorofila a, teor de clorofila b e coloração verde do legume no decorrer da senescência (75, 80, 85, 90, 95 dias após semeadura). A maturação dos legumes foi padrão para todos osgenótipos avaliados. Os genótipos BRS Expedito, FT - Tarumã e BAF071 apresentaram stay-green, diferentemente dos demais. A variabilidade genética nos mecanismos relacionados a senescência tardia, são detectadas pela: i) elevado teor de clorofila a inicial; e ii) reduzida degradação de clorofila ao longo da senescência. As plantas com stay-green apresentaram correlações significativas com menor incidência e severidade de fitopatologias, maior diâmetro do caule e rendimento de grãos.

A study on development of theoretical intervention model for suicide attempters with psychiatric disorders

Background: Suicide attempters are those people who survive an attempt to commit suicide. There are no intervention models that address issues in suicide attempters in the population. Aim of the study: This study was done to develop a theoretical model for intervention for suicide attempters with psychiatric disorders. Materials and methods: The research work was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute in the year 2018. The study was done in two phases; the first phase consisted of a literature study to develop a four-factor model that included; Intent, Lethality, Life Stressors and Psychiatric disorders. The second phase consisted of validation of the model through a case-control study; Standardised tools were used namely: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (Mini Plus) Scale for Suicidal Ideation, Risk Rescue Rating Scale, Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale and a Structured Questionnaire for Socio-demographic Characteristics. Results: There was a high statistical difference between the cases and control in suicidal intent. The results showed the high lethality of the suicide attempts made by patients with Axis -1 disorder and have significant life event stressors both as total mean score and number of events (p<0.005). Using the Chi-square test, the cases had more life stresses compared to controls. There was significant variation between groups using ANOVA. Conclusion: Any model of intervention for suicide attempters with Axis 1 disorders must definitely address life stresses. The direction of the relation between Axis 1 disorders and life stresses must be M. Thenral, Arunkumar Annamalai. A study on development of theoretical intervention model for suicide attempters with psychiatric disorders. IAIM, 2019; 6(9): 13-20. Page 14 identified and addressed systematically. An intervention strategy based on the data obtained in the study can be designed, implemented and evaluated for its effectiveness.

Análise de tensões pelo método dos elementos finitos em implantes dentários com plataforma cone morse / Finite element stress analysis in morse cone platform dental implants

A previsão do comportamento mecânico de implantes dentários inclinados é um fator importante na área odontológica e o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) é considerado uma ferramenta para esse fim. Objetivo: analisar a distribuição de tensões e deslocamentos em implantes cônicos do tipo cone morse com 3,5 mm de diâmetro e pilares com 4,8 mm e 3,8 mm de diâmetro, submetidos a carregamentos de compressão (100 N e 200 N), inclinados a 20º e 45º com base de aço inoxidável e osso cortical via MEF. Materiais e método: utilizaram-se dois modelos tridimensionais de implantes e pilares instalados de forma inclinada a 20º e 45º, os quais foram submetidos a carregamentos de compressão no sentido vertical para baixo (eixo ­ Y). Resultados: as tensões máximas de von Mises apresentaram valores superiores para geometrias com inclinação de 45º e carregamento de 200 N. Foi possível verificar ainda que os resultados para implantes submetidos ao carregamento de 100 N a 45º apresentaram valores superiores (574,16 MPa), quando comparado com dados da literatura, com diferença de 8,7%. O mesmo pôde ser verificado para resultados de deslocamento, onde o conjunto de implantes-pilares com inclinação maior (45º) apresentou maiores valores, quando comparados com implantes-pilares com inclinação menor (20º). Conclusão: foi possível certificar via MEF que as maiores tensões são obtidas para carregamentos com inclinações maiores, sendo que o mesmo ocorre para valores de deslocamento. O MEF demonstrou ser uma alternativa viável na área odontológica para prever o comportamento mecânico de implantes dentários.(AU)

Predicting the mechanical behavior of tilted implants is an important factor in the field of dentistry, and the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a tool for such purpose. Objective: To analyze the distribution of stresses and displacements in conical Morse cone implants with 3.5 mm of diameter and abutments with 4.8 mm and 3.8 mm of diameter, subjected to compression loads (100 N and 200 N), tilted at 20º and 45º with stainless steel base material and cortical bone, using FEA. Materials and method: Two three-dimensional models of implants and abutments tilted at 20º and 45º were used, and they were subjected to vertical downward compression loads (Y­axis). Results: Maximum von Mises stresses presented higher values for the 45º inclination and 200 N load. It was also verified that the results for implants subjected to a load of 100 N and implants tilted at 45º presented higher stress values (574.16 MPa) than literature data, with a difference of 8.7%. This was also observed for displacement results, in which implant- abutment assemblies with greater inclination (45º) presented higher values than implant-abutments with smaller inclination (20º). Conclusion: The FEA showed that higher stress values were obtained when compression loads were applied to greater inclinations. This also occurred for displacement results. The FEA represented a viable alternative in the field of dentistry to predict the mechanical behavior of dental implants.(AU)

Influencia de parámetros de diseño sobre el comportamiento biomecánico de un implante dental corto / Influence of design parameters on the biomechanical behavior of a short dental implant

Introducción: Los implantes dentales deben transmitir esfuerzos al tejido óseo y generar deformaciones que favorezcan el equilibrio entre los procesos de formación y reabsorción ósea. Debido al alto número de pacientes que presentan maxilares con dimensiones reducidas, es necesario estudiar el comportamiento biomecánico de implantes dentales cortos. Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto de los parámetros de diseño: diámetro máximo, longitud de la interfaz hueso-implante y altura del filete de la rosca sobre el comportamiento biomecánico de un nuevo diseño de implante dental corto. Métodos: Los modelos tridimensionales del implante dental corto fueron creados usando el software Autodesk Inventor Profesional versión 2011 (Autodesk Inc, California, USA) y analizados con el software de elementos finitos Autodesk® Algor® Simulation (Autodesk Inc, California, USA). Resultados: Los niveles máximos de esfuerzos equivalentes de von Mises se obtuvieron, en el hueso cortical peri-implantar. Las cargas aplicadas al implante generaron, en el hueso trabecular peri-implantar, los mayores esfuerzos equivalentes de von Mises en la región apical y los menores valores en la región próxima al hueso cortical. Además, los mayores valores de deformación se obtuvieron en el hueso trabecular para todos los modelos estudiados. Conclusiones: En general, los resultados de las simulaciones mostraron que la mayoría de los modelos estudiados generan esfuerzos y deformaciones en el hueso cortical peri-implantar en niveles que estimulan el crecimiento y la remodelación ósea. No obstante, en algunas de las variantes simuladas se observaron niveles de esfuerzos y deformaciones, en zonas del hueso trabecular peri-implantar, que pueden provocar pérdida ósea en los maxilares. Las variables diámetro del implante y altura del filete de la rosca exhibieron la mayor influencia sobre los esfuerzos y deformaciones máximas generados en el tejido óseo(AU)

Introduction: Dental implants should transmit stresses to the bone tissue and generate strain levels that favor the balance between the bone formation and bone resorption processes. Due to the high number of patients with reduced jawbone dimensions, it is essential to study the biomechanical behavior of short dental implants. Objective: Evaluate the effect of the design parameters: Maximum diameter, Length of the bone-implant interface and Thread depth on the biomechanical behavior of a new design of short dental implant. Methods: The 3D models of the short dental implant were created using Autodesk Inventor Professional software (Autodesk Inc, California, USA) and analyzed by finite elements with Autodesk® Algor® Simulation software (Autodesk Inc, California, USA). Results: The maximum von Mises equivalent stress was obtained in peri-implant cortical bone. The loads applied to the implant generated in peri-implant cancellous bone, the highest von Mises equivalent stress in the lower end of the apical region and the lowest stress values in the region next to the cortical bone. In addition, the highest strain values were obtained in cancellous bone for all models under study. Conclusions: In general, the simulation results showed that most of the models under study generate stresses and strains in peri-implant cortical bone at levels that stimulate bone growth and bone remodeling. However, for some models, it was observed levels of stress and strain in peri-implant cancellous bone that could provoke the bone onset. The variables Implant diameter and Thread depth exhibited the greatest influence on the maximum stresses and strains obtained in the bone tissue(AU)

Association between Perceived Stressfulness of Stressful Life Events and the Suicidal Risk in Chinese Patients with Major Depressive Disorder / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background</b>Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) usually have high risk of suicidality. Few studies have investigated the effects of stressful life events (SLEs) on the risk of suicide in Chinese patients who have developed MDD. This study aimed to investigate the impact of SLEs on suicidal risk in Chinese patients with MDD.</p><p><b>Methods</b>In total, 1029 patients with MDD were included from nine psychiatric hospitals to evaluate the impact of SLEs on suicidal risk. Patients fulfilling the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) criteria for MDD were included in the study. Patients were excluded if they had lifetime or current diagnoses of psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, and alcohol or substance dependence. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17). The suicidal risk of MDD patients was determined by the suicide risk module of MINI. SLEs were assessed by the Life Events Scale.</p><p><b>Results</b>No gender difference was found for suicidal risk in MDD patients. Patients with suicidal risk had younger ages, lower education levels, more drinking behavior, and lower marriage rate, and fewer people had child and more severe depressive symptoms than nonsuicidal risk group. High-level perceived stressfulness (HPS) and number of SLEs that patients were exposed to were significantly greater in patients with suicidal risk than patients without. In multivariate logistic analysis, HPS of SLEs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-2.05, P = 0.003) and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05-1.11, P < 0.001) were associated with suicidal risk even after adjustment of gender, age, marriage, drinking behavior, and childless.</p><p><b>Conclusions</b>HPS of SLEs is associated with suicide risk in Chinese patients with MDD. Further suicide prevention programs targeting this risk factor are needed.</p><p><b>Trial Registration</b>ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02023567; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02023567?term=NCT02023567&rank=1.</p>

Regulation of aquaporins in plants under stress

Abstract Aquaporins (AQP) are channel proteins belonging to the Major Intrinsic Protein (MIP) superfamily that play an important role in plant water relations. The main role of aquaporins in plants is transport of water and other small neutral molecules across cellular biological membranes. AQPs have remarkable features to provide an efficient and often, specific water flow and enable them to transport water into and out of the cells along the water potential gradient. Plant AQPs are classified into five main subfamilies including the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), nodulin 26 like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs) and X intrinsic proteins (XIPs). AQPs are localized in the cell membranes and are found in all living cells. However, most of the AQPs that have been described in plants are localized to the tonoplast and plasma membranes. Regulation of AQP activity and gene expression, are also considered as a part of the adaptation mechanisms to stress conditions and rely on complex processes and signaling pathways as well as complex transcriptional, translational and posttranscriptional factors. Gating of AQPs through different mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, tetramerization, pH, cations, reactive oxygen species, phytohormones and other chemical agents, may play a key role in plant responses to environmental stresses by maintaining the uptake and movement of water in the plant body.

Bioethanol strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae characterised by microsatellite and stress resistance

Abstract Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae may display characteristics that are typical of rough-type colonies, made up of cells clustered in pseudohyphal structures and comprised of daughter buds that do not separate from the mother cell post-mitosis. These strains are known to occur frequently in fermentation tanks with significant lower ethanol yield when compared to fermentations carried out by smooth strains of S. cerevisiae that are composed of dispersed cells. In an attempt to delineate genetic and phenotypic differences underlying the two phenotypes, this study analysed 10 microsatellite loci of 22 S. cerevisiae strains as well as stress resistance towards high concentrations of ethanol and glucose, low pH and cell sedimentation rates. The results obtained from the phenotypic tests by Principal-Component Analysis revealed that unlike the smooth colonies, the rough colonies of S. cerevisiae exhibit an enhanced resistance to stressful conditions resulting from the presence of excessive glucose and ethanol and high sedimentation rate. The microsatellite analysis was not successful to distinguish between the colony phenotypes as phenotypic assays. The relevant industrial strain PE-2 was observed in close genetic proximity to rough-colony although it does not display this colony morphology. A unique genetic pattern specific to a particular phenotype remains elusive.

Impact of mobile-bearing versus fixed-bearing platform prostheses of the knee joint on patellofemoral stress / 实用医学杂志

Objective To explore the feasibility of the reconstruction of three dimensional dynamic finite element model of the knee joint based on two-dimensional CT and MRI image data. To analyze the impact of mobile-bearing versus fixed-bearing platform prostheses of the knee joint on patellofemoral stress by the finite element method. Methods A three-dimensional digital model of the knee joint including bone,cartilage,meniscus, ligaments and tendons was reconstructed through the Mimics software. The best clinical bone cutting angle and implant placement position measurement were simulated according to the standard of total knee replacement by computers in a three-dimensionalknee model. A three-dimensional dynamic finite element model of mobile-bearing and fixed-bearing total knee arthroplasties was reconstructed finally. The data was analyzed by the SPSS 19.0 software. The test standard level α was 0.05. Results There was no significant difference in the peak value of patellofemoral stresses between fixed-bearing and mobile-bearing platform posterior cruciate-substituting prostheses at 0° ,30° ,60° ,90° ,or 120° of knee flexion(P>0.05). Conclusion There is no significant difference in the peak value of patellofemoral stresses between fixed-bearing and mobile-bearing platform prostheses.

The Mechanism Study of Micro-substance of Chinese Medicine——The Discovery and Elucidation of Effective Substance and Mechanism of Chinese Medicine via the Theory of Synthetic Lethality / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

The elaboration of the mechanism and pharmacodynamic substance are the main obstacles to the modernization of Chinese medicine.The rich ingredient of Chinese medicine is almost attention,with a research strategy of forward pharmacology.This strategy often neglects the study of trace components of Chinese medicine.Synthetic lethality,a extremely complex gene interactions,is to magnify the effects of the co-regulation of biological effects (＞ 1 000 times).The theory of synthetic lethality has achieved good results in the development of anti-tumor drugs,including the discovery of PARP inhibitors,the clinical use of chemotherapy drug addition and attenuation combination.In view of this,this research model may be used to elucidate trace effective substance.Based on the reverse thinking of "targetcomponent-effect"and clear synergistic targets,the mechanism of traces and weak-potency substance of traditional Chinese medicine was studied,and the synergistic combination of potential was found.

Regulation of developmental and environmental signaling by interaction between microtubules and membranes in plant cells

Cell division and expansion require the ordered arrangement of microtubules, which are subject to spatial and temporal modifications by developmental and environmental factors. Understanding how signals translate to changes in cortical microtubule organization is of fundamental importance. A defining feature of the cortical microtubule array is its association with the plasma membrane; modules of the plasma membrane are thought to play important roles in the mediation of microtubule organization. In this review, we highlight advances in research on the regulation of cortical microtubule organization by membrane-associated and membrane-tethered proteins and lipids in response to phytohormones and stress. The transmembrane kinase receptor Rho-like guanosine triphosphatase, phospholipase D, phosphatidic acid, and phosphoinositides are discussed with a focus on their roles in microtubule organization.

Avaliação pelo MEF da distribuição das tensões no implante, componentes protéticos e coroa, em conexões com hexágono externo, interno e Cone Morse / Evaluation using FEM on the stressdistribution on the implant, prostheticcomponents and crown, with Cone Morse, external and internal hexagon connections

Objetivo: comparar a distribuição de tensões em sistemas de implantes com diferentes tipos de conexões (hexágono externo, hexágono interno e Cone Morse), pelo Método de Elementos Finitos Bidimensional. Métodos: uma força de 100N foi aplicada na cúspide vestibular de um segundo pré-molar inferior, no sentido axial, e, posteriormente, com inclinação de 45o em cada sistema. As análises foram realizadas pelos critérios das tensões de von Mises. Resultados: os resultados apontaram que, em todos os três sistemas, a maior concentração de tensões deu-se na região do pescoço do implante em contato com o osso cortical, com exceção do sistema Cone Morse, onde a tensão se concentrou na porção interna do implante em contato com o pilar. Também foi observado que cargas inclinadas sempre geraram valores superiores aos obtidos com as cargas axiais. Conclusão: pode-se concluir, então, que os parafusos dos pilares são a porção mais frágil dos sistemas. Nos implantes, os sistemas com conexão interna têm distribuição mais uniforme das tensões que o de conexão externa.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the stress distribution between implant systems with differenttypes of connections, i.e., external hexagon, internal hexagon and morse taper, by applying the Two-DimensionalFinite Element Method. Methods: A 100-N load was applied to the buccal cusp of an inferior second premolar inthe axial direction and thereafter at an inclination of 45o on each system. Analysis was performed by means ofthe von Mises stresses criteria. Results: The results showed that in, all systems, the highest stress concentrationoccurred in the neck of the implant in contact with the cortical bone, except for the morse taper models, where thestress was concentrated in the inner portion of the implant in contact with the abutment. It also became apparentthat oblique forces resulted in higher stress values than those obtained with axial loads. Conclusion: It could beconcluded that abutment screws are the most fragile portion of the systems. Internal connection implant systemsexhibited a more uniform distribution of stresses than external connection implant systems.

Evaluación de riesgos de manipulación repetitiva a alta frecuencia basada en análisis de esfuerzos dinámicos en las articulaciones sobre modelos humanos digitales / Risk assessment of high frequency repetitive handling based on dynamic stress analysis in joints of Digital human Models

El nuevo método desarrollado está dirigido a evaluar el riesgo derivado de la realización de tareas repetitivas a alta frecuencia. Utiliza un sistema de captura de movimiento basado en sensores inerciales, utilizable en los propios puestos de trabajo, que nos permite trasladar el movimiento a un modelo biomecánico de antropometría similar al sujeto observado. Incorpora un motor de cálculo de esfuerzos en las articulaciones, que tiene en cuenta las dimensiones antropométricas, las fuerzas externas, las reacciones en los puntos de apoyo, así como las fuerzas de inercia derivadas de las aceleraciones lineales y angulares alcanzadas durante la tarea. El resultado es un método predictivo de riesgo musculoesquelético que, a diferencia de otros métodos que requieren un trabajo muy minucioso (UNE 1005-3) a la hora de definir las acciones técnicas, reduce drásticamente el proceso de análisis ya que el proceso es automático, y no está influenciado por la subjetividad del evaluador.

The new method developed is aimed at assessing the risk from repetitive tasks at high frequency. It uses a motion capture system based on inertial sensors for use in their own jobs, which allows us to transfer the movement to a biomechanical model similar to the observed subject anthropometry. Incorporates a calculation engine of efforts in joints, considerating the anthropometric dimensions, external forces, the reactions in the support points, as well as the inertial forces arising from linear and angular accelerations encountered during the task. The result is a musculoskeletal risk predictive method which, unlike other methods that require a very thorough job (UNE 1005-3) for defining the technical actions, dramatically reduces the analysis process because the process is automated, and is not influenced by the subjectivity of the evaluator.

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of CpCBF2 gene in harvested papaya fruit under temperature stresses

Background: C-repeat binding factors (CBFs) are transcription factors that regulate the expression of a number of genes related to abiotic stresses. Few CBF genes have been cloned from other plants but no report in papaya. In present study, a full-length cDNA, designated as CpCBF2, was cloned from papaya using in silico cloning and 5’- rapid amplification cDNA ends (RACE). Sequence analysis was performed to understand the gene function. The expression pattern of CpCBF2 in papaya under low (7ºC) and high temperature (35ºC) stresses was examined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: The full-length cDNA of CpCBF2 was 986-bp, with a 762-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 254 amino acid polypeptide. CpCBF2 contained several major highly conserved regions including the CBF-family signature PKRRAGRKKFQETRHP and FADSAW in its amino acid sequence. Phylogenetic tree and three-dimensional structure analysis showed that CpCBF2 had a relatively close relationship with other plant CBFs. Gene expression analysis showed that high temperature stress had little effect on the expression of CpCBF2 but low temperature repressed CpCBF2 expression. Conclusion: The results showed that CpCBF2 may involve in different roles in temperature stress tolerance. This study provided a candidate gene potentially useful for fruit temperature stress tolerance, although its function still needs further confirmation.