Selección de proveedores de insumos críticos en términos de sostenibilidad, a través de la metodología multicriterio, en una empresa del sector azucarero / Suppliers' selection of critical supplies in terms of sustainability, through the use of multi-criteria methodology, in sugar sector Company / Selecção de fornecedores de inputs críticos em termos de sustentabilidade, através da metodologia multicritério, numa empresa do sector do açúcar

RESUMEN Se presentan aquí, los resultados de una investigación teórico-práctica, en la cual se abarcó el eslabón de suministro, en una cadena de abastecimiento, en una empresa del sector azucarero en el Valle del Cauca. Para la selección de proveedores de insumos críticos, se aplicó la metodología multicriterio, considerando criterios que iban más allá del costo, tomando como referencia una clasificación de insumos de acuerdo a su criticidad en términos de sostenibilidad, para el proceso productivo. Inicialmente, se hizo una caracterización y una selección de los insumos críticos, en términos de sostenibilidad. Igualmente, se identificaron los proveedores para los insumos seleccionados. Luego, y en consenso con un comité escogido al interior de la empresa, se seleccionó y aplicó el método de jerarquía analítica AHP (Analytic Hierarcgy Process). Finalmente, se tomó la decisión más acorde a los requerimientos reales de la organización, los cuales consideraban como criterio principal la sostenibilidad, para alcanzar la competitividad y el desarrollo sostenible. Esto contribuirá con el tiempo, a que la organización sea económicamente viable, ambientalmente soportable y socialmente equitativa. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL 181

ABSTRACT We undertake a theoretical-practical investigation in which we study the supply function carried out by a company in the sugar sector at the Valle del Cauca. For the selection of critical input suppliers, we apply a multi-criteria methodology in which we take into account other criteria besides cost by considering a supplies' classification based on how critical these supplies are for the production process in terms of sustainability Initially we classify and select supplies that are more critical in regards to sustainability. Likewise, the suppliers for the selected inputs were identified. Then, in agreement with a committee chosen within the company we select and apply the analytical hierarchy method AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Finally according to the real requirements of the organization, the most appropriate decision is made, which considers sustainability as the main criterion to achieve competitiveness and sustainable development. This will contribute to an economically feasible, environmentally bearable, and socially equitable company JEL CLASSIFICATION 181

RESUMO São aqui apresentados os resultados de uma investigação teórico-prática, que abrangeu o elo de abastecimento de uma cadeia de abastecimento de uma empresa do sector do açúcar no Valle del Cauca. Para a selecção de fornecedores de inputs críticos foi aplicada a metodologia multicritérios, considerando critérios que iam além do custo, tomando como referência uma classificação dos inputs de acordo com a sua criticidade em termos de sustentabilidade, para o processo produtivo. Inicialmente, foi feita uma caracterização e selecção de inputs críticos em termos de sustentabilidade. Do mesmo modo, foram identificados os fornecedores dos factores de produção seleccionados. Em seguida, e em consenso com um comité escolhido na empresa, foi seleccionado e aplicado o método AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Finalmente, foi tomada a decisão mais consentânea com os requisitos reais da organização, que considerou a sustentabilidade como o principal critério para alcançar a competitividade e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Isto contribuirá, com o tempo, para tornar a organização economicamente viável, ambientalmente sustentável e socialmente equitativa. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL 181

The Impact of Diagnostic Imaging Fee Changes to Medical Provider Behavior: Focused on the Number of Exams of Computed Tomograph / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic imaging fee had been reduced in May 2011, but it was recovered after 6 months because of strong opposition of medical providers. This study aimed to analyze the behavior of medical providers according to fee changes. METHODS: The National Health Insurance claims data between November 2010 and December 2012 were used. The number of exams per computed tomography was analyzed to verify that the fee changes increased or decreased the number of exams. Multivariate regression model were applied. RESULTS: The monthly number of exams increased by 92.5% after fee reduction, so the diagnostic imaging spending were remained before it. But medical provider decreased the number of exams after fee return. After adjusting characteristic of hospitals, fee reduction increased the monthly number of exams by 48.0% in a regression model. Regardless type of hospitals and severity of disease, the monthly number of exams increased during period of fee reduction. The number of exams in large-scaled hospitals (tertiary and general hospital) were increased more than those of small-scaled hospitals. CONCLUSION: Fee-reduction increased unnecessary diagnostic exams under the fee-for-service system. It is needed to define appropriate exam and change reimbursement system on the basis of guideline.

Development and Research of Supplier Induced Demand Theory / 中国卫生经济

Objective:To explain the supplier induced demand theory paradigm,track the empirical research progress,so as to provide references for health care reform in China.Methods:The new classical theory,game theory and behaviorism school were launched to process theoretical derivation of induced demand.The classical empirical research and the latest research progress were introduced to systemically review on supplier induced demand.Results:The generation of supplier induced demand was related with incentive system,the type of diseases and the crowd of research.Conclusion:It could effectively reduce the induced demand for health care that constraining hospital internal incentive,conducting medical supply side structural reform,developing the “Internet +medical” and building Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) payment system.

Implementação do plano de análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle (APPCC) em indústria processadora de pasta de alho / Implementation of hazard analysis and critical control Point (HACCP) plan in garlic paste processing industry

O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um plano APPCC para uma empresa produtora de pasta de alho. A empresa está situada na região centro oeste do estado de São Paulo, sendo fornecedora para uma grande rede de supermercados, havendo a necessidade de se adequar às exigências do cliente quanto à segurança dos alimentos. Foram feitas observações in locu, entrevistas não-estruturadas com funcionários e observação de documentação e procedimentos de operação. A empresa possui implementada as BPF, no entanto, foram observadas fragilidades no processamento da pasta de alho, em relação à saúde do consumidor, sendo apontados alguns pontos críticos. Propôs-se melhorias necessárias para um processo produtivo seguro.

The objective of this work is to elaborate a plan HACCP for a company of garlic past producing. The company is located in the area center west of the São Paulo, being supplying for a great net of supermarkets, having the need to adapt to the customer's demands. They were made observations in locu, interviews nostructured with employees and documentation observation and operation procedures. It was verified that the company possesses implemented GMP. It was observed some present fragilities in the processing of the garlic paste, in relation to the consumer's health, being pointed some critical points. Therefore necessary improvements were proposed for a safe productive process.

Dental hospital selection factors using triangle fuzzy numbers with a focus on supplier factors / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzes supplier factors that affect the selection of dental hospitals. METHODS: This study performed an analysis by combining outpatient use data, household data, and additional survey data in 2011 from the Korea Health Panel Annual Data from 2008 to 2011. Standardization was conducted on variables of supplier-related factors, and a four-point scale survey questionnaire was converted into a triangle fuzzy number to fuzzify the data. A two-part model was applied to the fuzzified values. In the first part, a study was conducted to determine which supplier factors affected the decision to visit dental outpatient facilities. In the second part, dental outpatient facilities use was analyzed based on the supplier factors. RESULTS: The study results showed that ages, marital status, education level, position of employment, and income level affected the decision to visit dental outpatient facilities. Furthermore, gender and age affected the usage of dental outpatient facilities. In conclusion, supplier factors affected the decision to visit dental outpatient facilities and usage significantly. Among the supplier factors, dentist recommendation was a significant factor. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the study results, it is necessary for dental care suppliers to provide a measure for appropriate service strategy focused on dental consumers' demand on improvements of dental service value and dental care quality.

Empirical Analysis of Supplier Induced Demand in Korea: Distinction between Induced Demand Effect and Availability Effect / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: Supplier induced demand (SID) indicates the case when doctors increase the demand of the patients, following their (physicians') own best interests rather than patients'. This may occur when asymmetry of information exists between suppliers and consumers. This study aims to confirm whether SID exists in the Korean setting, particularly by dividing SID into both 'induced demand effect' and 'availability effect.' METHODS: Induced demand effect and availability effect are differentiated following Carlsen & Grytten's theoretical frame which divides doctor density regions into high and low ones. RESULTS: Positive correlation between doctors' density and utilization of their services was found, which could be interpreted as 'availability effect.' CONCLUSION: The result suggests that additional medical use for additional doctor, particularly in the area of low doctor density, can be interpreted to occur to meet the basic medical need of the people rather than as a result of unnecessary induced demand. It is important to make more medical doctors provided and to distribute them appropriately across the region in such a country like Korea where doctor's density is relatively low.

Fuzzy-AHP-based assessment for the selection of hospital HIS suppliers / 中华医学图书情报杂志

Different hospital HIS suppliers were overall assessed according to the corresponding assessment index systems established with HIS suppliers as the study object based on the function demands for HIS in order to help hospitals to select their appropriate HIS suppliers .

Building of the evaluation system for hospital logistics suppliers performance / 中华医院管理杂志

Logistics supplies are essential for normal operations of hospitals,while effective management of hospital suppliers is key to optimizing the materials supplies.An evaluation system is built for both key suppliers and standby suppliers respectively.Based on such a system,a dynamic management mechanism is built to provide long-lasting supplier incentives,for competitive selection and elimination of the suppliers.These efforts enable the hospitals to pick the best suppliers by means of systems and regulations.

Analysis on Mechanism of Over-diagnosis and Over-treatment Problem Formation in Public Hospitals of China / 中国卫生经济

According to the theoretical basis of using 5 gripper models of health system reform and high-value policy designing process, to define the over-diagnosis and over-treatment in the process of basic health care utilization in public hospitals of China, basing on the diagnostic framework of the internal and external environment, to explore the causes herein and discriminate the root, direct and intermediate factors that lead to the problem systematically, and identify the formation mechanism of the problem.

Development and application of a method for quality assesment of perishable foood suppliers from a food service / Desarrollo y aplicación de una metodología de evaluación de la calidad de proveedores de alimentos perecibles de una unidad de alimentación y nutrición

Studies evaluating the quality of food providers and the guidelines for their better qualification are scarce in literature. A structured checklist was applied in the supplier establishments to evaluate: infrastructure, sanitary-hygiene control of foods and handlers, and conditions of transportation and receiving. The Supplier Quality Index was used to calculate the scores of vendors, and the score was assigned according to the fulfillment of the items presented on the checklist: "compliant", >75.0 percent compliance and "non compliant", ≥75.0 percent. The items "control of food hygiene and sanitary" and "infrastructure" showed the highest rate of compliance (85.15 percent, each), while the "sanitary-hygiene control of handlers" was that of most frequent non-compliance (80.0 percent). The proposed methodology was efficient and may serve as a model to be employed for evaluation of supplier performance.

Pocos estudios evalúan la calidad de los proveedores de materia prima y los guían para que cumplan mejor los requisitos. En este trabajo se utilizó una lista de verificación en los establecimientos de los proveedores para evaluar: infraestructura, control sanitario de los alimentos y manipuladores, así como las condiciones de transporte y recepción de la material prima. Se utilizó el Índice de Calidad del Proveedor para calcular las puntuaciones, y la clasificación fue asignada de acuerdo con el cumplimiento de los ítems que figuran en la lista de verificación: "conforme" ≥75,0 por ciento y "no conforme" <75,0 por ciento de cumplimiento. El ítem "control higiénico de los manipuladores" tuvo la mayor frecuencia de incumplimiento (80 por ciento), mientras que los ítens "control higiénico del alimento" y "infraestructura" mostraron el más alto índice de cumplimiento (85,15 por ciento, cada). La metodología propuesta fue eficiente, y puede servir como modelo a ser utilizado para la evaluación de los proveedores.

Avaliação da qualidade tecnológica de envoltório natural suíno utilizado no processamento de lingüiça Toscana / Evaluation of the technological quality of natural pork casings used for manufacture of Toscana sausage

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de seis (6) diferentes fornecedores de envoltórios naturais suínos, utilizados para a elaboração de linguiça Toscana em um frigorífico localizado na região oeste do Paraná. As amostras foram codificadas como fornecedor 01, 02, 03, 04, 05 e 06, onde, com exceção do fornecedor 02, os demais foram de procedência nacional. As análises tecnológicas executadas nos envoltórios naturais foram a determinação da metragem, número de furos, número de fios por maço e a mensuração do calibre. Baseado nos resultados obtidos, o fornecedor 05 apresentou o pior desempenho. Não foi possível destacar um único fornecedor como o melhor para tal função. Sugere-se que a empresa em questão desenvolva formas de determinar o desvio padrão aceitável para os atributos, em especial, metragem, visando a melhor padronização do processo tecnológico.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the technological quality of six (6) different natural swine casings for the elaboration of Toscana Sausage at a sausage manufacturer locate in the west region of Paraná State. The samples were codified as supplier 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, and 06 and with exception of supplier 02, they all had Brazilian origin. The technological analyses in the natural casings were the determination of length, number of punctures, thread number per bundle and bore measurement. Based on the results obtained, the supplier 05 presented the worst performance. It was not possible to determine an ideal supplier for this purpose. It is suggested that the company develops ways of determining the best acceptable standard deviation of these attributes, in special, the length, aiming at the best technological standardization of the process for the industry.

Quality Administration in Disinfection Supplier Centre and Its Role in Control of Cross Infection / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To diminish and discontinue intra-hospital cross infection in Disinfection Supplier Centre.METHODS The administration of personal resources control was developed,the equipment and systemic control of aseptic process and isolation was reasonably arranged,and the quality control was enhanced.We executed the routine seriously during our daily work,and gave strict measures during quality management such as disposal,classification,washing,disinfection,packaging,sterilization,monitoring,stockpile,and handout.RESULTS Every criterion of aseptic and isolation work were all adapted to the demanding set up by Ministry of Health referred to hospital infection control quality standard,The infection control in our Centre was standardized and regular scientific channel was set up.CONCLUSIONS Quality administration care can play a main and key role in the control of cross hospital infection in Disinfection Supplier Centre.

An Analysis on the Priority of Selection of Supplier for School Food Service Materials / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study is to examine how nutritionists, principals and parents evaluated the importance and priorities of different selection factors for food materials suppliers in an attempt to suggest how to ensure the best supplier choice, since the selection of the best supplier was mandatory for the successful TQM of school food services. This study especially aims to develop priority alternatives based on relative rather than absolute assignments on selection of suppliers for school food service materials. To apply AHP, the selection factors of a food materials suppliers were grouped into five categories, which included quality, service, reliability, hygiene and price. And the five categories involved 28 elements. As the result, quality was considered most crucial on the whole, followed by service, reliability, hygiene and price; and food labeling in the category of quality evaluated as that of first priority in the totality evaluation elements.

Importance and Model for Hospital's Evaluation on Drug Suppliers / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the evaluation of drug suppliers in hospital so as to promote the suppliers to enhance their service level. METHODS: The drug suppliers were evaluated comprehensively with on-time delivery percentage, drug price and post-sale service as evaluation criteria. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of drug suppliers can not only raise the service level of the suppliers, but also facilitate a scientific and standardized management of drug supply. However, great importance should be attached to the impartiality and fairness in the evaluation.

Explore How to Examine and Verify the Qualification Document of Drug Supplier on the Issue Medical Institution / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To guarantee that the medical institutions to purchase qualified drugs from legal suppliers of drug.METHODS:The qualification documents of the pharmaceutical manufacturers and management enterprises were collected,examined and verified,numbered and filed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Strict examination of the qualification documents of the drug suppliers contributed to scientific and normalized management of drug purchase of medical institutions so as to guarantee the drug quality.

Food Purchasing Current Status of Elementary Schools in Seoul

The purposes of this study were to assess the school foodservice purchasing practices and to explore the ways to improve the school foodservice purchasing management. The purchasing questionnaire was composed of three parts, the part one consisted of questions on characteristics of dietitians and school foodservice operations, and the others consisted of questions concerning purchasing practices and importance & performance of food suppliers. 286 dietitians of elementary school foodservice operations in Seoul were participated with the survey. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS/win for descriptive and t-test. The school foodservice operations which employed a chef were 50.3%. Only one third of the dietitians(34.1%) reported having been involved in the selection of food suppliers. In dietitians' demographic data, 36.6% were over 30 years old, 32.4% were 28~29 years of age and 31.0% were below 27 years old. Most of the respondents(68.3%) had overall working experiences less than 58 months and almost half of them(56.3%) were married. The food suppliers' attributes with high scores of mean importance were food quality, maintenance of food quality, accuracy in filling orders, quality of delivery facilities, on time delivery and packaging. Average mean scores for importance and performance were 4.33('important') and 3.50('so-so') out of 5. In the comparison of importance attributes, produce suppliers had a significant higher score on suppliers(P<0.05) than processing food suppliers. Processing food suppliers received significant higher performance scores on product(P<0.05) and service(P<0.05) compared to produce suppliers.

Analysis of Factors Influencing on Food Supplier Selection Criteria in the Health-care Foodservice Operations

The purposes of this study were to find factor which influence on the selection criteria of food supplier. Questionnaire were distributed to 52 general hospitals with more than 400 beds located in Seoul and Kyongin province, and responded questionnaires were collected from 44 dietetic departments (84.6%) and 18 purchasing departments (34.6%). The main results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) supplier selection criteria include quality, service, cost and supplier competency. (2) With having been met with tight competition and market opening, hospitals plan a strategy to improve quality, service and they tend to have more interest in various supplier selection criteria. (3) Purchasing departments estimate more highly the rate of reflection in considering supplier selection criteria than the rate of importance about cost criteria, which reveals that purchasing departments sensitively respond to cost cutdown. (4) When selecting suppliers, a significant(p<.01) influence of stability of supplier industry environment on the selecting criteria such as the importances of quality, service, and supplier quality are recognized only after recognizing the stability of food delivery industry. Food supplier industry secures stability more quickly through major companies' participation in food distribution industry and this will reveal the importance of supplier selection criteria. (5) Suppliers which are selected by the quality criteria, service criteria, supplier quality criteria make efforts to communicate with foodservice departments, to give more proper information about substitute food, new product, and to make commitments, while suppliers which are decided by cost criteria do not establish supportive relationships with foodservice departments.

A Study on Success Factors of Buyer-Supplier Relationship in Elementary School Lunch : From the buyer's viewpoint

The purpose of this study is to clarify success factors for desirable relationship between buyer and supplier in elementary school. Therefore, the survey questionnaire consisted of general background, past success, success difference, buyer-supplier relationship characteristics(trust, supporting status, communication behavior, conflict resolution techniques, supplier selection process). The subjects were 66 dieticians of elementary school in Inchon. The statistical analysis of data was completed using SPSS program. The results were summarized as follows : Average total cost/day per one person 1,156Won. The number of suppliers per one school were 6. 92.3% of the subjects were in favor of private contract, regarding contract methods of purchasing food materials. For the past success, degree of satisfaction about past their supplier showed 3.49 score. The present success difference was shown higher than the past success. There was significant correlation between the past success and the present success difference. Trust about suppliers showed 3.40score. Supplying companies hardly support for buying school. Among information quality(timely, accurate, adequate, complete, credible), timely and complete showed lower score than the other kind of elements. Among the buyer-supplier relationship characteristic elements, only trust correlated with satisfaction about suppliers significantly. Among the conflict resolution techniques, joint problem solving and persuasive attempts were often made use of by subjects. The supplier selection criteria were shown quality(7.47), supplier's capabilities(6.46), management plan(6.00), price(5.73), scale(5.48), assets(5.27), considers delivery(4.76) and technology(2.39). As results, trust was needed for the desirable relationship between buyers and suppliers. This study has some limitations. The data in this study were collected from only buyer. It is more desired to acquire data from suppliers also.

Analysis on the problems after the Chinese medical reform——from the perspective of the tripartite relationship between hospital,insurance supplier and patient / 中国医学伦理学

Towards the problems after the medical reform of China,such as dramatic increase of healthcare expenditure and conflict between doctor and patient,this paper analyzes the tripartite relationships between hospital,insurance supplier and patient from the theoretical and practical aspects,concludes that the non-balanced development of the current relationships is an important reason of the problems,and gives the corresponding countermeasures for reference.

Influence of Regulation on the Stock Trade between Retailers and Suppliers on Drug Retailing / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the possible influence of the Regulation on the Stock Trade between Retailers and Suppliers(which was called in the following as “Regulation” for short) on drug retailing for the reference of drug retailers and suppliers.METHODS:The origin and the status quo of “Regulation” were studied and the influence of which on drug retailing was analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Drug retailing was considerably influenced by policy factor,this issue of “Regula_tion” may change some unfair business behaviors such as delaying in payment and charging unreasonable entrance fee,and influences the strength contrast between drug retailers and suppliers.