Discriminación por exceso de peso corporal: Contextos y situaciones / Body overweight discrimination: Contexts and situations

Resumen Las consecuencias del sobrepeso o de la obesidad no son solo físicas sino también psicosociales; entre estas últimas, la discriminación debida al exceso de peso corporal es de relevancia clínica, y en México más del 70% de la población podría ser víctima de ésta. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo, de naturaleza documental, fue hacer un recuento de los contextos y/o situaciones que propician la discriminación hacia las personas con exceso de peso. Con base al análisis de las investigaciones consultadas, se encontró que la familia, el ambiente escolar, el hospitalario y el laboral, contextos en los que se esperaría la comprensión y el apoyo social, son escenarios donde se promueve y se acepta de manera cotidiana la discriminación por la condición corporal. Se concluye que es importante establecer como práctica obligatoria intervenciones psicoeducativas respecto al efecto de la discriminación debida al exceso de peso en estos contextos para sensibilizar a la población e iniciar su erradicación, ya que este fenómeno psicosocial puede no solo afectar la salud mental de las personas con exceso de peso, sino también constituir un factor mantenedor de dicha condición corporal.

Abstract The obesity consequences are not only physical but also psychosocial, with respect the psychosocial, body discrimination is clinically relevant, since in Mexico 70% of the population could be sufferer of it. Therefore, the objective of this documentary research was to make a count of the contexts and/or situations of discrimination for over weight. Based on the analysis of the literature consulted, it was found that the family, the school environment, the hospital settings and the workplaces, contexts in which understanding and social support are expected, are contexts where body overweight discrimination is promoted and accepted every day. It is concluded that, is necessary to stablish the mandatory practice of psychoeducational interventions with regard to the effect of discrimination in these contexts to sensitize the population and starting their eradication, since this psychosocial phenomenon can affect the mental health of overweight people; and at the same time, can be a maintainer of the body condition and becoming a vicious cycle.

Associations between Weight Teasing by Peers, Self Esteem, and Academic Related Stressors with Body Weight Status among Adolescents in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia

@#Introduction: Growing evidence highlighting the physical health risks linked with adolescent obesity and yet little is known on the role of psychosocial factors on the body weight status of adolescents. A cross sectional study was conducted to ascertain the associations between psychosocial factors (operationalised as weight teasing by peers, self-esteem and academic related stressor) with body weight status of adolescents in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: A total of 455 adolescents aged 13-16 years (50.3% male and 49.7% female) were recruited from five randomly selected schools through a multistage cluster sampling. Body weight and height were assessed and body mass index (BMI) was computed. Weight teasing by peers, self-esteem and academic related stressor were assessed using self-administered questionnaire of Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS), Rosenberg Self esteem Scale (RSE) and Secondary School Stressor (SSS) respectively. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 17.1% and 12.2%. Binary logistic regression revealed that adolescents who experienced weight teasing by their peers had 12 times higher odds to be overweight and obese. However, low self-esteem and high academic stressor were associated with a reduction in the likelihood of being overweight and obese. This rather contradictory results may be due to various factors that may affect the adolescents’ self-esteem and academic related stressor. Conclusion: Intervention programmes need to consider the peer environment of adolescents, increasing awareness on the effect of weight teasing by peers and further well designed study is crucial to stimulate the central understanding of psychosocial correlates to the adolescent obesity.

Relación entre categorías de riesgo para Intimidación escolar y las estrategias de afrontamiento en escolares de 8 a 15 años en Ibagué / Relationship between risk categories for school bullying and coping strategies in schoolchildren aged 8 to 15 years in Ibagué

El objetivo fue determinar la relación entre las categorías de riesgo de intimidación escolar y las estrategias de afrontamiento de 681 escolares entre 8 y 15 años de 13 instituciones educativas de Ibagué, Colombia, mediante un estudio cuantitativo transversal con diseño correlacional. Se realizó la adaptación transcultural para Colombia y aplicación de dos instrumentos de medición de Enfermería "Child Adolescent Teasing Scale" (CATS) y el Schoolagers´ Coping Strategies Inventory" (SCSI). Resultados: la caracterización de los participantes encontró edad media de 11, 62 años y proporción por género (53,5% femenino vs 46,5% masculino). Dos categorías de riesgo de intimidación escolar obtuvieron mayor burla: factores relacionados con la escuela y personalidad y comportamiento. Las estrategias de afrontamiento más efectivas fueron resolución cognitiva del problema y de actividades de autocontrol, para ambos géneros. Hay relación entre factores relacionados con la escuela y el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento (r = 0,345 p=0,000); y la efectividad (r = 0,234 p=0,000). Personalidad y comportamiento y el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento (r = 0,341 p=0,000); y la efectividad (r = 0,204 p=0,000). Familia y ambiente y el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento (r = 0,282 p=0,000); y la efectividad (r = 0,152 p=0,000). Aspecto físico y el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento (r = 0,160 p=0,000); y la efectividad (r = 0,112 p=0,005). Conclusiones: hay necesidad de cuidado de enfermería en las estrategias de afrontamiento de escolares ante el reconocimiento de la burla y sus nefastos resultados en la salud.

The objective was to determine the relationship between risk categories of school bullying and the coping strategies of 681 schoolchildren between 8 and 15 years old from 13 educational institutions in Ibagué, Colombia, through a cross - sectional quantitative study with correlational design. The cross-cultural adaptation for Colombia and the application of two Child Adolescent Teasing Scale (CATS) and Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventory (SCSI) measurement instruments were made. Results: the participants' average age was 11, 62 years and gender ratio (53.5% female vs. 46.5% male). Two categories of risk of school bullying were most derided: factors related to school and personality and behavior. The most effective coping strategies were cognitive resolution of the problem and self-control activities, for both genders. There is a relationship between factors related to school and the use of coping strategies (r = 0.345 p = 0.000); and effectiveness (r = 0.234 p = 0.000). Personality and behavior and the use of coping strategies (r = 0.341 p = 0.000); and effectiveness (r = 0.204 p = 0.000). Family and environment and the use of coping strategies (r = 0.282 p = 0.000); and effectiveness (r = 0.152 p = 0.000). Physical appearance and use of coping strategies (r = 0.160 p = 0.000); and effectiveness (r = 0.112 p = 0.005). Conclusions: there is a need for nursing care in the coping strategies of schoolchildren before the recognition of the mockery and its harmful results in health.

Associação entre a provocação referente ao peso corporal e a atividade física em adolescentes / Association between weight-teasing and physical activity in adolescents

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre a atividade física e a provocação referente ao peso corporal em escolares matriculados no sistema público de ensino em Curitiba, Paraná. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 95 escolares (48 meninos e 47 meninas) com idades entre 12 e 14 anos. Para avaliar a provocação, foram utilizadas as versões em português da Escala de Percepção de Provocação e a Escala de Percepção de Provocação Durante a Atividade Física. A atividade física foi mensurada por meio de acelerômetros. O Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi utilizado para definição do estado nutricional dos participantes. A associação entre as variáveis de provocação e de atividade física foi analisada por meio da correlação de Pearson, adotando um nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Não foram verificadas associações significativas entre as variáveis de provocação e atividade física. Foram observados valores elevados de indivíduos insuficientemente ativos (72%), com diferenças significativas entre os sexos (56,3% dos meninos e 89,4% das meninas, p<0,01). Conclusões: A provocação referente ao peso é vivenciada pelos escolares avaliados e não esteve relacionada com a atividade física. Destaca-se a importância de intervenções que incentivem a conscientização das consequências da provocação referente ao peso.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the association between weight-teasing and physical activity in students from public schools of Curitiba, Paraná (Southern Brazil). Methods: The sample consisted of 95 students (48 boys and 47 girls) aged 12 to 14 years old. The Perception of Weight Teasing (POTS) and The Perception of Weight Teasing during Physical Activity Scale assessed the frequency of weight-teasing experienced by the participants. Accelerometers measured physical activity. BMI assessed the weight status of the participants. Pearson correlations analyzed the association between the teasing and physical activity variables at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The relationship between teasing variables and physical activity was not significant. A large proportion of participants failed to meet the recommended levels of physical activity regardless of sex (72%), and girls were significantly less physically active than boys (56.3% of boys and 89.4% of girls; p<0.01). Conclusions: Some participants were targets of weight-teasing, but teasing was not related to physical activity. Interventions are necessary to educate middle school students about the harmful consequences of weight teasing.

Eu sou o que me dizem que sou? Zombaria, Habilidades Sociais e Autoconceito / Am I what others say I am? Teasing, Social Skills and Self-Concept / ¿Yo soy lo que dicen que soy? Burlas, Habilidades Sociales y Autoconcepto

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar se as habilidades sociais poderiam funcionar como uma variável moderadora na relação entre a provocação dos colegas e o autoconceito. Quarenta e oito meninas entre 9 e 10 anos foram avaliadas por uma escala de autoconceito (EAC-IJ), por um componente do instrumento de avaliação de habilidades sociais (SMHSC-Del Prette), baseado em autorrelato, e responderam a um questionário que fornecia uma medida da frequência de provocação/zombaria feita por colegas. Além disso, as professoras das participantes fizeram uma avaliação do nível de socialização das participantes, utilizando uma escala de 10 pontos, criada pelas pesquisadoras. Os resultados revelaram uma tendência para um efeito moderador do nível de socialização na relação entre provocação e autoconceito. As participantes que foram consideradas mais sociáveis pareciam sofrer menos os efeitos negativos da provocação e, consequentemente, apresentaram escores maiores na escala de autoconceito do que as participantes consideradas menos sociáveis. (AU)

The present study aimed to investigate whether social skills could function as a moderating variable in the relationship between peer teasing and self-concept. Forty-eight girls, between 9 and 10 years of age, were assessed by a self-concept instrument (EAC-IJ), by a component of a self-report measure, designed for the Brazilian population to assess social skills (SMHSC- Del Prette); they were also administered a questionnaire providing a measure of the frequency of peer teasing or provocation. Moreover, teachers assessed participants' level of socialization, using a 10-point scale, especially designed for the present study. Results suggest a trend toward a moderating effect of socialization level, as reported by teachers. Participants who were rated as more sociable seemed to suffer less from the negative effects of peer provocation and, consequently, presented higher scores in the self-concept scale than participants who were rated as less sociable. (AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal investigar si las habilidades sociales podrían funcionar como una variable moderadora en la relación entre la provocación de los colegas y el autoconcepto. Cuarenta y ocho niñas de 9 y 10 años fueron evaluadas mediante una escala de autoconcepto (EAC-IJ), y un componente del instrumento de evaluación de habilidades sociales (SMHSC-DelPrette), basado en auto relato, y respondieron a un cuestionario que daba una medida de frecuencia de provocación/ burla hecha por colegas. Además, las profesoras de las participantes hicieron una evaluación del nivel de socialización de las participantes, utilizando una escala de 10 puntos, creada por las investigadoras. Los resultados revelaron una tendencia a un efecto moderador del nivel de socialización en la relación entre provocación y autoconcepto. Las participantes que fueron consideradas más sociables parecían sufrir menos los efectos negativos de la provocación y, consecuentemente, presentaron escores mayores en la escala de autoconcepto que las participantes consideradas menos sociables. (AU)