Lifting Shadows off the End-of-Life Care: Hopes and Beliefs on Video Decision Support Tools for Advance Care Planning / 한국호스피스완화의료학회지

As advance care planning is taking center stage in the field of end-of-life care, various tools have been developed to aid in the often emotional and difficult decision-making process. Video decision support tools are one of the most promising means of assistance, of which the modus operandi is to provide more comprehensive and precise information of medical procedures to patients and their families, allowing them to make better informed decisions. Despite such value, some are concerned about its potential negative impact. For example, video footages of some procedures may be shocking and unpalatable to non-medical professionals, and patients and families may refuse the procedures. One approach to soften the sometimes unpleasant visual of medical procedures is to show less aggressive or more relaxing scenes. Yet another potential issue is that the objectivity of video decision support tools might be vulnerable to the very stakeholders who were involved in the development. Some might argue that having multiple stakeholders may function as checks and balances and provide collective wisdom, but we should provide more systematic guarantee on the objectivity of the visual decision aids. Because the decision of the modality of an individual's death is the last and most significant choice in one's life, no party should exert their influence on such a delicate decision. With carefully designed video decision support tools, our patients will live the last moments of their lives with dignity, as they deserve.

Videolaringoscopios: ¿la solución para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil o una estrategia más? Revisión no sistemática / Videolaryngoscopes: The solution for difficult airway management or just another strategy? Non-systematic review

Introduction: Difficult airway management remains a challenge and is a pillar of anesthesia training. At present, unsuccessful management of the difficult airway is a leading cause of complications in the practice of anesthesia, something that has led to regular updates to the management algorithms and the development of new technologies. Objectives: To review the current state of videolaryngoscopy and its impact on difficult airway management. Methods: With the keywords Videotape Recording; Laryngoscopy; Airway Management; Intubation; Intratracheal; Obesity; Anesthesia. A non-systematic review in the following databases was conducted: Pubmed/Medline, SciElo, LILACS). Results: Videolaryngoscopes are a new technology for the management of difficult airways that so far have not replaced the standard airway management algorithm devices. Its main impact is better visualization of the laryngeal structures. However, there are still controversies regarding the ease and success of tracheal intubation. Evidence of its usefulness in difficult airway management is weak. Conclusion: Knowledge of these devices and their limitations is an alternative in difficult airway scenario, but its real value and safety for the patient is still not defined and continues to be researched.

Introducción: el manejo de la vía área difícil continua siendo un reto y es uno de los pilares del entrenamiento en anestesia. En la actualidad, el manejo no exitoso de la vía aérea difícil representa una de las principales causas de complicación en el ejercicio de la anestesia que promueve la actualización regular de los algoritmos de manejo y al desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías. Objetivos: presentar el estado actual de los videolaringoscopios y su impacto en el manejo de la vía aérea. Métodos: con las palabras claves: Grabación en video Laringoscopia, Intubación intratraqueal; Vía aérea difícil; Obesidad; Anestesia; Emergencias se realizó una revisión no sistemática en bases de datos (PubMed/Medline, SciElo, Lilacs). Resultados: los videolaringoscopios son una tecnología adicional para el manejo de la vía aérea que hasta el momento no han demostrado sustituir los dispositivos estándares expuestos en el algoritmo de manejo de la vía aérea. Su principal impacto está determinado por la mejoría en la visualización de las estructuras de la laringe sin embargo aún hay controversias respecto a la facilidad y éxito de la intubación endotraqueal. La evidencia de su utilidad en el manejo exitoso de la vía aérea difícil es débil. Conclusiones: el conocimiento de estos dispositivos así como sus limitaciones constituye una alternativa en el escenario de la vía aérea difícil, pero su valor real y la seguridad que representa para el paciente aún no se han definido y continúa en investigación.

Breaststroke learning through the use of videotape feedback / Aprendizagem do nado peito através do fornecimento de feedback de videoteipe

People from all age groups and social backgrounds have always sought to learn swimming. However, the swimming learning process is usually considered repetitive and tiring, requiring the teacher to use methods that motivate students to join the practice without ignoring the need for improvement in their performance. This study assessed motivation during a breaststroke learning process in students who received videotape feedback, verbal feedback, and who did not receive any feedback during practice. Thirty-seven swimming inexperienced students were divided into three groups: Video (n=13), which received videotape feedback; Verbal (n=15), which received verbal feedback; and Control (n=9), which did not receive any feedback during experimental phases (pre-test, acquisition (5 days), post-test and retention). Participants completed a questionnaire based on Likert scale for motivation assessment. Scores were given to their performance by a swimming teacher to assess breaststroke learning during each experimental phase. Results of motivation assessment showed that students who received feedback (videotape or verbal) felt more motivated during practice than those who did not receive any feedback. Regarding the breaststroke learning, all participants improved their performance along experimental phases, but, during the retention one, Verbal group's performance was considered superior to the Control group's performance. This study concluded that the use of videotape and verbal feedback has motivational results on breaststroke learning, and that it is effective in the learning process.

Pessoas de todas as idades e contextos sociais sempre buscaram aprender a nadar. Porém, o processo de ensino da natação é frequentemente reconhecido como repetitivo e cansativo, exigindo do professor a aplicação de métodos que motivem os alunos a aderirem à prática sem desconsiderar melhorias no desempenho. Assim, este estudo avaliou a motivação e a aprendizagem do nado peito de participantes que receberam feedback de videoteipe, que receberam feedback verbal e que não receberam feedback durante a prática. Trinta e sete participantes inexperientes em natação foram divididos entre os grupos Vídeo (n=13) que recebeu feedback de videoteipe, Verbal (n=15) que recebeu feedback verbal e Controle (n=9) que não recebeu feedback durante as fases experimentais: pré-teste, aquisição (5 dias), pós-teste e retenção. Para avaliação da motivação, os participantes responderam um questionário baseado em escala Likert. Para avaliação da aprendizagem, foram atribuídas notas ao desempenho dos participantes nas fases experimentais por uma professora de natação. Os resultados referentes à avaliação da motivação mostraram que participantes que receberam feedback (videoteipe ou verbal) se sentiram mais motivados durante a prática do que os que não receberam. Quanto à avaliação da aprendizagem, todos os participantes melhoraram seu desempenho ao longo das fases experimentais, mas na fase de retenção o desempenho dos participantes do grupo Verbal foi considerado superior ao do grupo Controle. Pôde-se concluir que a utilização de feedback de videoteipe e verbal tem efeito motivacional na aprendizagem do nado peito quando comparada com ausência de fornecimento de feedback e é eficiente para aprendizagem.

The Effect of Videotaping Students' Interviews with Patients for Interview Skill Education / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: The importance of communication between patients and physicians has been proven in many previous studies. The authors analyzed the effect of interview skill education through videotapes which recorded students' interviews with real patients in the outpatient department of family medicine. METHODS: This study was conducted with all students who chose the elective course of family medicine and one randomly selected student every week from an 'infectious internal medicine' class at Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital during the period from December 2008 to March 2011. All students performed a preliminary examination of a new patient at the outpatient department of family medicine. All consultations were videotaped. Feedback to the student was given on the same day by viewing the videotape together. After feedback, all students performed another preliminary examination of one new patient at the department of family medicine the same week. Three family medicine residents scored all videotapes using 10-item interview skill checklists. Many parts of the checklists were modified using the Arizona Clinical Interview Rating Scales. RESULTS: Thirty-three students participated. Of 10 items, nine showed increased scores after feedback. There was a significant change in four items after feedback: 'type of question' (before 2.36 +/- 0.60, after 2.73 +/- 0.72), 'timeline' (before 2.82 +/- 0.68, after 3.18 +/- 0.73), 'positive verbal reinforcement' (before 2.24 +/- 0.56, after 2.61 +/- 0.90), and the total score (before 21.70 +/- 2.62, after 23.39 +/- 3.13) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Giving feedback to medical school students on medical interview skills using videotapes of students' preliminary consultations with real patients in outpatient settings, was effective in improving the interview areas of 'type of question,' 'timeline,' 'positive verbal reinforcement,' and the total interview scores.

Development and Evaluation of a Video Discharge Education Program focusing on Mother-infant Interaction for Mothers of Premature Infants

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a video discharge education program focusing on mother-infant interaction to facilitate the development of maternal role confidence for mothers of premature infants. METHODS: The process of the program was based on the Network-based Instructional System Design suggested by Jung (1999). For the content of the program, needs and concerns of mothers of premature infants found on web sites and existing literature were analyzed. Based on this content, the scenario and the video were developed. Nurses and mothers of premature infants participated in the process of testing the content validity, scenario development, and evaluation of final video production. The final video has two parts and lasts 21 minutes. The first part focuses on mother-premature infant interaction and the second part focuses on health management of infants. RESULTS: Eleven mothers of premature infants participated in the evaluation of the appropriateness of the video as a teaching method and for educational content. They reported that the content on mother-infant interaction, maternal sensitivity, and maternal role confidence was especially beneficial. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that video program is effective for education on maternal-premature infant interaction and the use of video in practical settings is strongly recommended.

Avaliação da consulta médica realizada por ingressantes na residência de Pediatria / Assessment of medical consultations performed by incoming residents in Pediatrics

Diversos autores relatam que a consulta médica se associa a melhores resultados quando se adota como referencial o modelo centrado no paciente. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se os médicos ingressantes na residência de Pediatria realizam consultas ambulatoriais segundo pressupostos do modelo centrado no paciente. MÉTODO: Em 2007, no início de seu estágio de ambulatório, dez residentes foram selecionados aleatoriamente para serem filmados durante a realização de uma consulta. Adotando-se como referencial teórico pressupostos do modelo centrado no paciente, os dados foram analisados por meio de metodologia qualitativa, por meio da técnica exploratória, com três juízes independentes. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos residentes explora precocemente a primeira queixa referida pelos pais, assumindo-a como principal; não explora outras queixas; decide e faz orientações terapêuticas de modo não compartilhado; conversa pouco com as crianças; cria longos momentos de silêncio durante a consulta; não explica o exame físico e às vezes utiliza o prontuário como a principal fonte de informação. CONCLUSÃO: Os residentes realizam consultas sem a inclusão da perspectiva dos pais e, portanto, não atendem segundo pressupostos do modelo centrado no paciente.

Various authors have reported that medical consultations produce better results when based on the patient-centered model. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether incoming residents in pediatrics conducted outpatient consultations according to the patient-centered model. METHODS: In 2007, ten residents in the early stage of their outpatient rotation were randomly selected to be filmed during a consultation. With the patient-centered model as the theoretical reference, the data were analyzed by means of a qualitative methodology using an exploratory technique, with three independent judges. RESULTS: The majority of the residents: explored the first complaint reported by the patient's parents too early, assuming that it was the principal complaint; failed to explore other complaints; made decisions and provided treatment instructions without sharing the process; spoke little with the children; left long periods of silence during the consultation; failed to explain the physical examination to the parents; and sometimes used the patient chart as their principal source of information. CONCLUSION: Residents conducted consultations without including the parents'perspective and thus failed to meet the central premises of the patient-centered model.

Correlations of Clinical Assessment Tools with Written Examinations / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: Despite the goal of medical education, which is 'training to be a primary care physician,' only written examinations (WEs) generally have been used to assess medical student ability. We assessed clinical competence using the CPX (clinical performance examination), PA (portfolio assessment), VMA (video-monitoring assessment), CGD (case group discussion), and PCP (primary clinical practice) during students' clerkships in family medicine and correlated these clinical assessment tools with WEs. Also, we correlated these tools with each other to determine the feasibility of each as a replacement of the other tools. METHODS: Thirty-nine fourth year students at University of Ulsan College of Medicine took part in their clerkship in family medicine for 2 weeks during the first session of 2005. They took 1 CPX, 2 VMAs, 6 CGDs, and 2 PCPs and were required to submit their portfolios at the end of the clerkship. We evaluated the correlations of these tools and WEs by the overall scores of each class year and in each subject. RESULTS: The CPX, VMA, and PCP showed no significant correlation,while PA showed strong correlation with 4th year students' overall WEs. The CGD showed strong correlation with all overall scores and with almost all subjects. In addition, the PA correlated significantly with CGD. CONCLUSION: New clinical assessment tools, such as CPX, PA, and VMA, have no significant correlation with WE, even though these tools closely correspond with real clinical practice. Therefore, these tools should be considered as complementary instruments to better assess clinical competence.

Avaliação comparativa do ritmo de piscar em crianças normais em idade pré-escolar / Comparative evaluation of healthy preschool children blink

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer o padrão de normalidade do ritmo de piscar em crianças normais em idade pré-escolar. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se 200 crianças de 4 a 6 anos, saudáveis, usando tomada de imagens digitais, nos planos frontal e lateral, em estado de vigília, em posição primária do olhar, estando o objeto de observação localizado na altura da pupila. Para a tomada das imagens foi utilizada uma filmadora Sony Lithium, sendo as mesmas gravadas em fitas 8 mm, transferidas para um computador MacIntosh G4 e processadas pelo programa iMovie, estudando-se: o tempo de abertura e o tempo de fechamento palpebral, o tempo de piscar completo e o ritmo de movimentos palpebrais por minuto, durante 3 minutos. Os resultados foram avaliados por estatística descritiva e gráfico de linhas. RESULTADOS: O piscar completo foi mais freqüente que o incompleto. O ritmo do piscar completo aumenta com o aumento da idade. Para o piscar incompleto, os valores foram semelhantes em todas as idades avaliadas. O tempo de fechamento e de abertura palpebral e o tempo de piscar completo foram semelhantes em meninos e meninas. O tempo de fechamento foi mais lento que o tempo de abertura palpebral. CONCLUSÕES: O ritmo de piscar completo aumenta com a idade. Os tempos de fechamento e de abertura palpebral e o tempo de piscar completo foram semelhantes em ambos os sexos, em todas as idades estudadas, sendo o fechamento mais lento que a abertura palpebral.

PURPOSE: To evaluate spontaneous blink activity in the primary eye position in normal preschool children. METHODS: Two hundred normal children aged 4 to 6 years were prospectively evaluated. They were digitally videotaped in a standard setting, taking the images on frontal and lateral plans, during the vigil state, in the primary eye position. The object of observation was located at the same level of the pupil. A Sony Lithium camera was used. The images were recorded on 8 mm tapes and transferred to a personal computer (MacIntosh G4) and processed with the iMovie software. Opening, closure and total blink times were measured using frame scale. The eyelid movement rhythm per minute was also evaluated, during three minutes. The data were submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: The complete eye blink was more frequently observed than the incomplete eye blink. The blink rate increased with age. The incomplete blink rate was the same for all the evaluated ages. The eyelid opening and closing times and the complete blink time were similar for both sexes, during all evaluation moments. There were no differences between genders regarding eye blink. The closing eyelid time was slower than the opening eyelid time. CONCLUSIONS: The complete blink rate increases with age. The closing and the opening eyelid times and the complete blink were similar for both sexes in all evaluated ages and the opening time is faster than the closing time.

Estrategia metodológica para el desarrollo de la videoconferencia en las sedes universitarias municipales / Methodological strategy for the development of the video-lectures in the Municipal University Venues

El encargo social que el Partido y el Estado nos hace está en correspondencia con la necesidad de la sociedad de prevenir y promover salud y por ello es necesario formar profesionales en este sentido, por lo que la decisión de usar el Área de Atención Primaria Policlínico- Consultorio, como escenario docente de excelencia, unido al uso de profesionales que trabajen en este nivel como facilitadores, constituye una nueva estrategia de nuestro país, que significa que el estudiante de Medicina en este nuevo modelo desde las Ciencias Básicas se acerque a su escenario profesional recibiendo desde el mismo inicio de la carrera los conocimientos con un enfoque más innovador apoyado en nuevas tecnologías. Una de las formas de organización de la enseñanza son las Videoconferencias que potencian la actividad del alumno con orientaciones para la búsqueda de información. El colectivo de profesores del Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas elaboró una estrategia metodológica a seguir para impartir la Vídeo conferencia como vía que permita su extensión.

The social task that the Party and the Government impose on the need for promoting health in society is according to the training of professionals on this aspect; and it is necessary to use the Offfice of Primary Care at the Out-patient clinic as an excellent teaching scenery joined to the use of professional working at this level as providers, and it represents a new strategy in our country, meaning that the medical student from this new model of Basic Sciencies is closer to its professional scenery learning at the beginning of the major, the knowledge with a new approach supported by new technics. The video-lectures represent one of the ways of organization of the teaching process promoting the activity of guiding the student to search information. The Teaching Staff of the Morphological Science Department proposed a methodological strategy for imparting the videotape lectures allowing its extension and aimed at increasing the quality of the educative teaching process in every Municipal University Venues and to attain a better performance of the providers of teaching in the University Out-patient Clinic.

Recomendaciones metodológicas para la utilización del videocasete en la docencia médica / Methodological Directions for the use of the Videotape Recording in the Medical Teaching

La Educación Médica Superior le confiere al trabajo metodológico una alta prioridad y en los momentos actuales constituye un reto al considerar la elevada matrícula, los nuevos escenarios de formación, los profesores noveles y las nuevas formas organizativas de la enseñanza. La utilización del videocasete como medio de enseñanza audiovisual es utilizado cada vez con mayor fuerza en el método de Policlínico Universitario. En este trabajo se refieren algunas recomendaciones metodológicas relacionadas con su uso, con el objetivo didáctico de ofrecer a los docentes las principales características y posibilidades de este método, así como explicar la forma de proceder para su óptima utilización en beneficio de la labor educativa.

Higher Medical Education provides top priority to the methodological work, and nowadays it represents a challenge, considering the high enrollment, the new training sceneries, the new professors and the new organization of teaching. The videotape recording as an audiovisual teaching aid is used even more in the method of University Out-patient Clinic. In this paper some methodological directions are being referred which are related to its use and in order to offer the main characteristics and possibilities of this method, as well as to explain the procedure to be allowed for achieving the best use in favor of the education labor.