A análise de risco como ferramenta estratégica para o serviço veterinário oficial brasileiro: dificuldades e desafios / Risk analysis as a strategic tool for Brazilian official veterinary service: problems and challenges

O serviço veterinário oficial é responsável por proteger a saúde pública e animal, assegurando a oferta de produtos de origem animal inócuos aos consumidores. Uma ferramenta que auxilia na busca desses objetivos é a análise de risco, que iniciou a ser utilizada na segunda metade da década de 90 pelos serviços veterinários oficiais dos países. Para a realização de uma análise de risco, qualitativa ou quantitativa, inicialmente deve-se identificar o perigo, a qual na área da saúde animal geralmente é o agente patogênico causador de uma doença. A etapa subsequente é a avaliação do risco, na qual devem ser analisados, com suporte de trabalhos científicos ou especialistas na área, as formas possíveis de introdução, exposição e manutenção do agente patogênico na população susceptível, bem como as consequências, biológicas, econômicas, políticas e sociais trazidas pela enfermidade. A terceira etapa da análise de risco refere-se ao manejo dos riscos, que visa propor medidas que mitiguem o risco verificado até o nível desejado, bem como avaliar o custo/benefício de cada medida. A última fase de uma análise de risco é a comunicação dos riscos. Essa etapa é fundamental para o sucesso do estudo e deve ser iniciada juntamente com a análise de risco em si, sempre deixando aberto um canal permanente de comunicação com todos os atores sociais interessados na análise de risco. A análise de risco tornou-se um importante instrumento utilizado pelos gestores dos serviços veterinários oficiais na tomada de decisões, contribuindo para a escolha de alternativas que confiram, cientificamente, o menor risco sanitário. Este trabalho realizou uma revisão da literatura sobre análise de risco objetivando expor sua definição e processo de elaboração, assim como verificar como ela está sendo utilizada, quais limitações e desafios do uso dessa ferramenta pelo serviço veterinário oficial brasileiro.

The official veterinary service is responsible for protecting public and animal health, certifying the supply of safe animal products to consumers. A tool that assists in the pursuit of these goals is the risk analysis, which began to be used in the second half of the 1990s for the official veterinary services of countries. To carry out a risk analysis, qualitative or quantitative, one must initially identify the danger, which in the area of animal health is usually the pathogen causing a disease. The subsequent step is risk assessment, which must be analyzed, supported by scientific studies or experts in the field, the possible ways of introduction, exposition and maintenance of the pathogen in the susceptible population, as well biological, economic, political and social consequences. The third step in the analysis of risk refers to risk management, which aims to propose measures to mitigate the risk to the desired level, and assess the cost/benefit of each measure. The last phase of a risk analysis is risk communication. This step is critical for success of the study and should be initiated along with risk analysis itself, always leaving open a permanent communication with all social actors interested in risk analysis. Risk analysis has become an important tool used by managers of the official veterinary services in decision-making, contributing to the choice of alternatives that give scientifically the lowest animal health risk. This study conducted a review of the literature on risk analysis aimed to expose its definition and development process, as well as to see how it is being used and what limitations and challenges of using this tool by the Brazilian national veterinary service.

Os contenciosos comerciais e os principais casos de retaliação do Brasil à prática de subsídios agrícolas na Organização Mundial de Comércio / Trade disputes and the main cases of Brazil' retaliation based on agricultural subsidies at the World Trade Organization

O artigo aborda a adoção de medidas de retaliação, através de direitos compensatórios, à prática de subsídios no comércio agrícola internacional, por meio da análise da evolução das diferenças comerciais submetidas à Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC). Os resultados revelam que os Estados Unidos da América e a União Europeia são os membros que mais sofrem medidas de retaliação na OMC, em razão dos impactos de suas políticas de subsídios ao setor agrícola. Além disso, houve uma queda nos contenciosos comerciais submetidos à apreciação da OMC, especialmente em matéria de direitos compensatórios em relação ao setor agrícola.

This article analyzes the adoption of retaliatory measures, based on countervailing measures, on the practice of subsidies in international agricultural trade, by means of a survey on the evolution of trade differences submitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO). It was possible to identify the United States and the European Union as the members who most suffer from retaliation in the WTO, because of the impacts of their policies on subsidies on the agricultural sector. However, there was a drop in trade disputes submitted to WTO, especially with regard to countervailing measures related to the agricultural sector.

An overview on: trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights.

The World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) substantially changed the international intellectual property regime by introducing the principle of minimum intellectual property standards. In effect, this principle means that any intellectual property agreement negotiated subsequent to TRIPS among and/or involving WTO members can only create higher standards – commonly known as “TRIPS plus”. The TRIPS-plus concept covers both those activities aimed at increasing the level of protection for right holders beyond that which is given in the TRIPS Agreement and those measures aimed at reducing the scope or effectiveness of limitations on rights and exceptions. Such intellectual property rules and practices have the effect of reducing the ability of developing countries to protect the public interest and may be adopted at the multilateral, plurilateral, regional and/or national level. The TRIPS Agreement addresses a wide range of intellectual property subject matter areas (copyright, trademark, patent, and so forth). It also covers competitive markets, enforcement measures, dispute settlement, and transitional arrangements. This Module provides an introduction to these various aspects of the TRIPS Agreement, and seeks to focus on the kinds of questions that should be asked when approaching dispute settlement. In some areas, the questions are answered, but the entire field of intellectual property rights protection, including enforcement measures, cannot be covered in a single Module or short course. Moreover, the questions will change along with the technologies that form the subject matter of intellectual property rights protection. The objective of this Module is to provide sufficient background so that as specific issues arise, the diplomat or lawyer understands how to approach them.

Regime automotivo brasileiro: negociações internacionais / x

No âmbito das negociações relativas à agenda de comércio exterior recente do Brasil, destaca-se a disputa que envolveu o regime automotivo brasileiro, tanto no conflito com a Argentina, como na relação com os países desenvolvidos na OMC. O resultado dessa negociação permitiu a atração de investimentos diretos e evitou a abertura de um processo contra o país no Orgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC.

The outcome of the dispute between the Brazilian automotive industry and Argentina, as well as with developed countries of the World Trade Organization, was a significant event in Brazil's foreign trade history. The resolution of this conflict resulted in the attraction of direct investment and prevented a suit from being brought against Brazil in the WTO´s Dispute Settlement Body.

O Brasil, seus sócios e seus negócios / x

O objetivo é discutir a questão da inserção do Brasil na economia mundial em um novo contexto marcado pelo fenômeno da globalização, pela constituição da Organização Mundial do Comércio -- OMC como órgão de governança econômica global e pela proliferação dos blocos regionais de comércio.

This article considers Brazil´s evolving role in a world economy marked by globalization, the creation of the World Trade Organization as an organ of global economic governance, and the proliferation of regional trading blocks.

WTO DDA and Negotiations on Healthcare Servics

The multilateral trading system embodied in the World Trade Organization has contributed significantly to economic growth, development and employment throughout the past fifty years. We are determined, particularly in the light of the global economic slowdown, to maintain the process of reform and liberalization of trade policies, thus ensuring that the system plays its full part in promoting recovery, growth, and development. The negotiations on trade in services shall be conducted with a view to promoting the economic growth of all trading partners and the development of developing and least-developed countries. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is among the World Trade Organization's most important agreements. The accord, which came into force in January 1995, is the first and only set of multilateral rules covering international trade in services. Ig has been negotiated by the Governments themselves, and it sets the framework within which firms and individuals can operate. The GATS has two part: the framework agreement containing the general rules and disciplines ; and the notional "schedules" which list individual countries' specific commitments on access to their domestic markets by foreign suppliers. Each WTO Member lists in its national schedule those services for which it wishes to guarantee access to foreign suppliers. All commitments apply on a non-discriminatory basis to all other Members. There is complete freedom to choose which services to commit. In addition to the services committed, the schedules limit the degree to which foreign services providers can operate in the market. For example, a country making a commitment to allow foreign banks to operate in its territory may limit the number of banking licenses to be granted (a market access limitation). It might also fix a limit on the number of branches a foreign bank may open (a national treatment limitation). The GATS covers all internationally-traded services with two exception : services provided to the public in the exercise of governmental authority, and , in the air transport sector, traffic rights and all services directly related to the exercise of traffic rights and all services directly related to the exercise of traffic rights. The GATS also defines four ways in which a service can be traded, known as "modes of supply" Services supplied from one country to another (e.g international telephone calls), officially known as "cross-border supply"; Consumers from one country making use of a service in another country(e.g tourism), officially known as "consumption abroad"; A company from ton country setting up subsidiaries or branches to provide services in another country (e.g a bank from one country setting up operations in another country), officially known as "commercial presence" ; and Individuals travelling from their own country to supply services in another (e.g an actress or construction worker), officially known as "movement of natural persons". Trade liberalization, and even economic growth, are not the ends in themselves. The ultimate aim of Government is to promote human welfare in the broadest sense, and trade policy is only one of many instruments Governments use in pursuing this goal. But trade policy is nevertheless very important, both in promoting growth and in preventing conflict. The building of the multilateral trading system over teh past 50 years has been one of the most remarkable achievements of international cooperation in history. The system is certainly imperfect, which is one of the reasons why periodic negotiations are necessary, but the world would be a far poorer and more dangerous place without it. In January 2000, WTO Member Governments started a new round of negotiations to promote the progressive liberalization of trade in services. The GATS agreement specifically states that the negotiations "shall take place with a view to promoting the interests of all participants on a mutually advantageous basis" and "with due respect for national policy objectives and the level of development of individual Members". The pace and extent of these negotiations are set by the WTO's 140 Member Goverments themselves according to their different national policy priorities. Recently, however, the negotiations and the GATS itself have become the subject of ill-informed and hostile criticism. Scare stories are invented and unquestioningly repeated, however implausible. It is claimed for example that the right to maintain public services and the power to enforce health and safty standards are under threat, though both are explicitly safeguarded under the GATS. How have serious people come to believe what is, on the face of it, out of the question? Why should any Government, let alone 140 Governments, agrees to allow themselves to be forced, or force each toher, to surrender of compromise powers which are important to them, and to all of us? Decision-making in open societies presupposes informed public discussion. It must be based on fact rather than fiction. The purpose of this booklet is to contribute to this discussion and to a greater public understanding of the GATS by correcting statements made in some recent publication which we believe are misleading the public and undermining support for international economic cooperation. It must not be assumed that becuase we have disputed some allegations we accept that others are well-founded: these are merely examples.

WTO DDA and lssues on Healthcare Services

The GATS is the first and only set of multilateral rules and commitment covering Government measures which affect trade in services. It has two parts-the framework agreement containing the rules, and the national schedules of commitments through which each Member specifies the degree of access and is prepared for foreign service suppliers. The GATS covers all services with two exceptions, i.e., services provided in the exercise of governmental authority and , in the air transport sector, air traffic rights and all services directly related to the exercise of traffic rights. Notwithstanding this very broad scope, the agreement and the negotiations taking place under it are one of the least controversial areas of the current work in the WTO. This is because of its remarkable flexibility, which allows Governments, to a very great extent, to determine the level of obligations they will assume. There are four main elements of flexibility: Member Governments choose those service sectors or subsectors on which they will make commitments guaranteeing the right of foreign suppliers to provide the service. Each Member must have a schedule of commitments, but there is no minimum requirement as to its coverage and some cover only a small part of one sector; For those services that are committed, Governments may set limitations specifying the level of market access and the degree of national treatment they are prepared to guarantee; Governments were able to limit commitments to one or more of the four re cognized "modes of supply" through which services are traded. They may also withdraw and renegotiate commitments ; In order to provide more favorable treatment to certain trading partners, Governments may take exemption, in principle limited to a 10 years’ duration, from the MFN principle, which is otherwise applicable to all services, whether scheduled or not. The agreement contains a number of general obligations applicable to all services, the most important of which is the MFN rule. But apart from these, each Member defines its own obligations through the commitments undertaken in its schedule. Because it is a basic principle of the agreement that developing countries are expected to liberalize fewer sectors and types of transactions, in line with their development situation, the commitments of developing countries are in general less extensive than those of more industrialized countries. It was this flexibility in the scheduling of commitments which put an end to the north-south controversy over services which marked the early years of th e Uruguay Round. So far, South Korea has been asked by 14 economies, including the U.S., EU, and China, to open its services market wider. According to the initial requests submitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO), these countries urged Seoul to grant greater access to the domestic medical treatment, legal services, education, finance, and distribution markets. The ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT) plans to hold a related ministerial meeting today and roll out countermeasures by next March for follow-up negotiations with the nations concerned. In the initial requests, Korean newspapers reported that the U.S has demanded Seoul guarantee full access to the medical service markets and provide the same business conditions for American companies as local ones. This was, however, denied by the Korean government, while it accepted that fact that the China also called for the removal of barriers in the herbal medicine market as well as in the education. The WTO member economies have submitted initial requests for follow-up negotiations by sector to the new round of WTO talks in November last year. Thereafter, South Korea is required to come up with a response by next March to resolve the issues by the end of 2004. An agreement with the 14 countries should take effect from January 2005.

Progress of WTO Negotiation and KMA's Countermeasures

Although the issue on trade in professional services has been mentioned as one of the built-in agendas since 1995, the Ministry of Health and Welfare(MOHW) formed the committee on WTO DDA(New Development Agenda in Doha) last November and there is no countermeasure on a government level by the time. The Korean Medical Association(KMA) has been formed the WTO DDA committee composed of standing directors and experts on this last January and actively working at present. Last April, the WTO DDA Joing Committee of Associations of Healthcare Sectors has been established by six associations, such as the Korean Medical Association(KMA), the Korean Dental Association(KDA), the Association Korean Oriental Medicine(AKOM), the Korean Nurses Association(KNA), the Korean Hospital Association(KHA), the Korean Dental Hospital Association(KDHA), and they have closely collaborated. The WTO DDA Committee of KMA has submitted the request list to the government last May on the basis of results of four times meetings for special lectures and discussion, three times surveys, and the research paper. The request list of KMA includes the contents of mode 2(consumption abroad) and 4(presence of natural persons). For the mode 3(commercial presence), it is suspended because it is related with the permission of profit-making corporation on healthcare sector which is prohibited at present. The government announced 19 countries has submitted the request list to Korea as of august 1 and among them, the healthcare relevant requests are from China and Poland. Especially China is requesting as a whole, including the education sector on oriental medicine. On this point, the main subjects which the KMA should established its position urgently are the issues regarding the permission of profit-making corporation and who should give and manage the medical license. For this, the KMA will continue to collect and analyze the relevant information and will relay these information to the members.

WTO and Mass Higher Education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

At the moment of its WTO accession, China also enters the stage of mass higher education. Mass higher education is an objective inevitability of the economic and social development. China's mass higher education lays a firm foundation for China to join the WTO and the WTO entry in turn brings considerable opportunities to it. It is expected that the WTO entry will promote the process of mass higher education of China.

How to Cope with Challenge to Chinese Higher Medical Education after Entering WTO / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Joining WTO will bring great opportunity to the reformation and development of higher medical education in China. And at the same time it will also bring severe challenges. The strategy to cope with these challenges maybe: Expediting development and adjusting students' ability structure; Extending opening up and exploit international education market; Consummating educational rules and regulations and then observing to them; Consummating medical educational system to improve international competition capability; Deepening reformation to improve educational quality for adapting to the need of the international competition.

Discussion on the Developmental Strategy of Chinese Pharmaceutical Enterprises after Entering WTO / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To discuss about the developmental strategy of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises after entering WTO METHODS:To put forward the developmental strategy of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises,through analyzing the present conditions of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises and the facing challenges after entering WTO RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises can adopt integral strategy,attack strategy,brand strategy,scientific research innovation strategy to improve their market competitive ability

Discussion on the Development of Pharmaceutical Retail Chain Enterprises in China After Access to WTO / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the measures for development of pharmaceutical retail chain enterprises in China after access to WTO.METHODS: Practical developing measures were put forward by way of analysing the existing problems in pharmaceutical retail chain enterprises in China .RESULTS: & CONCLUSION:China s pharmaceutical retail chain enterprises should take the following measures perfecting relevent laws and regulations, deciding rational organization and clarifying the post responsibility, extending the business scale of chain stores, bringing in qualified personnel and training staff members, en-hencing the management of storage and delivery centre and intensifying the management of chain drugstores.

Objectively Looking Upon the Influence of WTO Entry on Wholesale and Retail of Chinese Pharmaceutical Business / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To objectively look upon and analyse the influence of WTO entry on wholesale and retail of Chinese pharmaceutical businessMETHODS:Using comparative method,the influence of WTO entry was analysed concerning wholesale and retail of drugs,economically developed and developing districts,psychological and practical pressureRESULTS & CONCLUSION:Based on the analytic results,Chinese pharmaceutical business should avoid pell-mell development,enhance confidence,actively deal with the impact and seize the opportunity to seek to live on and to develop

New understanding of hospital management after WTO accession / 中华医院管理杂志

The authors first expound that Chinas WTO accession has made it extremely clear that hospital management is the key to competition. There are two aspects of the issue. One involves changing management concepts, enriching management connotations, broadening the management horizon, enhancing management levels, transforming management mentality, and readjusting management structure. The other involves the application of modern management technology. Then they discuss ways of changing hospital management from the perspective of the competition for the masses of people seeking medical service. These include: ①attracting patients with easily available service; ②heavily advertising the hospital with specific images; ③displaying quality with standardized management; ④winning the confidence of the people with reasonable pricing. Finally the authors give a detailed account of how to explore human resources, retain talented people, form optimal teams, set up rational structures and raise assessment criteria in the competition for medical talents.

Impact of China's WTO entry on the domestic medical industry and countermeasures / 中华医院管理杂志

With Chinas accession to the WTO, implementation of the intellectual property agreement, exemptions and reductions of tariff and cancellation of non tariff barriers, and execution of the general agreement on services and trades will exert a widespread impact on the domestic medical market. Reform of the medical and health system will become extremely urgent; competition in the market of medical services will grow increasingly fierce; management of human resources will find itself in a dilemma; and supervision and control of the medical market will turn more difficult. A thorough study of the opportunities and challenges confronting the medical industry after Chinas WTO entry will, therefore, contribute to a better understanding of the reality and adequate preparation for the challenges. It is imperative to establish the idea of lifelong learning, to always remember that "development is a golden principle"; to set up the commanding elevation of talents in the 21 st century; to speed up innovations in medical technology; and to construct a modern hospital management system.

Strategies for domestic hospitals to be adapted to China's entry into WTO / 中华医院管理杂志

At present, there exist such problems in China as irrational distribution of medical resources, lack of market standards, weak awareness of competition and limitation of areas under medical insurance coverage. Yet with Chinas entry into WTO, there will be such severe challenges as change of the medical pattern and the pouring in of foreign medical institutions. In light of the circumstances, the medical industry in China should adopt the following measures: speeding up the reform of the medical and health system so as to enhance the competitive power; increasing the input of science and technology so as to strengthen the ability to innovate; and adopting the idea of the market so as to enhance the awareness of competition. In particular, attention should be paid to the change of needs of social groups, service orientation and manners on the part of domestic medical institutions should be studied, brand new concepts of service should be adopted, with respect shown to the rights of patients and a good image of each hospital should be created.

Reassessment on the Impact of China's Entry into WTO on Chinese Pharmaceutical Industry / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To reassess the impact of China's entry into WTO on Chinese pharmaceutical industry.METHODS: The relevant viewpoints before the entry into WTO were reviewed and the development of the pharmaceutical industry after China's entry into WTO was analyzed,and the impact of China's entry into WTO on Chinese pharmaceutical industry was reassessed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: China's entry into WTO enhanced the export of pharmaceutical products and the impact of TRIPS on pharmaceutical industry is as great as what people have predicated.To the opposite of some scholars' view,the steadily increased import of drugs after entering WTO had little impact on domestic pharmaceutical industry and the export of traditional Chinese medicine products still faces many difficulties.

The Challenge and Countermeasure of Chinese Genetic Engineering Pharmaceutical Industry After Acceding to WTO / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the countermeasure of Chinese genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry after acceding to WTO METHODS:To analyze the influence of acceding to WTO on Chinese genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry and the challenge it brings about RESULTS & CONCLUSION:International competition ability of Chinese genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry can be promoted by annexation,recombination and management innovation strategy The core competition ability of Chinese genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry can be promoted by human resource development,technique innovation and capital strategy