Effect and mechanism of Reduning injection on influenza A virus / 药学学报

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Reduning injection (RI) on influenza A virus (IAV) and its mechanism. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of RI in A549 and MDCK cells by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Western blot and cytopathic effect (CPE) assays were applied to test the effects of RI on viral protein, CPE and virus virulence to evaluate its inhibitory effect. The proteins level of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), phosphorylation of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) were detected by Western blot. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the RNA expression of interferon-α/β (IFN-α/β). The relative luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze the promoter activity and transcriptional regulation of Nrf2. The results indicated that RI inhibited IAV-induced MDCK cytopathies in a dose-dependent manner, decreased M2 protein of influenza virus and viral titer, indicating that it has definite effect on inhibiting IAV. RI promotes the phosphorylation of P38 MAPK and ERK1/2, activates the activity of Nrf2 nuclear transcription factor, increases the expression of Nrf2 protein in the nucleus, thus up-regulates the expression of HO-1 protein, and ultimately increases the IFN-α/β mRNA level. In summary, our results demonstrated that RI inhibits the replication of IAV by activating MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, revealing a new mechanism of RI against influenza virus, and providing theoretical basis for clinical treatment of influenza virus.

Sesquiterpenoids and iridoids from Valeriana jatamansi with anti-inflammatory and anti-influenza virus properties / 药学学报

Three sesquiterpenoids and nine iridoids were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi by various chromatographic methods. Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties, NMR and MS data. Among them, valeriananoid G (1) was a new patchoulol-type sesquiterpenoid, and compound 3 was isolated from the genus Valeriana for the first time. Compounds 3 and 10 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with IC50 values of 19.00 and 3.66 μmol·L-1, respectively. In addition, compounds 4, 6 and 12 showed anti-influenza virus activity with IC50 values of 51.75, 51.40 and 102.08 μmol·L-1, respectively.

Effect of compound houttuynia mixture on influenza virus in vitro / 药学学报

Compound houttuynia mixture belongs to OTC class A medicine, which is made from Houttuynia cordata, Scutellaria baicalensis, Radix Isatidis, Forsythia, and Lonicera. As a kind of compound preparation of traditional Chinese medicine, houttuynia cordata mixture has extensive pharmacological effects, for example, clearing away heat and detoxifying, thus it is used for the sore throat, acute pharyngitis, and tonsillitis with wind-heat syndrome. In this study, the antiviral activity against influenza viruses and the primary mechanism of compound houttuynia mixture was evaluated. The antiviral effect of compound houttuynia mixture was determined by cytopathic effects (CPE), Western blot, quantitive reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), and virus titer assays. The effect of houttuynia mixture on the replication cycle of influenza virus was evaluated by time-of-addition assay. In conclusion, the results showed that the compound houttuynia mixture had a broad-spectrum effect against influenza virus, including the international common influenza virus strains, the drug-resistant strains and the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H7N9. It mainly impairs the early stage of the viral replication.

Traditional Chinese medicines targeting influenza virus replication: research progress / 国际药学研究杂志

Influenza is a severe respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Due to the widespread prevalence, high morbidity and high mutation rate of influenza viruses, current anti-influenza drugs are not efficient and abundant. Development of novel anti-influenza virus agents is necessary and urgent nowadays. It is meaningful to investigate novel anti-influenza virus agents from traditional Chinese medicines, which is a great heritage and invaluable source for drug development. Though it is difficult to describe the mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines clearly and comprehensively because of their characteristics of "multiple components and multiple targets", with more in-depth studies, many chemical constituents and action mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines have been gradually reported nowadays. Most Chinese medicinal herbs could indirectly suppress influenza viruses and alleviate inflammation response via the regulation of cellular immune function of the host. However, studies on the traditional Chinese medicines that directly act on and target the influenza viruses are more complicated. Some of the traditional Chinese prescriptions, single traditional Chinese medicines and isolated compounds as well as their targets for the direct anti-influenza virus effects have been reported, including the familiar targets of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, RNA polymerase, nucleoprotein complex and viral RNA, etc. This review summarizes the traditional Chinese prescriptions, single traditional Chinese medicines and isolated compounds, which show direct anti-influenza virus effects, in terms of their targets, so as to provide a reference for future studies.

Exploration on mechanism of anti-influenza virus activity of genus Paeonia based on network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

This paper aimed to investigate the anti-influenza virus activity of the genus Paeonia, screen potential anti-influenza virus compounds and predict targets of anti-influenza virus to explore the mechanism of anti-influenza virus activity. First of all, a total of 301 compounds of the genus Paeonia were summarized from the literatures in recent ten years. The candidate active ingredients from the genus Paeonia were identified by database such as PubChem and Chemical Book. The ligands were constructed by ChemDraw, Avogadro and Discovery Studio Visualizer. Secondly, 23 potential anti-influenza virus targets were developed by combining the target database and the literatures. Uniprot database was used to find the anti-influenza virus targets, and RCSB was used to identify targets associated with anti-influenza virus activity as docked receptor proteins. QuickVina 2.0 software was used for molecular docking. Finally, the Cytoscape 3.5.1 software was used to map the potential activity compounds of the genus Paeonia against influenza virus and the anti-influenza virus target network. Uniprot online database was used to analyze the target GO enrichment and KEGG metabolic pathways. The results showed that 74 compounds of the genus Paeonia had anti-influenza virus effect and 18 potential anti-influenza virus targets were screened. GO analysis concluded that the mechanism of the genus Paeonia anti-influenza virus is consistent with the mechanism of NA anti-influenza virus in order to stop the sprouting, dispersion and diffusion of virus and reduce the ability of virus to infect, so that the infection can be restricted so as to achieve the anti-influenza virus effect.

Bioactive lignans from Silybum marianum / 中国中药杂志

The seeds of Silybum marianum were extracted by hot water, and the extract was isolated by D101 macroporous resin, MCI resin, MPLC, HPLC, et al. As a result, 7 compounds including tricin 4'-O-[threo-β-guaiacyl-(7″-O-methyl)-glyceryl] ether(1), tricin 4'-O-[erythro-β-guaiacyl-(7″-O-methyl)-glyceryl] ether(2), 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin-D(3),palstatin(4),(8R,7'S,8'R)-5,5'-dimethoxy-7-oxolariciresinol 9'-O-D-xylopyranoside(5), 9-O-D-glucopyranoside(6), and(-)-haplomyrtoside(7) were isolated and identified for the first time. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 5 exhibited activity against influenza A(H5N1)with IC₅₀ value of 0.65, 0.21, 0.32, and 0.56 μmol•L⁻¹, respectively. Compounds 1, 2, 6, and 7 exhibited cytotoxity against HepG-2 with IC₅₀ value of 0.35, 0.25, 0.53, 0.66 μmol•L⁻¹, respectively.

Structural modification and biological evaluation of monomeric compound from Pandanus tectorius / 中草药

Objective: To modify the structure of natural monomeric compound 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid from medicinal plant Pandanus tectorius, and evaluate the anti-influenza virus activity of the derivatives. Methods: Applying 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid as material, the target compounds were prepared by three routes and evaluated for their anti-influenza virus effects by MDCK cells in vitro. Results: Thirteen caffeoylquinic acid derivatives B1-B13 were synthesized. The structures of the target compounds were identified by spectrum. Pharmacological results showed that the compounds B4, B6, and B10 had the different potencial inhibition on the replication of influenza virus in cells. Conclusion: The new compounds B2 and B4-B13 which show the potential biological activity of anti-influenza virus, have not been reported in any literatures and are worth studying further.

Anti-Influenza Virus Activities of Commercial Oregano oils and their Carriers.

Commercial Oregano oils with high concentrations of carvacrol have been vigorously promoted as antiviral agents effective against colds and ‘flu, including the pandemic H1N1 virus. However there seems to be no evidence to support these claims. Furthermore, since carvacrol itself is known to be toxic, so-called “carrier oils”, such as olive oil, have been included in formulations to ameliorate the potential toxic effects. We compared the antiinfluenza virus activity of several preparations, with and without “carriers”, and pure olive oil and carvacrol, by means of quantitative assays for H1N1 influenza virus, and for cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells. A range of concentrations was evaluated, including those relevant to consumer applications. All five Oregano oils showed significant antiviral activity, as did olive oil by itself, although their potencies were not comparable to a standardized preparation of Echinacea purpurea. Carvacrol was also very active, but it was also strongly cytotoxic. In addition all the Oregano oils were more cytotoxic than Echinacea purpurea. Thus certain commercial Oregano oils do possess anti-influenza virus activities, although these are less than a potent standardized Echinacea preparation, and furthermore the toxicity of the oils to lung epithelial cells, at doses relevant to consumer applications, is a limiting factor in their usefulness for oral applications.

Studies on flavonoid glycosides with antiviral effect from Yinqiaosan on influenza virus / 中草药

Object To study the chemical constituents with the antiviral effect from Yinqiaosan on influenza virus Methods Isolation of the constituents by different kinds of column chromatography and elucidation of their structures on the basis of chemical and spectral methods Results Four flavonoid glycosides were isolated and elucidated as 2′ O D apiofuranosyl (1→2) ? D glucopyranosyl] isoliquiritigenin, 4′ isoliquiritigenin, 4′ O D apiofuranosyl (1→2) ? D glucopyranosyl] isoliquiritigenin, 4 isoliquiritigenin, 4 O D apiofuranosyl (1→2) ? D glucopyranosyl] isoliquiritigenin and 4′ isoliquiritigenin and 4′ O D apiofuranosyl (1→2) ? D glucopyranosyl] liquiritigenin, respectively liquiritigenin, respectively Conclusion 2′ O D apiofuranosyl (1→2) ? D glucopyranosyl] isoliquiritigenin is a new naturally compound isoliquiritigenin is a new naturally compound

Isolation and elucidation of antiviral substances from Lianqiao Bingduqing Capsule on influenza virus / 中成药

AIM: To study the chemical constituents with antiviral activity from Lianqiao Bingduqing Capsule (Fructus Forsythiae) on influenza virus. METHODS: Constituents were isolated by different kinds of column chromatography and their structures were elucidated with chemical and spectral methods. RESULTS: Ten chemical constituents were isolated and elucidated such as forsythoside D, caffeic acid, (+)-phillyrin, (+)-pinoresinal-?-D-glucoside, ?-Hydroxyacteoside, forsythoside C, rutin, forsythoside A. CONCLUSION: ?-Hydroxyacteoside is obtained from Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl for the first time.