Déficit de base, lactato e índice de shock como predictores de mortalidad en lesionados múltiples / Base Deficit, Lactate and Shock Index as Mortality Predictors in Trauma Patients

Introducción: Las respuestas fisiológicas a la hemorragia, como hipotensión y taquicardia, no siempre son proporcionales al estado de choque, lo cual ha llevado a la necesidad de usar otros predictores. Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento del déficit de base, lactato e índice de shock severo como predictores de mortalidad en pacientes lesionados múltiples. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico, observacional y retrospectivo en el Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación del Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", entre agosto de 2018 y agosto de 2020. La muestra fue de 50 pacientes, según criterio de selección no probabilístico del investigador. Resultados: Los pacientes que sufrieron trauma craneal tuvieron siete veces más riesgo de morir. El índice de shock severo, a las tres horas triplicó el riesgo de morir. El lactato y el déficit de base se correlacionaron con un índice de shock mayor de uno, de forma significativa. La transfusión sanguínea duplicó el riesgo de morir, mientras que los requerimientos de aminas, no mostraron ser factores de mal pronóstico. Dentro de las complicaciones la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica mostró tener nueve veces mayor riesgo de morir y la disfunción múltiple de órgano siete veces, pero la presencia de neumonía no influyó en la muerte. Conclusiones: El índice de shock severo se consideró un factor pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes politraumatizados al triplicar el riesgo de morir y guardó relación con el lactato elevado y la alteración de los valores del déficit de bases(AU)

Introduction: Physiological responses to hemorrhage, such as hypotension and tachycardia, are not always proportional to the state of shock, which has led to the need to use other predictors. Objective: To analyze the characteristics of base deficit, lactate and severe shock index as predictors of mortality in multiply injured patients. Methods: An analytical, observational and retrospective study was carried out in the anesthesiology and resuscitation service of General Calixto García University Hospital, between August 2018 and August 2020. The sample was made up of 50 patients, according to nonprobabilistic selection criteria of the researcher. Results: Patients who suffered cranial trauma were seven times more likely to die. The index of severe shock at three hours tripled the risk of death. Lactate and baseline deficit correlated significantly with shock index greater than one. Blood transfusion doubled the risk of death, while amine requirements were not shown to be poor prognostic factors. Among complications, systemic inflammatory response was shown to have nine times higher risk of dying and multiple organ dysfunction seven times, but the presence of pneumonia did not influence death. Conclusions: The severe shock index was considered a prognostic factor for mortality in polytraumatized patients, as far as it tripled the risk of dying and was related to elevated lactate and altered base deficit values(AU)

Aclaramiento de lactato y déficit de base estándar como pronóstico de mortalidad en choque séptico / Lactate clearance and standard base deficit as a prognosis of mortality in septic shock / Depuração de lactato e deficiência de base padrão como prognóstico de mortalidade no choque séptico

Resumen: Introducción: la asociación del nivel de lactato con la mortalidad en pacientes con sospecha de infección y sepsis está bien establecida. La sensibilidad es entre 66 y 83%, con especificidad de 80 y 85%. Sin embargo, el lactato no es sensible ni lo suficientemente específico para detectar o descartar el diagnóstico por sí solo, ya que el lactato sérico es un biomarcador importante de la hipoxia y disfunción tisular, pero no es una medida directa de la perfusión tisular. El lactato y la base estándar medidos al ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) son de utilidad pronóstica en los pacientes críticamente enfermos, pues sus niveles séricos predicen mortalidad a través de la puntuación en sí misma. Pero la importancia real va más allá de un valor absoluto, pues es mejor medir su aclaramiento a través de un tiempo determinado. Objetivo: demostrar que el aclaramiento de lactato y déficit de base estándar registrados al ingreso y a las 24 h se relacionan con mejor pronóstico y disminución de mortalidad en choque séptico. Material y métodos: se utilizó estadística descriptiva (medidas de tendencia central y dispersión; así como frecuencias y porcentajes). Asimismo, se ocupó estadística inferencial con la prueba t de Student, χ2, curva ROC, área bajo la curva e índice de Youden, con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: la asociación estadística con la mortalidad se presentó en el aclaramiento de déficit de base estándar y en aclaramiento de lactato. Conclusión: se demostró que el aclaramiento de lactato y déficit de base estándar registrados al ingreso y a las 24 h se relacionaron con mejor pronóstico y disminución de mortalidad en pacientes con choque séptico.

Abstract: Introduction: the association of lactate level with mortality in patients with suspected infection and sepsis is well established. Sensitivity is between 66 and 83%, with specificity between 80 and 85%. However, lactate is neither sensitive nor specific enough to detect or rule out the diagnosis on its own as serum lactate is an important biomarker of tissue hypoxia and dysfunction but is not a direct measure of tissue perfusion. Lactate and standard base measured on admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are useful for prognosis in critically ill patients since their serum levels predict mortality through the score itself. But the real importance goes beyond an absolute value, since it is better to measure its clearance over a given time. Objective: to demonstrate that lactate clearance and standard base deficit recorded at admission and at 24 hours are related to a better prognosis and decreased mortality in septic shock. Material and methods: descriptive statistics were used (measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as frequencies and percentages). Likewise, inferential statistics were used with the Student's t test, χ2, ROC curve, area under the curve and Youden index, with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: the statistical association with mortality was presented in the clearance of standard base deficit and in lactate clearance. Conclusion: it was shown that lactate clearance and standard base deficit recorded at admission and at 24 hours were related to a better prognosis and decreased mortality in patients with septic shock.

Resumo: Introdução: a associação do nível de lactato com mortalidade em pacientes com suspeita de infecção e sepse está bem estabelecida. A sensibilidade está entre 66 e 83%, com especificidade de 80 e 85%. No entanto, o lactato não é sensível nem específico o suficiente para detectar ou descartar o diagnóstico por si só, uma vez que o lactato sérico é um importante biomarcador de hipóxia e disfunção tecidual, mas não é uma medida direta da perfusão tecidual. O lactato e a base padrão medidos na admissão na UTI são de utilidade prognóstica em pacientes críticos, uma vez que seus níveis séricos predizem a mortalidade pelo próprio escore. Mas a real importância vai além de um valor absoluto, pois é melhor medir sua depuração em um determinado tempo. Objetivo: demonstrar que a depuração de lactato e o déficit de base padrão registrados na admissão e em 24 horas estão relacionados a um melhor prognóstico e diminuição da mortalidade no choque séptico. Material e métodos: foi utilizada estatística descritiva (medidas de tendência central e dispersão, bem como frequências e percentagens). Da mesma forma, foi utilizada estatística inferencial com teste t de Student, χ2, curva ROC, área sob a curva e índice de Youden, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: a associação estatística com a mortalidade foi apresentada na depuração do déficit de base padrão e na eliminação do lactato. Conclusão: foi demonstrado que a depuração de lactato e o déficit de base padrão registrados na admissão e em 24 horas foram relacionados a um melhor prognóstico e diminuição da mortalidade em pacientes com choque séptico.

Aclaramiento del déficit de base estándar como pronóstico de mortalidad en choque séptico / Standard base deficit clearance as prognostic factor of mortality in septic shock / Depuração do déficit de base padrão como prognóstico de morte no choque séptico

Resumen: Introducción: A finales de la década de los cincuenta, el concepto de exceso de base (EB) fue introducido por Siggaard-Andersen como marcador sérico de los problemas estrictamente metabólicos. Hoy en día, la base (B) ha sido estandarizada con resultados más efectivos cuando utilizamos la base estándar (Becf) en la evaluación clínica. El lactato y la base estándar medidos al ingresar a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) son de utilidad pronóstica en los pacientes críticamente enfermos. Decidimos medir el aclaramiento del déficit de base estándar en los pacientes con choque séptico en las 24 horas subsecuentes a partir del ingreso y evaluar su utilidad pronóstica para la mortalidad. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo, descriptivo y analítico, que incluyó pacientes con diagnóstico de choque séptico según el tercer Consenso Internacional de Sepsis y Choque Séptico (sepsis-3) ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) durante el periodo comprendido de mayo de 2015 a mayo de 2019. Los pacientes se asignaron al grupo < 11% o al grupo ≥ 11% según su porcentaje (%) de aclaramiento de déficit de base estándar a las 24 horas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 118 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Del total, 43 pacientes se asignaron al grupo de aclaramiento de déficit de base estándar < 11% y 75 pacientes al grupo de aclaramiento de déficit de base estándar ≥ 11%. En el grupo con aclaramiento < 11%, la mortalidad fue de 65.1% y de 36% para el grupo con aclaramiento ≥ 11% con p = < 0.05. Conclusión: El aclaramiento del déficit de base estándar < 11% a las 24 horas de ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos incrementa el riesgo de muerte en el choque séptico. El porcentaje de aclaramiento del déficit de base estándar es una excelente alternativa, pues su desempeño para predecir la mortalidad tiene una capacidad pronóstica similar a la del lactato.

Abstract: Introduction: The concept of base excess (BE) was introduced by Siggaard-Andersen in the late 1950s as a serum marker of strictly metabolic problems. Today the base (B) has been standardized with more effective results when we use the standard base (ecfB) in the clinical evaluation. Lactate and the standard base measured upon admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are of prognostic utility in critically ill patients. We decided to measure the standard base deficit clearance at 24 hours after admission in patients with septic shock and evaluate its prognostic utility for mortality. Material and methods: Cohort, retrospective, descriptive, analytical study that included patients with diagnosis of septic shock according to the third international consensus of sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3) admitted to the ICU in the period from May 2015 to May 2019. Patients were assigned to belong to group < 11% or group ≥ 11% according to their percentage (%) of standard base deficit clearance at 24 hours. Results: 118 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included. Of the total, 43 patients were assigned to the standard base deficit clearance group < 11% and 75 patients to the standard base deficit clearance group ≥ 11%. In the group with clearance < 11% the mortality was 65.1 and 36% for the group with clearance ≥ 11% with p = < 0.05. Conclusion: Clearance the standard base deficit < 11% after 24 hours of admission to the ICU increases the risk of death in septic shock. The percentage of standard base deficit clearance is an excellent alternative, since its performance to predict mortality has a prognostic capacity similar to that of lactate.

Resumo: Introdução: O conceito de excesso de base (EB) foi introduzido por Siggaard-Andersen no final da década de 1950 como um marcador sérico de problemas estritamente metabólicos. Hoje a base (B) foi padronizada com resultados mais eficazes quando usamos a base padrão (Becf) na avaliação clínica. O lactato e a base padrão medidas na admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) são de utilidade prognóstica em pacientes críticos. Decidimos medir a depuração do déficit de base padrão 24 horas após a internação em pacientes com choque séptico e avaliar sua utilidade prognóstica para a mortalidade. Material e métodos: Estudo de coorte, retrospectivo, descritivo, analítico que incluiu pacientes com diagnóstico de choque séptico de acordo com o terceiro consenso internacional de sepse e choque séptico (sepse-3) admitidos na UTI no período de maio de 2015 a maio de 2019. Os pacientes foram designados para pertencer ao grupo < 11% ou grupo ≥ 11%, de acordo com a porcentagem (%) de depuração do déficit de base às 24 horas. Resultados: Foram incluídos 118 pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Do total, 43 pacientes foram designados para o grupo de depuração do déficit de base padrão < 11% e 75 pacientes para o grupo de depuração do déficit de base padrão ≥ 11%. No grupo com depuração < 11% a mortalidade foi de 65.1% e 36% no grupo com depuração ≥ 11% com p = < 0.05. Conclusão: A depuração do déficit de base padrão < 11% após 24 horas de internação na UTI aumenta o risco de morte em choque séptico. A porcentagem de depuração do déficit de base padrão é uma excelente alternativa, uma vez que seu desempenho na predição da mortalidade possui capacidade prognóstica semelhante à do lactato.

Glóbulos rojos nucleados y estado metabólico en recién nacidos con estado fetal no reactivo intraparto / Umbilical nucleated red blood cells count and metabolic status in newborns with intrapartum fetal distress

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar el conteo de los glóbulos rojos nucleados en sangre de cordón umbilical y estado metabólico en recién nacidos con estado fetal no reactivo intraparto. Métodos: Se eligieron pacientes de bajo riesgo con frecuencia cardiaca fetal normal al momento del ingreso para la atención del parto. Se determinó el conteo de glóbulos rojos nucleados, pH y déficit de base de la arteria y vena umbilical de recién nacidos con (grupo A) o sin diagnóstico (grupo B) de estado fetal no reactivo por cardiotocografía. Resultados: De las 200 muestras seleccionadas, 9,5 % pertenecían a recién nacidos con diagnóstico de estado fetal no reactivo debido a cambios en la cardiotocografia. Los valores promedio de pH y déficit de base de la arteria y vena umbilical fueron significativamente más altos en los recién nacidos del grupo A que en los recién nacidos del grupo B (p < 0,05). El conteo de glóbulos rojos nucleados en los recién nacidos con estado fetal no reactivo fue 11,47 ± 4,93 x 100 leucocitos y en los recién nacidos sin estado fetal no reactivo fue de 5,71 ± 1,21 x 100 leucocitos (p < 0,05). No se encontró una correlación significativa entre el conteo de glóbulos rojos nucleados y los valores de pH y déficit de base en la sangre de la arteria y vena umbilical en el grupo de recién nacidos con y sin estado fetal no reactivo. Conclusión: Los recién nacidos con estado fetal no reactivo intraparto tienen conteos más elevados de glóbulos rojos nucleados comparado con aquellos sin alteraciones.

Abstract Objective: To relate umbilical nucleated red blood cells count and metabolic status in newborns with intrapartum non-reassuring fetal state. Materials and method: All low-risk pregnant women with a normal fetal heart rate at admission to labor and delivery were eligible for participation. Nucleated red blood cells, pH, and base deficit of umbilical artery and vein newborn with (group A) or without diagnosis (Group B) of non-reassuring fetal state by cardiotocography. Results: Of 200 samples selected, 19 (9.5 %) were from newborns with a diagnosis of non-reactive fetal status due to changes in cardiotocography (group A). Mean values of pH and umbilical arterial and venous base deficit were significantly higher in group A than in group B (p < 0.05). Nucleated red blood cells count was 11.47 +/- 4.93 x 100 white cells in group A and 5.71 +/- 1.21 x 100 white cells in group B (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between nucleated red blood cells count and pH and umbilical arterial and venous base deficit values in the groups of newborns with and without intrapartum fetal distress (p = ns). Conclusion: Newborns with non-reassuring fetal state have nucleated red blood cells count was higher than in newborns without alterations.

Utilidad de los parámetros gasométricos como predictores de mortalidad en pacientes con choque séptico / Usefulness of gasometric parameters as predictors of mortality in septic shock patients / Utilidade dos parâmetros gasométricos como preditores da mortalidade em pacientes com choque séptico

Resumen: Objetivos: Describir los parámetros gasométricos de la presión de dióxido de carbono, el déficit de base y saturación venosa central en los pacientes en choque séptico y observar si el cambio entre el valor inicial (T0) y a las 24 horas (T1) influye en su pronóstico. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y retrospectivo desde marzo de 2014 a julio de 2016 en pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de choque séptico. Se midieron SOFA y APACHE II al ingreso, así como las variables derivadas de las gasometrías venosa central y arterial al diagnóstico del choque séptico (T0) y a las 24 horas del manejo inicial (T1). Resultados: Se incluyeron 39 pacientes: sobrevivientes (n = 25) y no sobrevivientes (n = 14). Al ingreso (T0), hubo diferencias entre ambos grupos en la ΔPCO2 y ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2 (7.2 ± 2.4 versus 8.7 ± 2.0 mmHg, p = 0.05) y (1.7 ± 0.5 versus 2.1 ± 0.9 mmHg/mL, p = 0.05), respectivamente. A las 24 horas (T1), el déficit de base (DB) y la presión arterial media (PAM) mostraron diferencia entre los grupos (-4.5 ± 5.0 versus -9.5 ± 7.7 mEq/L, p = 0.02) y (81 ± 10 versus 70 ± 9 mmHg, p = 0.03). El cambio del déficit de base (ΔDB) entre los valores al ingreso (T0) y a las 24 horas (T1) fue significativo (-4.5 ± 4.1 versus 2.1 ± 6.3 mEq/L, p = 0.001); en la razón ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2 (ΔRatio) no hubo diferencia (-0.02 ± 1.2 versus 0.72 ± 1.7 mmHg/mL, p = 0.13) entre los grupos. Conclusión: Además de la ΔPCO2 y la razón ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2, en este estudio, el déficit de base puede ser una herramienta pronóstica en los pacientes con choque séptico.

Abstract: Objectives: To describe the carbon dioxide parameters, base deficit and central venous saturation in septic shock patients and observe if the change between the initial value (T0) and at 24 hours (T1) influences their prognosis. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective and observational study from March 2014 to July 2016. We included patients at least 18 years old with septic shock diagnosis. We assessed SOFA and APACHE II at admission and the derived gasometric parameters at diagnosis of septic shock and at 24 hours of treatment. Results: We included 39 patients. Survivors (n = 25) and non-survivors (n = 14). Upon admission (T0) there were differences between both groups in ΔPCO2 and ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2 (7.2 ± 2.4 versus 8.7 ± 2.0 mmHg, p = 0.05) and (1.7 ± 0.5 versus 2.1 ± 0.9 mmHg/mL, p = 0.05), respectively. At 24 hours (T1) base deficit (BD) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) showed significant differences (-4.5 ± 5.0 versus -9.5 ± 7.7 mEq/L, p = 0.02) and (81 ± 10 versus 70 ± 9 mmHg, p = 0.03). The change in BD (ΔBD) between (T0) and (T1) was significant (-4.5 ± 4.1 versus 2.1 ± 6.3 mEq/L, p = 0.001) and ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2 ratio (ΔRatio) showed no difference (-0.02 ± 1.2 versus 0.72 ± 1.7 mmHg/mL, p = 0.13) among the groups. Conclusions: Beside ΔPCO2 and ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2 ratio, base deficit can be a prognostic instrument in patients with septic shock.

Resumo: Objetivo: Descrever os parâmetros gasométricos da pressão do dióxido de carbono, o deficit de base e a saturação venosa central em pacientes com choque séptico e observar se a variação entre o valor inicial (T0) e às 24 horas (T1) influencia o prognóstico dos pacientes. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e observacional desde março de 2014 a julho de 2016 em pacientes com idade superior a 18 anos com diagnóstico de choque séptico. Foram medidos SOFA escore e APACHE II na admissão, bem como as variáveis derivadas a partir da gasometria venosa central e arterial ao diagnóstico de choque séptico (T0) e às 24 horas do tratamento inicial (T1). Resultados: Foram incluídos 39 pacientes: sobreviventes (n = 25) e não sobreviventes (n = 14). Na admissão (T0), existem diferenças entre sobreviventes contra os não sobreviventes na ΔPCO2 e ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2 (7.2 ± 2.4 vs 8.7 ± 2.0 mmHg, p = 0.05) e (1.7 ± 0.5 vs 2.1 ± 0.9 mmHg/mL, p = 0.05), respectivamente. Após 24 horas (T1) o défice de base (DB) e a PAM mostraram diferenças entre os grupos (-4.5 ± 5.0 vs -9.5 ± 7.7 mEq / L, p = 0.02) e (81 ± 10 vs 70 ± 9 mmHg, p = 0.03). O delta DB entre os valores de admissão (T0) e às 24 horas (T1) foi significativa (-4.5 ± 4.1 vs 2.1 ± 6.3 mEq/L, p = 0.001) e na razão ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2 (ΔRatio) não houve diferença entre os grupos (-0.02 ± 1.2 vs 0.72 ± 1.7 mmHg/mL, p = 0.13). Conclusão: Ademais da ΔPCO2 e a razão ΔPCO2/Ca-vO2, neste estudo, o deficit de base pode ser uma ferramenta prognóstica em pacientes com choque séptico.

Déficit de base y depuración del lactato en el paciente pediátrico con sepsis / Base deficit and lactate depuration in pediatric septic patient

El shock séptico genera un estado de falla de aporte de oxígeno y nutrientes a la célula, consiguientemente liberación de productos como el lactato y otros ácidos orgánicos; produciendo un déficit de bases. OBJETIVO: el presente estudio pretende estimar la correlación del lactato sérico y el déficit de bases como guías en el manejo del shock séptico durante las primeras 24 horas METODOS:se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo; realizando la medición seriada de lactato y del déficit de base; en pacientes shock séptico tratados de acuerdo a recomendaciones de la Campaña Sobreviviendo a la Sepsis (CSS) 2013. RESULTADOS: el lactato sérico y el déficit de base se depuran en 40% y 5% respectivamente durante las primeras 24 horas; no existe correlación (p=0.289) al ingreso, observándose posteriormente una correlación significativa (p=0,000). Los niveles de depuración en los pacientes fallecidos fueron menores en relación a los sobrevivientes. CCONCLUSIONES: el déficit de base no debe ser considerado como un sustituto fiable para el lactato sérico en el paciente con shock séptico; aunque probablemente sea de utilidad después de las 24 horas.

Sepsis and septic shock generate a state of microcirculatory failure, hipoxia and anaerobic metabolism and products like lactic acid and other organic acids are released; which lead to a deficit of bases. OBJECTIVE: this study aims to estimate the correlation of serum lactate and base deficit as guides in the management of septic shock during the first 24 hours. METHOD: a prospective observational study; performing serial measurement hours 0, 6, 12 and 24 of lactate and base deficit; in patients with the same scheme of treatment for septic shock recommended by the CSS 2013. RESULTS: the serum lactate and base deficit were modified with resuscitation with a clearance of 40% and 5% respectively; we note that there is no correlation between values (p = 0.289) at Hr. 0; However at 24 hours a significant correlation (P = 0.000) is observed. CONCLUSIONS: the base deficit should not be considered a reliable substitute for serum lactate at the beginning of resuscitation of patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock lactate; but it is likely useful after 24 hours.

Plasma Lactate and Base Deficit: Early Predictors of Morbidity in Burn Patients

PURPOSE: Plasma lactate and base deficit has been used as a marker to determine the status of tissue perfusion in trauma and clinically ill patients and also to predict the outcome of these patients. This study was performed to investigate the effect of plasma lactate and base deficit in predicting burn patients outcome. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 102 patients from January 2012 to December 2013 who were admitted as severe burn patients to our burn care unit. Plasma lactate and base deficit were measured upon admission to the hospital and SIRS score, hospital day, ABSI and TBSA were collected after admission. RESULTS: 102 patients were enrolled. Initial base deficit, hospital day, burn surface area and ABSI score showed statistical differences between low SIRS group and high SIRS group. The SIRS score, hospital day and ABSI score showed statistical differences between high base deficit group and low base deficit group (P0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, initial base deficit but not plasma lactate, was predictor of morbidity following burn injury.

Serum Lactate and Base Deficit: Early Predictors of Morbidity and Mortality in Burn Patients with Inhalation Injury

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to elucidate whether plasma lactate (PL) and base deficit (BD) are useful early parameters to predict the prognosis of burn patients with inhalation injury. In addition, one of the main objectives was to evaluate if PL and its change, BD and its change due to fluid resuscitation, adds additional information. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 151 patients admitted to our burn intensive care unit who were suspected to have inhalation burn injury, and then were confirmed by fibreoptic bronchoscopy between 1 Jan 2008 and 31 Dec 2008. All patients received proper fluid and electrolyte resuscitation, pain management, nutritional support, wound care and surgical debridement of dead tissue by burn surgeon. RESULTS: Initial PL, PL1 (24 hours later) and initial BD show statistical differences between survivors group and non-survivors group. A better chance of survival occurs when resuscitation results in normal PL values within 24 h. Moreover, an outcome predictor of shock and effective resuscitation could be defined by evaluating the changes of BD on Day 1. Normalization of the BD within 24 h is associated with a better chance of survival. CONCLUSION: Measuring PL, BD and their changes may help to identify burn patients either for adequacy of treatment, or selection of other therapeutic options. Therefore titration of burn resuscitation to normalize PL and BD levels may be a reasonable method to improve burn mortality.

Prognostic Factors and the Effect of Hemoperfusion for Patients with Paraquat Poisoning / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: Paraquat has been widely used as a non-selective contact herbicide and it may induce damage to many organs. This study aimed to assess the factors that can predict the prognosis of paraquat poisoning and to determine the effect of hemoperfusion. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 132 patients who were poisoned with paraquat from January 2005, to December 2008. The patients were divided into two groups: The first groups included the death and survived groups, and the second groups included the hemoperfusion and non-hemoperfusion groups. We investigated the mortality, the factors that can predictive the prognosis and the effect of hemoperfusion. RESULTS: There were 79 males and 53 female (mean age: 56.1 +/- 15.1 years). The significant differences between the death and survival groups were the volume of paraquat ingested, the mental status, GCS (Glasgow coma scale), pH, base deficit, HCO3, serum Cr (creatinine), serum AST (aspartate transaminase), serum glucose, K (kalium), urine sodium dithionite test and hemoperfusion. The significant differences between the hemoperfusion and non-hemoperfusion groups were the mortality and the mean survival time. Multivariate regression analysis reveled four predictive factors and their's Odd ratio: 1) urine sodium dithionate test = strong 14.256, 2) hemoperfusion 0.493, 3) Cr > 0.95 mg/kg 31.603 and 4) an amount of ingested paraquat > 45 ml 16.945. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive factors for mortality were the amount of paraquat ingested > 45 ml, a urine sodium dithionite test = strong and a serum Cr > 0.95 mg/dl. Hemoperfusion couldn't be used a predictive factor for mortality, but it increased the mean survival time.

Déficit de base à admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva: um indicador de mortalidade precoce / Base deficit at intensive care unit admission: an early mortality indicator

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O déficit de base é considerado um indicador de lesão tissular, choque e reanimação. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer uma associação entre o déficit de base na admissão dos pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e seu prognóstico. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo com análise de 110 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente na UTI, durante o período de 01 de junho a 31 de dezembro de 2006. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio do sexo feminino, com idade média de 54,2 ± 18,7 anos. O tempo médio de permanência foi 6,5 ± 7,4 dias e o APACHE médio foi de 21 ± 8,1 pontos. A razão de mortalidade padronizada foi 0,715. A mortalidade dos pacientes com déficit de base superior a 6 mEq/L foi maior (38,9 por cento) que a daqueles com déficit menor (ou excesso) (20,6 por cento); p < 0,05. Os pacientes com mortalidade precoce (primeiras 48h de UTI) tiveram maior déficit de base (7,75 ± 8,33 mEq/L) que os sobreviventes (3,17 ± 5,43 mEq/L); p < 0,05. Não se documentou associação entre o tempo de permanência e o déficit de base. CONCLUSÕES: O déficit de base revelou-se significativamente maior entre os pacientes que faleceram precocemente, principalmente quando superior a 6 mEq/L.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Base deficit is considered an indicator of tissue injury, shock and resuscitation. The objective of this study was to establish an association between base deficit obtained on the admission of patients in intensive care unit (ICU) and their prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective study with analysis of 110 patients admitted consecutively in the ICU, during the period of June to December 2006. RESULTS: There was a predominance of women, with age mean 54.2 ± 18.7 years old. Length of stay in ICU was 6.5 ± 7.4 days and the mean APACHE II score was 21 ± 8.1 points. The standardized mortality ratio was 0.715. Mortality was higher in patients with base deficit > 6 mEq/L (38.9 percent) than in those with base deficit < 6 mEq/L (20.6 percent); p < 0.05. Patients with early mortality had lower base deficit (7.75 ± 8.33 mEq/L) than survivors (3.17 ± 5.43 mEq/L); p < 0.05. Patients with permanence in ICU until 7 days and patients that stayed in this unit for more than 7 days had similar base deficit. CONCLUSIONS: Base deficit had been associated with early mortality during ICU internment. Base deficit > 6 mEq/L is a marker of significant mortality.

Effect of Alcohol on Base Deficit in Trauma

PURPOSE: Alcohol intake is commonly found in injured patients, and alcohol affects base deficit independently with trauma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol on base deficit in trauma patients. METHODS: Data was retrospectively collected from trauma patients over 18 years of age who were admitted at the emergency center between October 2005 and July 2006. Blood sampling for alcohol level, base deficit evaluation were done within first hour for all patients. Patients were divided according to the serum alcohol level into an alcohol group(serum alcohol level> or =10 mg/dl) and a non-alcohol group. The patients were also stratified into minor (ISS or =16) injury groups according to their injury severity score (ISS). RESULTS: The study enrolled 63 patients of whom 37 fell into the alcohol group and 26 into the non-alcohol group. The mean alcohol level within the alcohol group was 210+/-85 mg/dl. Base deficit and serum lactate were not found to be significantly different in minor and major injuries, and ISS, base deficit were not significantly different with serum alcohol level. Base deficit was somewhat higher on average but not statistically significant in the non-alcohol group than in the alcohol group (-3.0+/-4.5 vs. -1.8+/-6.7 mmol/L, p=0.444). The base deficit was higher for the major injury-alcohol group than for the major injury-non-alcohol group, but this difference also did not achieve statistical significance (-4.6 +/-5.8 vs -2.4+/-8.1 mmol/L, p=0.117) CONCLUSION: In the severely injured patients, base deficit appears to be increased with alcohol but we found no statistically significant differences in base deficit and ISS between alcohol group and non-alcohol group of injured patients.

The Usefulness of Initial Arterial Base Deficit in Trauma Patients

PURPOSE: The arterial base deficit (BD) has proven to be useful in the evaluation and management of trauma patients. Indicators such as the Triage-Revised Trauma Score (t-RTS) and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score have been used as triage tools for emergency trauma patients in Korea. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the initial BD in predicting injury severity and outcome in the trauma population. METHODS: The medical records of 308 consecutive trauma patients admitted to the Emergency Center of Masan Samsung Hospital from January 2004 to December 2004 were carefully examined prospectively and retrospectively, and 291 patients were selected as subjects for this research. The SIRS score and the t-RTS were calculated based on the records from the emergency department, and the BD was calculated based on the arterial blood gas analysis obtained within 30 minutes of admission. The efficiency of the three indicators as triage tools was evaluated by using cross tabulations in two - by - two matrices and by using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: When the mortality was used as the outcome parameter, the sensitivity and the accuracy of the initial BD were higher than those of the SIRS score (p<0.05) and were same as those of the t-RTS. The areas under the ROC curves of the initial BD, the SIRS score, and the t-RTS were 0.740+/-0.087, 0.696+/-0.082, and 0.871+/-0.072, respectively (95% confidence interval). When emergency operation and blood transfusion requirements were used as outcome parameters, the comparisons of the sensitivities and the accuracies of the initial BD and the other two indicators showed the same pattern as mentioned above. The areas under the ROC curves of the initial BD were 0.7~0.8 and were larger than those of the SIRS score (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The ability of the initial BD to predict injury severity and outcome was similar to those of the t- RTS and the SIRS score. Therefore, the authors suggest that the initial BD may be used as an alternative to previous triage tools for trauma patients

Correlations of the Serum Lactate and the Base Deficit levels to Injury Severity in Trauma Patients

PURPOSE: Although the Injury Severity Score (ISS) has certain predictive limitations and difficulties in calculation, the ISS has been widely used as a predictor of serious injury. The objective of this study was to determine the correlations of the serum lactate and base deficit levels to injury severity and to determine the value of using serum lactate and base deficit measurements as prognostic tools in the emergency department. METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of data collected from March 2001 to February 2002, and two hundred seventeen trauma patients who were admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) of Kyungpook National University Hospital during that period were included in this study. Patients who received a transfusion, bicarbonate, or vasopressor or who had no ISS score were excluded from this study. RESULTS: The serum lactate and the base deficit, as well as the ISS, showed a significant value for predicting the seriousness of injury in trauma patients. Because gamma(Pearson's correlation coefficient) between ISS and serum lactate levels is 0.890, it showed strong association. Especially, in multiple injury patients, the serum lactate level had predictive value in revealing hidden injuries that could lead to possible death. Logistic regression showed a strong association between the serum lactate and base deficit levels and mortality rate. CONCLUSION: The serum lactate and the base deficit levels at admission to the ED are useful tools in predicting the outcome in severe trauma patients, and they can be used adjunct to previous injury scoring systems.

Acid-Base Balance according to Intravenous Fluid during Continuous Hyperthermic Peritoneal Perfusion / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (CHPP) has been introduced to improve the survival of cancer patients. However CHPP induced acute change of body temperature and intra- abdominal pressure could produce various abnormal physiologic responses, especially acid-base and electrolyte imbalance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of intravenous fluids, plasma solution and Hartmann's solution on acid-base status and electrolyte concentrations during CHPP and to determine strategies for safer fluid management. METHODS: Thirty five patients with ovarian cancer were divided into two groups; Group 1 (16 patients) was supplied with plasma solution and Group 2 (19 patients) was supplied with a Hartman solution as the intravenous fluid. Closed peritoneal irrigation was done with perfusate at a temperature of 47oC for 90 min under general anesthesia. Body temperature, hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial pressure MAP, heart rate HR), blood gas tensions (PaO2, PaCO2), acid-base parameters (pH, base deficit BD) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium) were measured at 10 min before CHPP, 30, 60, 90 min after the initiation of CHPP, and 30 min after the end of CHPP. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in body temperature, MAP, HR, PaO2, PaCO2 during CHPP in both groups. pH measured at postCHPP in group 2 was significantly lower than that measured in group 1. Base deficits measured at 30, 60, 90 min after the initiation of CHPP and 30 min after the end of CHPP in group 2 were significantly lower than those measured in group 1. Potassium and calcium ion concentations did not show statistical significance during CHPP in both groups. 7 patients in group 1 whose calcium ion level dropped by more than 20% of the initial value needed a calcium injection but only 1 patient in group 2 needed a calcium injection. CONCLUSION: It appears that hemodynamic stability was maintained well during CHPP between the two group. A plasma solution may be more ideal in reducing acidic tendencies and base deficits thana Hartmann's solution but a plasma solution supplied group requires frequent evaluation and a supply of calcium for adequate serum calcium levels.

Prognostic Value of Base Deficit in Severe Trauma Patients

BACKGROUND: This study's objective was to determine the prognostic value of the base deficit measured in the emergency department(ED) and to determine whether base deficit can provide information not provided by advanced injury scoring system. METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of data collected for two years. Thirty-two severe trauma patients who were admitted to the Emergency Department of Korea University Hospital were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups: the normal base deficit group(-3 mmol/L to 3 mmol/L) and the elevated base deficit group(>3 mmol/L). The base-deficit value, age, sex, head injury, organ failure rate, and survival were considered, and the also Revised Trauma Score(RTS), Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE II), and Injury Severity Score(ISS) were measured. RESULT: The elevated base-deficit group showed a lower survival rate and a higher organ failure rate compared to the normal base deficit group. Logistic Regression showed a strong association between base deficit and mortality rate. Among the previous injury scoring Systems(RTS, APACHE II, ISS), base deficit had the strongest correlation with RTS. By using base deficit value and the RTS together, we obtained a higher positive predictive value than that obtained by using base deficit or RTS alone. CONCLUSION: The admission value of the base deficit in the ED is a useful tool in predicting the outcome in severe trauma patients, and it can be an adjunct to previous injury scoring systems. As an advanced injury scoring System is developed in the future, the base deficit may have some significant role.