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Introducción: Actualmente los contagios por el virus del SARS-CoV-2 supera los 600 millones de casos en el mundo. Objetivo: Aislar y caracterizar el virus SARS-CoV-2 causante de la COVID-19 a inicios de la pandemia en el Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó el aislamiento viral a partir de 20 muestras de hisopado nasal y faríngeo positivas a SARS-CoV-2 por RT-PCR. El aislamiento se realizó en las líneas celulares Vero ATCC CCL-81 y Vero E6, evaluando el efecto citopático, la presencia del virus por RT-PCR, inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) y posterior identificación por secuenciación genómica. Posteriormente, uno de los aislamientos de mayor circulación fue seleccionado y denominado cepa prototipo (PE/B.1.1/28549/2020), realizándose 10 pasajes sucesivos en células Vero ATCC CCL-81 para evaluar la dinámica de mutaciones. Resultados: Se observaron 11 aislamientos de virus por efecto citopático confirmándose por RT-PCR e IFI, de los cuales 6 fueron secuenciados identificándose los linajes B.1, B.1.1, B.1.1.1 y B.1.205, según el comité Pango de los genomas. La cepa prototipo corresponde a la variante B.1.1 y el análisis de las secuencias de los pasajes sucesivos mostró mutaciones a nivel de la proteína de la espiga (S) del virus, sin variación en la identidad del linaje. Conclusiones: Se aislaron 4 linajes en la línea celular Vero ATCC CCL-81. Los subcultivos en la misma línea celular muestran mutaciones en la proteína de la espiga, lo que indica mayor adaptabilidad a la célula hospedera y variación de la patogenicidad in vitro, comportamiento que le permite tener más éxito de supervivencia.
Introduction: Currently, infections caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus exceed 600 million cases in the world. Objective: Isolation and characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic in Peru. Materials and methods: Twenty nasal and pharyngeal swab samples were isolated from SARS-CoV-2 using two cell lines, Vero ATCC CCL-81 and Vero E-6; virus identification was performed by RT-PCR and the onset of cytopathic effect (CPE) was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence and subsequent identification by genomic sequencing. One of the most widely circulating isolates were selected and named the prototype strain (PE/B.1.1/28549/2020). Then 10 successive passages were performed on Vero ATCC CCL-81 cells to assess mutation dynamics. Results: We detected 11 virus isolates by cytopathic effect, and subsequently confirmed by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence. Of these, six were sequenced and identified as the lineages B.1, B.1.1, B.1.1.1, and B.1.205 according to the Pango lineage nomenclature. The prototype strain corresponded to lineage B.1.1. The analysis of the strains from the successive passages showed mutations mainly at in the spike (S) protein of the virus without variation in the identity of the lineage. Conclusions: Four lineages were isolated in the Vero ATCC CCL-81 cell line. Subcultures in the same cell line show mutations in the spike protein indicating greater adaptability to the host cell and variation in pathogenicity in vitro, a behavior that allows it to have more survival success.
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O protozoário Toxoplasma gondii possui a capacidade de infectar diversas espécies animais, geralmente causando distúrbios reprodutivos. Quatro diferentes isolados de T. gondii - Pains #1 (P1), Pains #2 (P2), Santa Flora #1 (SF1) e Santa Flora #306 (SF306) - foram avaliados, após prévia genotipagem. A capacidade de multiplicação e virulência destes isolados foi analisada in vitro (células Vero) e in vivo (camundongos), sendo realizadas 3 passagens para cada isolado em cada modo avaliado, sendo sempre inoculada a dose de 1x104 taquizoítos em todas as passagens. Os camundongos eram observados diariamente, quanto à presença de sinais clínicos e ocorrência de mortalidade após inoculação dos taquizoítos. Os isolados SF1 e SF306, foram os que apresentaram maior multiplicação média do número total de taquizoítos em cada uma das 3 diferentes passagens realizadas para cada um dos isolados tanto in vitro quanto in vivo. Os primeiros sinais clínicos observados nos camundongos ocorreram entre os dias 5 a 11, após inoculação, com mortalidade acontecendo entre os dias 6 a 15, após inoculação. Assim, a multiplicação parasitária in vitro é semelhante à multiplicação in vivo destes isolados de T. gondii; diferentes isolados com o mesmo genótipo apresentam comportamento de virulência semelhante, caracterizando o isolado SF1 como mais virulento para camundongos.(AU)
The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii has the ability to infect several animal species, usually causing reproductive disorders. Four different isolates of T. gondii - Pains #1 (P1), Pains #2 (P2), Santa Flora #1 (SF1) and Santa Flora #306 (SF306) were evaluated with prior genotyping. Their virulence and multiplication capacity were analyzed in vitro (Vero cells) and in vivo (mice). For each isolate, three passages were performed with dose inoculation 1x104 tachyzoites at each passage. The mice were daily observed to verify of clinical signs and occurrence of mortality after tachyzoites inoculation. The SF1 isolate and SF306 isolate, presented the highest multiplication of the total tachyzoites number in each of the 3 different passages performed in vitro and in vivo. The initial clinical signs in mice were observed between 5 and 11 days, and occurring mortality between 6 and 15 days, after inoculation. Thus, the parasitic multiplication of theses isolates is similar in vitro and in vivo; different isolates within the same genotype have a similar virulence and the SF1 isolate is the most virulent for mice.(AU)
Assuntos
Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose , Fatores de Virulência/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Introducción: Los sistemas in vitro son útiles en la evaluación de compuestos con actividad biológica, permitiendo por ejemplo, determinar el potencial citotóxico y leishmanicida de un compuesto. Objetivo: Identificar el tipo de célula mamífera que permita una óptima infección in vitro por Leishmania y que constituya el sistema adecuado para el tamizaje in vitro de compuestos con actividad anti-Leishmania. Métodos: La susceptibilidad de las células a infección por L. panamensis se evalúo según la Concentración Infectiva 50 determinada por microscopía de luz y citometría de flujo; la supervivencia intracelular de los amastigotes se evaluó por microscopía de fluorescencia y la sensibilidad de las células a anfotericina B y antimoniato de meglumina se evalúo por espectrofotometría. Resultados: Los cultivos primarios son más susceptibles a la infección por L. panamensis in vitro. Sin embargo, la supervivencia intracelular del parásito fue mejor en U-937. Por su parte, la sensibilidad de las células a anfotericina B y antimoniato de meglumina vario según el tipo de célula. Conclusiones: Las células U-937 son las adecuadas para la infección por Leishmania porque: a) presentan crecimiento ilimitado y se les puede inducir transformación a macrófagos. b) la susceptibilidad a la infección por Leishmania es similar a la observada en cultivos primarios de macrófagos y c) permiten mayor supervivencia de los amastigotes luego de la infección. Adicionalmente, las células U-937 son menos sensibles a la acción de los fármacos comúnmente utilizados como control en la detección de compuestos con actividad leishmanicida.
Introduction: In vitro systems are useful in the evaluation of compounds with biological activity determining the cytotoxic and leishmanicidal activity of the candidates. Objective: To identify the mammalian cell that allows the optimal in vitro infection by Leishmania and therefore, identify the suitable system for the in vitro evaluation of leishmanicidal activity of drugs. Methodology: The susceptibility to the infection by L. panamensis was evaluated according to the Infective Concentration 50 tested by light microscopy and flow citometry; the intracellular survival of amastigotes was determined by fluorescence microscopy and the sensitivity to amphotericine B and meglumine antimoniate was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results: The primary culture cells were more susceptible to the in vitro infection by L. panamensis because they did require fewer parasites per cell ratio to achieve the 50% infection rate whereas the intracellular survival of parasites was better in the U-937 cells. All cells showed differential sensitivity to amphotericine B and meglumine antimoniate. Conclusion: The U-937 cells are the most suitable model for the in vitro infection by L. panamensis because: a) they are a cell line with unlimited growth where transformation into macrophages can be induced. b) The susceptibility to infection by L. panamensis is similar to that observed in primary cultures macrophages and, c) They allow the intracellular survival of amastigotes after the infection process. In addition the U-937 cells are less sensitive to the action of the commonly drugs used as a control in the screening of compounds with leishmanicidal activity.
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Infecções , Leishmania , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Leishmania guyanensisRESUMO
Para comparar diferentes métodos de diagnóstico de diarreas asociadas a Clostridium difficile desarrollados en el marco de un estudio colaborativo, se analizaron filtrados de materia fecal de pacientes con sintomatología compatible con esta patología. Se evaluó la actividad biológica sobre células Vero (ensayo biológico), la reactividad frente a anticuerpos anti-TcdA y anti-TcdB (dot blot) y la presencia de secuencias del gen tcdB por PCR. De 177 muestras analizadas por el ensayo biológico, 44 tuvieron títulos mayores o iguales que 64. Diecinueve muestras fueron a la vez positivas en el ensayo biológico y en el análisis por PCR. Se analizaron 149 muestras por dot blot utilizando anticuerpos anti-TcdA y anti-TcdB; 46 muestras resultaron positivas para ambas toxinas, 12 muestras fueron positivas sólo para TcdB y 5 muestras sólo para TcdA. Las divergencias entre los diferentes métodos podrían estar relacionadas con la presencia de genes truncados, con un bajo número de microorganismos en las muestras analizadas o con la degradación de las toxinas. Los resultados presentados demuestran la necesidad de implementar alternativas diagnósticas que se adapten a la compleja realidad epidemiológica de este importante patógeno intestinal.
In order to compare different methods for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, fecal filtrates from patients presenting symptoms compatible with this condition, were analyzed. Biological activity on Vero cells (biological assay), dot blot with antibodies anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB, and a PCR assay for the tcdB gene, were evaluated. Titles of biological assays were ≥ 64 for 44 out of 177 samples. Nineteen samples were positive in both biological and PCR assays. The analysis by dot blot using anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB antibodies showed that 46 samples out of 149 were positive for both toxins whereas 12 samples were only positive for TcdB, and 5 samples only positive for TcdA. Discrepancies in the different methods could be related to truncated genes, low number of microorganisms in the samples and toxin degradation. The results herein presented show the need for developing diagnostic approaches compatible with the complex epidemiological situation of this clinically relevant intestinal pathogen.
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Humanos , Diarreia/diagnóstico , Diarreia/microbiologia , Enterocolite Pseudomembranosa/complicações , Enterocolite Pseudomembranosa/diagnóstico , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: la técnica de neutralización por reducción del número de placas ha sido realizada en las células BHK-21 en Cuba desde hace más de 2 décadas, para la determinación de los anticuerpos neutralizantes a dengue. A finales de 2007, la OMS inició un programa para armonizar esta técnica en todos los laboratorios al nivel mundial. OBJETIVOS: en el presente estudio se trazó como objetivo principal la normalización de la técnica de neutralización, por reducción del número de placas en las células Vero procedentes del Laboratorio de Cultivo del Instituto de Medicina "Pedro Kourí". MÉTODOS: se emplearon las cepas virales propuestas por la OMS y las cepas del Banco de cepas del Laboratorio de Arbovirus, y un panel de sueros humanos de pacientes sospechosos de dengue con más de 5 d del comienzo de los síntomas. RESULTADOS: se demuestra que con las células Vero sembradas en suspensión se obtiene una mayor capacidad y calidad de plaqueo. Se obtuvieron resultados similares con las cepas del Banco de Arbovirus y con las cepas de referencia de la OMS. CONCLUSIONES: se logró normalizar la técnica de neutralización en las células Vero con resultados reproducibles a los obtenidos en BHK-21, pero con el consumo de un número mayor de días. La normalización de esta técnica permitirá relacionar los resultados de neutralización de los estudios epidemiológicos y de vacuna con los obtenidos por otros laboratorios al nivel internacional.
INTRODUCTION: the standard plaque reduction neutralization technique has been performed in BHK-21 cells for more than 20 years in Cuba to determine the neutralizing antibodies to dengue. At the end of 2007, the WHO implemented a program to harmonize this technique at all the laboratories worldwide. OBJECTIVES: the present study was aimed at standardizing the plaque-reduction neutralization technique in Vero cells from the Cultural Lab of "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute. METHODS: viral strains suggested by WHO, strains from the Strain Bank of Arbovirus Laboratory, as well as the panel of human sera from dengue-suspected patients after 5 days of the symptoms. RESULTS: it was proved that suspension- cultured Vero cells allow higher plaque capacity and quality. Similar results were reached using Arbovirus Bank strains and WHO reference strains. CONCLUSIONS: it was possible to standardize the plaque-reduction neutralization in Vero cells, with results similar to those of BHK-21 but in longer length of time. Standardization of this technique will allow comparing the outcome of neutralization in the epidemiological studies and vaccine research with those of other laboratories worldwide.
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Animais , Humanos , Vírus da Dengue , Testes de Neutralização , Células VeroRESUMO
Introducción: La leishmaniasis y la enfermedad de Chagas son consideradas como problemas de salud pública en varios países, y nuevas estrategias quimioterapéuticas son necesarias para el control de estas enfermedades. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar in vitro la actividad antiparasitaria de 7 nuevas dihidrodibenzo[c,f]tiazolo[3,2-a]azepin-3(2H)-onas contra Leishmania chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, y la citotoxicidad sobre células vero y THP-1. Materiales y métodos: La actividad antiparasitaria se determinó microscópicamente por conteo directo de parásitos vivos en comparación con el control no tratado, y la citotoxicidad en células de mamífero por el método de MTT. Las formas extracelulares e intracelulares de los parásitos utilizados así como las células de mamífero, fueron tratadas con diferentes concentraciones (0,3600 µM) de los compuestos por 3-5 días. Los resultados de actividad de los compuestos fueron expresados en concentración inhibitoria (CI50) y concentración citotóxica (CC50). Resultados: En T. cruzi, 4 compuestos (4a, 4b, 4d, 4g) fueron activos contra epimastigotes con rangos de actividad de CI50 entre 11,28-32,66 µM, y tres (4a, 4c, 4g) contra la forma intracelular (CI50 = 18,42-23,62 µM), sin presentar toxicidad en células de mamífero. En L. chagasi, seis compuestos (4a-d, 4g) fueron activos contra promastigotes con CI50 entre 8,27-28,59 µM. El compuesto 4d fue parcialmente activo contra amastigotes intracelulares de L. chagasi (CI50 = 59,36 µM). Conclusiones: Los compuestos 4a y 4g presentaron actividad in vitro contra L. chagasi y T. cruzi y baja toxicidad en células de mamífero. Estudios posteriores con los compuestos activos encontrados, de genotoxicidad, mecanismos de acción y de evaluación de su actividad en modelos experimentales, son necesarios para establecer su posible uso como antiparasitarios.
Introduction: Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease are considered public health problems in several countries and new chemotherapeutic approaches are needed to control these diseases. .Objetive: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of 7 new dihydrodibenzo[c,f]thiazolo[3.2-a]azepin-3(2H)-ones on Leishmania chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, and the cytotoxicity on Vero and THP-1 cells. Materials and methods: The antiparasitic activities were determined microscopically counting living parasites compared with untreated control, and the mammalian cell toxicities using the MTT colorimetric test. Extracellular and intracellular forms of the parasites used and mammalian cells were treated with different concentrations (0.3-600 µM) of compounds for 3-5 days. The activities of the compounds were expressed as the concentration to inhibit 50% percent of parasites (IC50) and the concentration to kill 50% of the mammalian cells (CC50). Results: 4 compounds (4a, 4b, 4d, 4g) were active against T. cruzi epimastigotes with ranges of IC50 from 11.28 to 32.66 ìM, and three (4a, 4c, 4g) inhibited the intracellular form (IC50 = 18.42-23.62 ìM), with low toxicity on mammalian cells. In L. chagasi, 6 compounds (4a-d, 4g) were active against promastigote forms (IC50 = 8.27-28.59 ìM). Compound 4d was partially active against intracellular amastigotes of L. chagasi (IC50 = 59.36 ìM). Conclusions: The compounds 4a and 4g were actives on both T. cruzi and L. chagasi parasites with low toxicity on mammalian cells. Further studies of genotoxicity, mechanisms of action and evaluation of its activity in experimental models are necessaries.
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Antiparasitários , Doença de ChagasRESUMO
O Neospora caninum é um protozoário de ampla distribuição e grande importância na bovinocultura, principalmente pelas perdas reprodutivas que produz. Cultivos celulares são utilizados para o isolamento e a multiplicação do agente in vitro, com diversas finalidades. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a suscetibilidade de diferentes cultivos celulares à infecção pelo N. caninum. Dentre oito cultivos testados, quatro apresentaram boa susceptibilidade ao N. caninum: células VERO (produção de 21,2 taquizoítos/célula), MA-104 (17,1), cultivo primário de testículo (16,3) e pulmão bovino (13,6). Cultivo primário de rim bovino (8,2), células MDBK (5,1) e RK-13 (0,4) apresentaram baixa sensibilidade, enquanto células MDCK não produziram taquizoítos viáveis. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as células MA-104 apresentaram suscetibilidade semelhante a das células VERO - linhagem tradicionalmente utilizada para o cultivo desse protozoário. Pela maior facilidade de cultivo, rápida multiplicação, menor exigência nutricional e produção de taquizoítos em níveis semelhantes às células VERO, as células MA-104 demonstraram ser adequadas para a manutenção e multiplicação do N. caninum in vitro.
Neospora caninum is a protozoan of wide distribution and great importance to the cattle industry, mainly due to its associated reproductive losses. Cultured cells are widely used for isolation and multiplication of the agent in vitro with several purposes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of different cell cultures to infection by N. caninum. Among the cell cultures tested, four presented good susceptibility to the agent: cell lines VERO (yield of 21.2 taquizoites/cell) and MA-104 (17.1); primary bovine testicle (16.3) and lung cells (13.6). Primary bovine kidney (8.2 taquizoites/cell), MDBK (5.1) and RK-13 cell lines (0.4) presented moderate to low sensitivity. No viable taquizoites were detected in the culture of MDCK cells. These results demonstrate that MA-104 cells present adequate susceptibility to N. caninum compared to VERO cells, which have been largely used to multiply the parasite in vitro. Together with its easy manipulation, fast multiplication and relatively low nutritional requirements, these results indicate that MA-104 cells are adequate for multiplication of N. caninum in vitro.
RESUMO
In this study we investigated the phenotypic slime production of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrioparahaemolyticus strains, food-borne pathogens, using a Congo red agar plate assay. Furthermore, westudied their ability to adhere to abiotic surfaces and Vero cells line. Our results showed that only V.alginolyticus ATCC 17749 was a slime-producer developing almost black colonies on Congo red agar plate.Adherence to glace tube showed that all V. alginolyticus strains were more adherent than V. parahaemolyticus.Only V. alginolyticus ATCC 17749 was found to be able to form biofilm on polystyrene microplate wells (OD570= 0.532). Adherence to Vero cells showed that all tested strains were non adherent after 30 min, however after60 min all the studied strains become adherent. The percentage of adherence ranged from1.23% to 4.66%.
Neste estudo, investigou-se a produção de muco por cepas de Vibrio alginolyticus e Vibrio parahaemolyticus através do teste em placa de ágar com vermelho congo. Estudou-se também a capacidade de adesão à superfícies abióticas e células Vero. Os resultados indicaram que somente V. alginolyticus ATCC 17749 produziu muco, formando colônias quase negras nas placas de ágar com vermelho congo. O teste de adesão a tubos de vidro indicou que as cepas de V. alginolyticus foram maisaderentes do que as de V. parahaemolyticus. Somente V. alginolyticus ATCC 17749 foi capaz de formar biofilme nos poços das microplacas de poliestireno (OD570=0,532). Testes de adesão a células Vero mostraram que nenhuma das cepas apresentou adesão em 30 min, mas todas aderiram após 60 min. Aporcentagem de adesão variou de 1,23% a 4,66%.
Assuntos
Adesões Focais , Aderência Bacteriana , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Muco , Vermelho Congo/análise , Vibrio alginolyticus/isolamento & purificação , Ágar , Métodos , MétodosRESUMO
Introducción: La muerte celular programada o apoptosis es un evento frecuente en células infectadas por virus. Existen varios procedimientos para investigar apoptosis en experimentos in vitro, para los cuales se requiere subcultivar células que crecen en frascos de 25 o 75 cm2, lo que resulta en prolongación del tiempo para obtener el resultado. Objetivo: En este estudio se investigó apoptosis en células Vero infectadas con el virus de la fiebre amarilla y crecidas directamente sobre láminas de vidrio usadas en pruebas de inmunofluorescencia. Resultados: Se detectó condensación de cromatina usando el colorante Hoescht 33342 en 93,2% de células infectadas versus 2,6% de no infectadas, en las 72 horas siguientes a la infección (P< 0.01). En las células infectadas se evidenció pérdida de la permeabilidad selectiva de la membrana por coloración con yoduro de propidio. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que usando un sistema rápido de cultivo de células puede evaluarse apoptosis durante la replicación in vitro del virus de la fiebre amarilla.
Introduction: Programmed cell death referred to as apoptosis is a frequent event in animal cells infected by viruses.There are many procedures to investigate apoptosis in vitro, experiments requiring subculture cells growing in flask of 25 75 cm2 wich to result in prolonged time to get results. Objective: In this study was investigated apoptosis in Vero cells infected with yellow fever virus directly growing on glass slices used in immunofluorescent tests. Results: After 72 hours of virus infection, 93,2% of infected cells (in contrast with 2,6% of not infected cells) showed condensation of chromatin, using stain Hoescht 33342. In the same cells, loss of selective permeability was evidenced by stained with propidium iodide. Conclusion: This results show that, when we use a rapid culture cell system, it is possible to detect apoptosis during yellow fever virus replication in vitro.