Effect of fumigation therapy of Flos Farfarae in cigarette smoke-induced lung injury mice based on metabolomics / 药学学报

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Flos Farfarae (FF) fumigation on cigarette smoke-induced lung injury mice, and analyze the metabolic profile of lung tissue by metabolomics. All animal experiments were conducted under the guidance and approval of the Animal Ethics Review Committee of Shanxi University (Approval number: SXULL2019014). By using HS-GC-MS to analyze volatile components of Flos Farfarae, 23 compounds were identified. The results showed that FF fumigation improved the lung tissue morphology of cigarette smoke-induced lung injury mice, lowered the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The lung tissue samples were applied for metabolomic analysis based on UHPLC-QTOF MS, the results showed that 70 metabolites were changed in the lung tissue of mice after cigarette exposure, and 35 of them could be regulated, including lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), 12-HETE, adenosine, and xanthine. These metabolites, such as LPC, 12-HETE, adenosine, and xanthine were mainly associated with the body's inflammatory response. It was observed that these metabolites are primarily involved in purine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism pathways. These findings suggest that the volatile terpenoids in the FF may regulate the metabolites associated with the inflammatory response in the lung tissue, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, 12-HETE, and adenosine, which could further alleviate lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke through the metabolic pathways of purine metabolism and others. This study proved the scientific basis of the traditional application of FF fumigation, and provided a theoretical basis for the further product development.

Analysis of associated factors of attempting e-cigarettes use among senior high school students in Beijing City between 2019 and 2023 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze prevalence and associated factors of attempting e cigarettes use among senior high school students in Beijing City between 2019 and 2023, in order to providing references for the construction of smoke free senior high schools environments.@*Methods@#In 2019, 9 137 students from 44 senior high schools in Beijing City were monitored, including 27 general senior high schools and 17 vocational senior high schools. In 2023, the study included 6 709 students from 30 senior high schools comprising 21 general senior high schools and 9 vocational senior high schools. On site investigations using anonymous questionnaires were conducted. The monitoring content included demographic information, second hand smoke exposure, tobacco product use and tobacco awareness. Chi square test was used to compare the differences of various indicators in different groups, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was adopted to analysis the influencing factors among senior high school students attempting to use e cigarettes between 2019 and 2023.@*Results@#In 2019, the rates of vocational senior high school and general senior high school students attempting to use e-cigarettes were 22.57% and 9.78%, respectively. In 2023, it decreased to 14.39% and 6.43%, respectively. In 2019 ( OR =1.59,95% CI =1.35-1.88) and 2023 ( OR =1.71,95% CI =1.38-2.11), vocational senior high school students both hold higher risk of attempting to use e-cigarettes,compared with general senior high school students. In 2019, non-indigenous senior high school students attempting to use e cigarettes were more than indigenous senior high school students ( OR = 1.28 , 95% CI =1.05-1.56). In 2019 ( OR =1.62, 95% CI =1.34-1.95) and 2023 ( OR =1.77, 95% CI =1.35-2.31), smoking anywhere in households increased the risk of attempting to use e-cigarettes among senior high school students. In both 2019 and 2023, not attempting to smoke cigarettes ( OR =0.24,95% CI =0.21-0.29; OR =0.15,95% CI =0.11-0.19), not currently smoking cigarettes ( OR =0.29,95% CI =0.22-0.40; OR =0.30,95% CI =0.17-0.53), not being exposed to secondhand smoke in school ( OR =0.62, 95% CI = 0.53 -0.72; OR =0.51, 95% CI =0.41-0.64) or in outdoor public places ( OR =0.74, 95% CI =0.63-0.86; OR = 0.62 , 95% CI =0.50-0.78) all reduced the risk of attempting to use e-cigarettes among senior hgih school students( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The influencing factors of attempts by senior high school students in Beijing City to use e-cigarettes are generally consistent between 2023 and 2019, with a focus on vocational senior high schools to ensure the continuity of intervention measures and promote the construction of smoke free senior high schools.

O que a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde tem a dizer sobre a influência do gasto com cigarro no rendimento domiciliar? / What does the Brazilian National Health Survey have to say about the influence of cigarette spending on household income? / ¿Qué dice la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña sobre la influencia del gasto en cigarrillos en los ingresos del hogar?

Em um Brasil no qual os indicadores de empobrecimento da população seguem aumentando, preocupa o fato de que indivíduos gastem dinheiro para comprar cigarro em vez de usarem esse recurso em ações que fortaleçam aspectos do bem-estar de suas jornadas de vida e de suas famílias. Estimou-se, a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019, a influência que o gasto com cigarro industrializado teve no orçamento familiar nos domicílios com pelo menos um fumante, estratificada por características sociodemográficas. Os fumantes brasileiros destinaram cerca de 8% do rendimento médio mensal domiciliar per capita para a compra de cigarros industrializados. O percentual do gasto médio mensal chegou a quase 10% desse rendimento, entre os fumantes de 15 a 24 anos, e foi ainda maior para aqueles com Ensino Fundamental incompleto (aproximadamente 11%). Nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do país, esse gasto ultrapassou os 9%. O estado com o maior comprometimento da renda domiciliar foi o Acre (13,6%), seguido por Alagoas (11,9%), Ceará, Pará e Tocantins (todos com aproximadamente 11%). Nossos achados reforçam, portanto, a importância de fortalecer a implementação de medidas efetivas de redução da proporção de fumantes, tal como a política tributária. Dessa forma, o dinheiro que atualmente é destinado pelos indivíduos à compra de cigarros poderá ser revertido no atendimento de suas necessidades básicas, contribuindo para a promoção da saúde e melhoria da qualidade de vida.

In a country whose indicators of population impoverishment continue to increase, it is concerning that individuals spend money to buy cigarettes instead of using this resource in actions that strengthen aspects of the well-being of their lives and that of their families. Based on the Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2019, the influence of spending on manufactured cigarettes on the family budget in households with at least one smoker was estimated, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. Brazilian smokers allocated around 8% of their average per capita monthly household income to the purchase of manufactured cigarettes. The percentage of average monthly expenditure on cigarettes reached almost 10% of this income among smokers aged 15 to 24 and was even higher for those with incomplete elementary education (approximately 11%). In the North and Northeast regions of the country, this expenditure exceeded 9%. The state with the most significant impact on household income was Acre (13.6%), followed by Alagoas (11.9%), Ceará, Pará, and Tocantins (all with approximately 11%). Our findings, therefore, reinforce the importance of strengthening the implementation of effective measures, such as tax policy, to reduce the proportion of smokers. Thus, the money that individuals currently allocate to purchase cigarettes can be used to meet their basic needs, contributing to the promotion of health and improving the quality of life.

En un Brasil donde los indicadores de empobrecimiento de la población siguen aumentando, es preocupante el hecho de que las personas gasten dinero para comprar cigarrillo en lugar de usarlo en acciones para fortalecer los aspectos del bienestar de sus vidas y la de sus familias. A partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña realizada en 2019, se estimó la influencia del gasto en cigarrillo industrializado en el presupuesto familiar de los hogares donde vivía al menos un fumador, estratificado por características sociodemográficas. Los fumadores brasileños destinaron alrededor del 8% del ingreso per cápita mensual promedio del hogar para la compra de cigarrillos industrializados. El porcentaje del gasto mensual promedio en cigarrillos alcanzó casi el 10% de este ingreso entre los fumadores de 15 a 24 años y fue aún mayor para los que tenían educación primaria incompleta (aproximadamente el 11%). En el Norte y Nordeste del país, ese gasto superó el 9%. El estado con un mayor compromiso con los ingresos del hogar fue Acre (el 13,6%), seguido por Alagoas (el 11,9%), Ceará, Pará y Tocantins (todos con aproximadamente el 11%). Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia de fortalecer la implementación de medidas efectivas para reducir la proporción de fumadores, tal como la política tributaria. Así, el dinero que actualmente las personas destinan a la compra de cigarrillos podría utilizarse en la atención de sus necesidades básicas, contribuyendo a promover la salud y la mejora de la calidad de vida.

The impact of traditional smokers versus electronic cigarette smokers on periodontal parameters in iraqi males / O impacto do uso de cigarros tradicionais versus uso de cigarros eletrônicos nos parâmetros periodontais em homens iraquianos

Objective: To compare the effects of vaping and cigarette smoking and indicate their impact on periodontal health. Material and Methods: A total of 90 subjects divided into three groups. Group I: 30 Traditional cigarettes smoker who have smoked up to 10 cigarettes, Group II: 30 electronic cigarettes subjects who have been using vape at least one year and never smoke, and Group III: 30 subjects who have no smoking history. Using a mirror and a periodontal probe, periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment loss) were used to evaluate periodontal health. Results: The findings showed that the periodontal parameters had a highly significant differences at P ≤ 0.01 between traditional and electronic smoking groups. While clinical attachment loss demonstrated non-significant difference P ≥ 0.05 in comparison between electronic cigarettes and the group who never smoke. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that traditional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes both had unfavorable impact on periodontal health status, never the less quit smoking showed positive impacts on periodontal parameters (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo foi comparar os efeitos do uso do cigarro eletrônico e do cigarro convencional, indicando seus impactos na saúde bucal. Material e Método: 90 indivíduos foram divididos igualmente em três grupos: Grupo I, usuários de cigarro convencional que fumaram até 10 cigarros por dia; Grupo II: usuários de cigarro eletrônico que utilizam este por pelo menos há 1 ano e não fumavam antes disso; Grupo III: usuários sem qualquer história de hábitos tabagistas. Utilizando um espelho bucal e uma sonda periodontal, parâmetros periodontais (índice de placa, índice gengival, profundidade de sondagem e perda de inserção clínica) foram coletados para avaliar a saúde periodontal. Resultados: As evidências mostraram que os parâmetros periodontais apresentaram diferença significativa (P ≤ 0.01) entre os grupos I e II. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que tanto o uso de cigarro convencional como o de cigarro eletrônico possuem impactos desfavoráveis na saúde periodontal, e que a cessação do uso destes mostraram impactos positivos nos parâmetros periodontais(AU)

Escala de Resistencia a la Presión de Pares para el Consumo de Cigarro Convencional en estudiantes universitarios: adaptación y validación / Resistance to Peer Pressure for Cigarette Smoking in University Students: Scale Adaptation and Validation / Escala de resistência à pressão dos pares para o consumo de cigarros em universitários: adaptação e validação

Introducción: la influencia o presión de pares que fuman es uno de los principales factores por los que los estudiantes universitarios inician el consumo del cigarro convencional; sin embargo, no se ha encontrado un instrumento que evalúe este fenómeno. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue adaptar y validar la Escala de Resistencia a la Presión de Pares para el Consumo de Cigarro Convencional. Materiales y métodos: participaron 237 estudiantes universitarios del estado de Nuevo León (México), de 18 a 24 años. Se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio, análisis de confiabilidad, correlación de Spearman y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: el 63.3 % de los estudiantes fueron mujeres y la media de edad fue de 19.66 años. Se identificaron dos factores con un total de 13 ítems. Se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.81. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los distintos tipos de consumidores de cigarro convencional y los puntajes de la escala de resistencia a la presión de pares (H[4] = 23.85; p < 0.001). Conclusiones: la nueva versión de la Escala de Resistencia a la Presión de Pares para el Consumo de Cigarro Convencional evidenció adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar la presión que ejercen los pares en estudiantes universitarios para el consumo de cigarro convencional

Introduction: Influence or peer pressure is one of the leading factors in developing cigarette smoking habits in university students; however, no effective strategy to assess this phenomenon has been developed yet. This study aimed to adapt and validate the peer pressure resistance scale to conventional cigarette consumption. Materials and methods: A total of 237 university students from the Nuevo León State (Mexico), aged 18­24 years, were enrolled. Exploratory factor and reliability analyses, the Spearman correlation, and the Kruskal­Wallis test were performed. Results: 63.3% of the students were women, and the mean age was 19.66 years. The exploratory analysis extracted two factors with a total of 13 items. A Cronbach's Alpha of 0.81 was found. Statistically significant differences were found between the different types of conventional cigarette users and peer pressure resistance scale scores [H(4) = 23.85; p < .001] were found. Conclusions: The peer pressure resistance scale showed appropriate psychometric properties for assessing the peer pressure to smoke conventional cigarettes in university students.

Introdução: a influência ou pressão dos pares que fumam é um dos principais fatores que levam os universitários a começarem a fumar cigarros convencionais, porém não foi encontrado nenhum instrumento para avaliar esse fenômeno. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi adaptar e validar a escala de resistência à pressão dos pares para o consumo de cigarro convencional. Materiais e métodos: participaram 237 estudantes universitários do estado de Nuevo León, México, de 18 a 24 anos. Foram realizadas análise fatorial exploratória, análise de confiabilidade, correlação de Spearman e teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: 63,3% dos alunos eram mulheres e a média de idade foi de 19,66 anos. Dois fatores foram identificados com um total de 13 itens. Obteve-se um alfa de Cronbach de 0,81. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas entre os diferentes tipos de usuários de cigarros convencionais e as pontuações na escala de resistência à pressão dos pares (H(4) = 23,85; p < 0,001). Conclusões: a nova versão da escala de resistência à pressão dos pares para o consumo de cigarros convencionais apresentou propriedades psicométricas adequadas para avaliar a pressão exercida pelos pares sobre os universitários para o consumo de cigarros convencionais

Electronic cigarettes: a new social practice and the challenge of tobacco control policies / Cigarros eletrônicos: uma nova prática social e o desafio das Políticas de controle do tabagismo

O tabagismo é uma doença crônica e é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública e tem sido alvo ao longo do tempo de muitas ações preventivas e de promoção à saúde. O produto do tabaco mais consumido entre adultos e jovens é o cigarro convencional, entretanto, o consumo de tabaco sem fumaça ou outros produtos do tabaco fumado, como os cigarros eletrônicos, tem sido observado de forma crescente no mundo. Os dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar (DEF), que têm despertado cada vez mais a atenção de consumidores jovens, envolvem diferentes equipamentos e tecnologias. Fundamentado no princípio da precaução, desde 2009, o Brasil proibiu a comercialização, importação e propaganda de todos os tipos de DEF que oferecessem a substituição de cigarro, cigarrilha, charuto, cachimbo e similares ou que objetivem alternativa ao tratamento do tabagismo, por meio da RDC n 46, de 28 de agosto de 2009. Mesmo proibido no Brasil, evidencia-se o uso dos cigarros eletrônicos como uma alternativa, revelando um novo desafio a ser enfrentado pelas políticas de controle do tabagismo. As lacunas de conhecimento inerentes a uma prática social nova, bem como da necessidade de construção de referenciais que contribuam para a melhor tomada de decisões, seja no âmbito da intervenção profissional ou da gestão das políticas públicas, com vistas a proteger a saúde da população, por si só já torna relevante a ampliação de conhecimentos acerca desta temática. Contudo, é necessário a compreensão de que as ações de prevenção, promoção e controle devem ser compreendidas de forma transversal e interdisciplinar, a fim de que se possa refletir sobre os processos que envolvem aspectos políticos, socioeconômicos e culturais que interagem diretamente com o processo saúde-doença. Deste modo, com base na problemática apresentada e considerando a relevância da temática em questão, como campo pouco enfrentado deste âmbito, destaca-se que a ampliação de investigações e o aprofundamento de discussões sobre ela, possibilitarão uma melhor compreensão e visibilidade do problema

Smoking is a chronic disease and is considered a serious public health problem and has been the target of many preventive and health promotion actions over time. The most consumed tobacco product among adults and young people is the conventional cigarette, however, the consumption of smokeless tobacco or other smoked tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, has been observed on an increasing basis in the world. Electronic smoking devices (EFD), which have increasingly attracted the attention of young consumers, involve different equipment and technologies. Based on the precautionary principle, since 2009, Brazil has prohibited the sale, importation and advertising of all types of DEF that offer the replacement of cigarettes, cigarillos, cigars, pipes and the like or that aim at an alternative to the treatment of smoking, through RDC n 46, of August 28, 2009. Even though it is prohibited in Brazil, the use of electronic cigarettes as an alternative is evident, revealing a new challenge to be faced by tobacco control policies. The knowledge gaps inherent to a new social practice, as well as the need to build references that contribute to better decision-making, whether in the scope of professional intervention or the management of public policies, with a view to protecting the health of the population, for itself already makes the expansion of knowledge about this theme relevant. However, it is necessary to understand that prevention, promotion and control actions must be understood in a transversal and interdisciplinary way, so that one can reflect on the processes that involve political, socioeconomic and cultural aspects that interact directly with the health process -illness. Thus, based on the problem presented and considering the relevance of the issue in question, as a field little faced in this area, it is emphasized that the expansion of investigations and the deepening of discussions about it, will allow a better understanding and visibility of the problem.

Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Vaping

ABSTRACT The tobacco epidemic has been one of the biggest public health threats, and smoking is one of the world's largest preventable causes of premature death. An estimated 15.4% of all deaths in the world are attributable to tobacco smoking. The present review aims to describe addiction to tobacco smoking and vaping. Tobacco and vaping devices contain nicotine, a highly addictive drug, which explains why smoking is so prevalent and persistent. Electronic cigarettes are a group of novel nicotine or tobacco products that have rapidly gained popularity in recent years. Electronic cigarette devices allow for the use of other drugs, including THC, while the lax regulation may allow for the introduction of toxic compounds that can lead to acute or subacute toxicity, such as the e-cigarette- or vaping-associated lung injury that has been linked to vitamin E acetate. In addition, regular vapers and heated tobacco devices emit toxins, although at lower concentrations than burned tobacco. However, more and more side effects have been identified. No new effective treatment for nicotine addiction has been developed recently, despite its huge adverse impact on overall health and other outcomes. As for the primary line of medications, the last one started in 2006, the varenicline, demonstrating a low interest in developing new medications against smoking, an unacceptable state of affairs, given the huge impact of smoking on morbidity and mortality.

Morphological Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Respiratory System and Related Functions Based on AQPs Expression

SUMMARY: A great deal of attention of air pollution on respiratory health is increasing, particularly in relation to haze days. It is that exposure to cigarette smoke augments the toxicity of common air contaminants, thereby increasing the complexity of respiratory diseases. Although there are various mechanisms involved to respiratory diseases caused or worsen by cigarette smoking, in which the role of AQPs in the lung with regard to fluid homeostasis still remains elusive. In this paper, we copied the rat models based on smoke generator, and investigated the morphological changes of mucosa and related functions depending on the balance of lining liquid of alveoli via AQPs expression. Compared with normal group, weak labelling of AQP1 and AQP5 protein abundance were clearly detected in the corresponding part of smoke exposure groups compared with normal group. Hence, it is suggested that the contribution of AQPs in the lung is diminished, thereby causing perturbed balancing between resorptive and secretory fluid homeostasis under cigarette smoking.

Cada vez se presta más atención a la contaminación del aire en la salud respiratoria, particularmente, en relación con los días de neblina. En consecuencia la exposición al humo del cigarrillo aumenta la toxicidad de los contaminantes comunes del aire, lo que además aumenta la complejidad de las enfermedades respiratorias. Aunque existen varios mecanismos involucrados en las enfermedades respiratorias causadas o empeoradas por el tabaquismo, en las que el papel de las AQP en el pulmón respecto a la homeostasis de líquidos sigue siendo difícil de alcanzar. En este artículo, copiamos los modelos de rata basados en el generador de humo e investigamos los cambios morfológicos de la mucosa y las funciones relacionadas según el equilibrio del líquido de revestimiento de los alvéolos a través de la expresión de AQP. En comparación con el grupo normal, se detectó claramente un etiquetado débil de la abundancia de proteínas AQP1 y AQP5 en la parte correspondiente de los grupos de exposición al humo en comparación con el grupo control. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que la contribución de las AQP en el pulmón está disminuida, provocando así un equilibrio perturbado entre la homeostasis del líquido secretor y de reabsorción bajo el hábito de fumar cigarrillos.

Effect-of-cigarette-smoking-in-development-of-dental-caries-a-cross-sectional-study

Background: Cigarette smoking is a major public health challenge globally. It not only affects the general health but also impacts the oral health. It causes an array of oral health lesions including dental caries which causes pain and infection and can result in the requirement of the tooth to be extracted. The aim of the study is to investigate theAim: relationship of cigarette smoking and dental caries in the adult population in the city of Hyderabad. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by OroGlee Solutions Private Limited, Hyderabad. A total of 1019 subjects aged 18 to 60 years were examined. Oral examination was done using intraoral camera, mouth mirror and torch. Results: Percentage of smokers having dental caries was 89.4% and percentage of non smokers having dental caries was 81.8%. Chi square test was used to determine the significance of difference between the prevalence of caries in smokers and prevalence of caries in non smokers. It showed a statistically significant correlation between dental caries and smoking cigarette. Smoking leads to multiple oral health problems including high incidence of dental caries. TheConclusion: incidence of dental caries further increases in presence of coexisting factors such as poor oral hygiene, food habits, limited preventive dental visits and old age.

Serum bilirubin in workers exposed to tobacco dust and noise / 环境与职业医学

Background Exposure to tobacco dust or noise is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease in workers, but there are few studies on their effects on workers' serum bilirubin levels. Objective To analyze the effects of combined exposure to tobacco dust and noise on workers' serum bilirubin levels. Methods We selected 824 employees from a large cigarette factory in Wuhan. According to the status of occupational hazards on site, we divided the participants into a control group (n=149), a tobacco dust exposure group (n=198), a noise exposure group (n=299), and a tobacco dust and noise combined exposure group (n=178). We collected general information of the participants. We collected blood samples and measured serum bilirubin. We used chi-square test to compare between-group categorical indicators. We used analysis of variance to compare measurement data. Taking the control group as the reference category, we used generalized linear regression model to analyze serum bilirubin concentration across the three exposure groups and the control group. Results The abnormal rates of serum indirect bilirubin concentrations in the control group, the tobacco dust exposure group, the noise exposure group, and the tobacco dust and noise combined exposure group were 6.04% (9/149), 12.63% (25/198), 13.38% (40/299), and 17.42% (31/178), respectively, showing a clear increasing trend (P<0.05). The mean concentrations of indirect bilirubin in the tobacco dust and noise combined exposure group were significantly higher than that in the tobacco dust and the noise groups (P<0.05). The serum indirect bilirubin concentrations in the tobacco dust exposure group, the noise exposure group, and the tobacco dust and noise combined exposure group were 1.833, 1.774, and 1.634 times higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Occupational exposure to tobacco dust or noise may associate with elevated serum total bilirubin concentration in cigarette factory workers, mainly indirect bilirubin concentration. Serum indirect bilirubin anomaly is higher among workers simultaneously exposed to tobacco dust and noise.

Attempts to e cigarettes use and associated factors among junior middle school students from grade 1 to 4 in Macao / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the current status and influencing factors of attempts to e cigarettes use among Macao teenager, and to provide evidence for strategies to prevent and control the use of e cigarettes among teenager.@*Methods@#Research data was 2 683 valid questionnaires collected from the "Macao Youth Tobacco Use Survey 2021", representing 19 480 teenagers from grade 1 to 4 in junior middle schools in Macao after sample weighting. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors that may influencing attempts to e cigarettes use.@*Results@#The total percent of attempt using e cigarettes was 11.3%(95% C =10.2%-12.6%), and male(12.1%) was higher than female(10.5%), the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2= 11.01 , P <0.01). Older adolescents (14-16, ≥17 years old), having more pocket money per week, believing e cigarettes to be less harmful, having been taught about the hazards of e cigarettes within 12 months, definitely believing that e cigarettes maked teenager more attractive, having been exposed to second hand smoke at home within 7 days, having seen tobacco advertisements on the Internet within 30 days, smoking by either parent, smoking among best friends were positively associated with attempts to e cigarettes use ( OR=1.48, 3.01, 1.79, 1.34, 1.67, 1.27, 1.33, 1.34, 1.58, 3.53, P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#Attempts to e cigarettes use is common among Macao teenagers, and there are many complex influencing factors. It is recommended to strengthen whole society cooperation and promote the prevention and control of teenager s use of e cigarettes through more targeted comprehensive measures.

Vaping and e-cigarettes: a new public health concern / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

@#Electronic cigarettes are handheld electronic vaping devices which produce an aerosol by heating an e-liquid. The e-liquid typically contains humectants and flavorings, with or without nicotine; once vaporized by the atomizer, the aerosol (vapor) provides a sensation like tobacco also smoking the heating process can lead to the generation of new decomposition compounds that may be hazardous. Heavy metals, organic compounds, and particles smaller than PM2.5 were found on the puff of the electronic cigarette, also in 2012 International agency research cancer, introduced PM2.5 human carcinogen substance. Therefore, e-cigarette liquid products should be subjected to regulatory control to ensure consistent nicotine delivery. Global youth tobacco survey Mongolia 2019 asked about e-cigarette use status and 3.5% (95% CI: 2.6-4.6) of students currently used electronic cigarettes while one in ten students (10.1%, 95% CI: 8.3-12.2) had ever used electronic cigarettes. E-cigarette advertising is on television and radio in many countries that have long banned similar advertising for cigarettes and other tobacco products and may be indirectly promoting smoking conventional cigarettes. Smoke-free policies protect nonsmokers from exposure to toxins and encourage smoking cessation. Introducing e-cigarettes into clean air environments may result in population harm if use of the product reinforces the act of smoking as socially acceptable or if use undermines the benefits of smoke-free policies.

Effect of zinc and probiotics supplementation on IL-6 and tissue neutrophil levels in rats exposed to cigarette smoke

@#Introduction: Cigarette smoke exposure can cause inflammation, inducing the release of acute phase cytokines, such as IL-6, that will then trigger the recruitment of neutrophils, which are mostly phagocytic cells. Zinc and probiotics are known to have beneficial effects against inflammation. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc and probiotics supplementation on IL-6 and tissue neutrophil levels in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Methods: In a randomised, experimental study with post-test control group design, thirty 2 to 3-month-old male Wistar rats, each weighing 180-220 g, were divided into five groups: control group without treatment (C); exposed to cigarette smoke [C (-)]; exposed to cigarette smoke and received zinc (Z); exposed to cigarette smoke and received probiotics (P); and exposed to cigarette smoke and received a combination of zinc and probiotics (ZP). Results: Mean tissue neutrophil levels in Z, P, and ZP groups were 43.43±2.01, 34.67±1.32,and 29.77±5.05 cells, respectively. There were significant differences between supplementation intake and tissue neutrophil levels in each group compared to C (-) group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, only IL-6 level in the ZP group (6.02 pg/mL) decreased significantly compared to C (-) group (10.61 pg/mL). Conclusion: These results suggest that a combination of zinc and probiotics have an anti-inflammatory effect as measured by IL-6 and neutrophil levels.

High and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in smoking cessation: A systematic review

Abstract@#Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a non-invasive brain stimulation process popularly used to treat psychiatric disorders. Multiple evidence shows effectiveness of rTMS in treating addiction, particularly in tobacco or cigarette users. This study consisted of review of current published literatures on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation following predefined eligibility criteria. The studies included evaluated at least one of the epidemiological parameters: (i) the meaning of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (ii) Effectiveness of the Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Simulation Over Behavioral therapy (iii) rTMS-associated adverse events among tobacco users@*Methodology@#We included published studies discussing rTMS in smoking cessation which examined if these interventions were effective and identified whether it has a severe negative effect on the patients. A total of 104 related studies were identified through database searches (Pubmed, Elsevier, Cochrane). Of which, 53 duplicate studies were removed. Five studies were then excluded with more than 10 years in publication. A total of 28 papers were then included in the study.@*Conclusion@#We conclude that rTMS is more effective in treating addiction in terms of smoking compared to behavioral therapy and rTMS affects triggered desired circuit which may be crucial among tobacco users. Individual neuronal excitability in the specific region’s subsequent induction may impact the therapeutic outcomes. With this, the high-frequency rTMS sequentially applied to the left superior medial frontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be an effective tool for improving the cessation rate.

Association between e-cigarette use and subjective cognitive decline among adults aged 45 and above / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between e-cigarette use and subjective cognitive decline. MethodsThis study included survey participants aged ≥45 years from the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The prevalence of subjective cognitive decline in people with different tobacco use conditions was estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to determine the relationship between e-cigarette use and subjective cognitive decline， as well as the relationship between co-use of e-cigarette and combustible tobacco and subjective cognitive decline. ResultsA total of 204 032 participants were included in the study. The total prevalence of subjective cognitive decline was 11.46%， whereas among current e-cigarette users， the prevalence was 19.92%. After accounting for confounding factors， current e-cigarette use was identified as a risk factor for subjective cognitive decline compared to individuals who had never used e-cigarettes， with an OR of 1.46 （95%CI： 1.20‒1.77）. Meanwhile， occasional e-cigarette use showed a higher risk， with an OR of 1.54 （95%CI： 1.22‒1.95）. The highest risk was observed with the co-use of e-cigarette and combustible tobacco， with an OR of 1.69 （95%CI： 1.32‒2.16）， followed by current e-cigarette use and former combustible tobacco use， with an OR value of 1.38 （95%CI： 1.08‒1.78）. ConclusionThe use of e-cigarettes increases the risk of subjective cognitive decline， with occasional use demonstrating a more pronounced negative impact. In general， the risk of cognitive decline is greater among e-cigarette users compared to combustible tobacco users. Controlling the use of combustible tobacco， especially e-cigarette， will help reduce the incidence of subjective cognitive decline. Individuals currently using combustible tobacco are advised to explore smoking cessation methods other than transitioning to e-cigarettes.

Dendrobium Polysaccharides Mitigate CSE-induced Inflammatory Damage of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells via TLR4/NF-κB Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Dendrobium polysaccharides on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）/nuclear factor （NF）-κB pathway in 16HBE cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract （CSE）. MethodThe 16HBE cells were classified into the control， CSE， and CSE+ Dendrobium polysaccharides （100， 200， 400 mg·L-1） groups. The cell-counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was employed to measure the cell viability， and a microscope was used to observe the cell morphology. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure the levels of interleukin （IL）-8， IL-1β， IL-4， IL-13， and transforming growth factor （TGF）-β in cell culture supernatants. Real-time PCR was carried out to determine the mRNA levels of Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， and IL-4. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of interleukin-4 receptor （IL-4R）， TLR4， myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 （MyD88）， NF-κB， phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB （p-NF-κB）， and nucleoproteins nuclear factor-κB （NEs-NF-κB）. The immunofluorescence assay was employed to measure the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. ResultCompared with the control group， the CSE group showed elevated levels of IL-8， IL-1β， IL-4， IL-13， and TGF-β in the cell culture supernatants （P<0.05， P<0.01）， up-regulated expression levels of TLR4， MyD88， NF-κB， p-NF-κB， NEs-NF-κB， and IL-4 （P<0.01）， and significant nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Compared with the CSE group， Dendrobium polysaccharides increased the cell survival rate， recovered the cell activity， lowered the levels of IL-8， IL-1β， IL-4， IL-13， and TGF-β， down-regulated the expression of TLR4， MyD88， NF-κB， p-NF-κB， NEs-NF-κB， and IL-4 （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. ConclusionDendrobium polysaccharides showed significant protective effects on the 16HBE cells exposed to CSE by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Investigation on e-cigarette use among middle school students in Ningbo City / 预防医学

Objective@# To investigate the e-cigarette use and its influencing factors among middle school students in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into e-cigarette control among adolescents.@*Methods@#Students of junior high schools, high schools and vocational high schools in Ningbo City were sampled using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method from September to October 2021. Students' general information, cigarette and e-cigarette use and e-cigarette advertising exposure were collected using 2021 China Youth Tobacco Survey Questionnaire, and proportions of e-cigarette current use and attempt to use were analyzed. Factors affecting the attempt to use e-cigarettes were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. @*Results@#Totally 1 591 questionnaires were allocated, and 1 574 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of 98.93%. The respondents included 863 males (54.83%) and 711 females (45.17%); 787 junior high school students (50.00%), 535 high school students (33.99%) and 252 vocational high school students (16.01%). The proportion of current e-cigarette use was 1.91% and the proportion of attempt to use e-cigarettes was 6.61%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified males (OR=2.544, 95%CI: 1.438-4.501), living in rural areas (OR=2.084, 95%CI: 1.195-3.634), having close friends who were smokers (OR=4.828, 95%CI: 2.936-7.940), witnessing teachers smoking at school (OR=2.766, 95%CI: 1.642-4.659), e-cigarette advertising exposure (OR=2.155, 95%CI: 1.315-3.532), current cigarette use (OR=9.365, 95%CI: 2.610-33.603) and attempt to use cigarettes (OR=7.519, 95%CI: 4.115-13.737) as promoting factors for the attempt to use e-cigarette. @* Conclusions @#There are e-cigarette use behaviors among middle school students in Ningbo City. Having teachers or close friends who were smokers, cigarette use behaviors and e-cigarette advertising exposure may increase the risk of attempt to use e-cigarettes among middle school students.

Cognition of e-cigarettes and its influencing factors among secondary school personnel in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the cognition of e-cigarette compositions and hazards and its influencing factors among secondary school personnel （junior， senior and vocational high school） in Shanghai， so as to provide ideas for improving the cognition level of e-cigarettes among the school personnel and tobacco control efforts on campus in the future. MethodsA multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to conduct an anonymous online questionnaire survey among 1 767 secondary school personnel in Shanghai. ResultsThe proportion of school staff who had used e-cigarettes was 3.79%. The participants who were not sure whether the e-cigarette smoke was “mainly water vapor （incorrect）” and whether the e-cigarette smoke “contained nicotine （correct）” and “contained formaldehyde （correct）” accounted for 62.71%， 54.44% and 61.91%， respectively. Among them， 68.48%， 55.46% and 50.37%， respectively， agreed that e-cigarettes would be “addictive”， “harmful” and “that second-hand smoke was harmful”. Binary logistic regression analysis showed the following risk factors for the low level of school personnel’s awareness of e-cigarette compositions： age ≥40 years （OR=1.65， 95%CI： 1.32‒2.06）， working in junior high school （OR=1.37， 95%CI： 1.09‒1.73）， educational attainment level as junior college or below （OR=1.67， 95%CI： 1.02‒2.74）， and not having participated in tobacco control education activities （OR=1.37， 95%CI： 1.08‒1.73）. Meanwhile， working in junior （OR=1.43， 95%CI： 1.12‒1.83） or senior （OR=1.44， 95%CI： 1.08‒1.92） high school， educational attainment level as junior college or below（OR=2.10， 95%CI： 1.24‒3.56）， having used e-cigarettes （OR=2.98， 95%CI： 1.63‒5.42）， not having participated in tobacco control education activities （OR=1.49， 95%CI： 1.16‒1.92） and low level of awareness of e-cigarette compositions （OR=4.24， 95%CI： 3.44‒5.23） were risk factors for the low level of school personnel’s awareness of e-cigarette hazards. ConclusionsThe level of e-cigarette awareness among school personnel in Shanghai is low， especially those who are older， had low educational attainment level and had used e-cigarettes. In the future， tobacco control education for school personnel should be strengthened to improve their cognition and ability of tobacco control on campus.

Research progress on reproductive and developmental toxicity of e-cigarettes / 上海预防医学

E-cigarettes have gained considerable popularity worldwide recently， which have also drawn the attention of adolescents and pregnant women. However， recent studies have uncovered the negative effects of e-cigarettes on our cardiovascular system， respiratory system， nervous system， blood system and so on. Furthermore， several studies indicate that e-cigarettes can significantly impair users’ reproductive ability. In this review， we collected the most recent studies on the effects of e-cigarettes on reproductive system based on human studies， animal studies and in vitro preclinical studies. In addition， the review shows the urgency of setting e-cigarettes exposure standards. As a result， we recommend setting strict limits on the production and sales of e-cigarettes， thus encouraging consumers to consume reasonably.

Investigation on knowledge, attitude and practice on e-cigarette use among college students in Guiyang City / 预防医学

Objective @#To investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice on e-cigarette use among college students in Guiyang City, so as to provide insights into tobacco control health education among colleges and universities. Methods College students were sampled from full-time colleges and universities in Guiyang City using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method from March to May in 2022. Students' knowledge, attitude and practice on e-cigarette use were collected using a questionnaire designed based on the 2019 China National Youth Tobacco Survey Questionnaire, and factors affecting the attempt to use e-cigarette were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. @* Methods@# College students were sampled from full-time colleges and universities in Guiyang City using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method from March to May in 2022. Students' knowledge, attitude and practice on e-cigarette use were collected using a questionnaire designed based on the 2019 China National Youth Tobacco Survey Questionnaire, and factors affecting the attempt to use e-cigarette were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. @* Results @#Totally 2 800 questionnaires were recovered, including 2 694 valid questionnaires, with an effective recovery rate of 96.21%. The respondents included 687 males (25.50%) and 2 007 females (74.50%). The total score of knowledge on e-cigarette use was (2.95±1.02) points, and there were low proportions of knowing that e-cigarettes contained hazardous substances, including nicotine and tar (59.06%) and knowing that e-cigarette use may cause diseases (53.27%). The total score of attitudes towards e-cigarette use was (5.09±2.36) points, and 93.50% of respondents did not use e-cigarettes given by companions. There were 132 students with attempts to use e-cigarettes (4.90%), and there were 29 current e-cigarette users (1.08%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age of 20 years and lower (OR=0.438, 95%CI: 0.267-0.719), living in rural areas (OR=0.458, 95%CI: 0.264-0.794), thinking that e-cigarettes are addictive (OR=0.449, 95%CI: 0.217-0.928), and thinking that e-cigarette smoking is harmful (OR=0.263, 95%CI: 0.131-0.527) as factors protecting from e-cigarette use, and monthly living expenses of more than 2 000 Yuan (OR=2.995, 95%CI: 1.135-7.902), cigarette smoking (OR=19.826, 95%CI: 11.385-34.527), and using companions' e-cigarettes (OR=9.141, 95%CI: 5.534-15.101) and thinking that people around me support my use of e-cigarettes (OR=2.673, 95%CI: 1.426-5.013) were risk factors for e-cigarette use among college students. @* Conclusions @#There is a low awareness rate of e-cigarette use among college students in Guiyang City, and the majority oppose e-cigarette use, with a low proportion of attempt to use e-cigarettes. Age, source of students, monthly living expenses, e-cigarette smoking, knowledge on e-cigarette use and use of companions' e-cigarettes may affect the attempt to use e-cigarettes.