Association of FAAH p.Pro129Thr and COMT p.Ala72Ser with schizophrenia and comorbid substance use through next-generation sequencing: an exploratory analysis

Objective: Individuals with schizophrenia and substance use disorders have a poor prognosis and increased psychiatric symptoms. The present study aimed to explore the association of 106 genes in individuals with schizophrenia and comorbid substance use through a next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and different in silico algorithms. Methods: We included 105 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and a family history of schizophrenia, of whom 49 (46.67%) presented comorbid substance use. Using NGS, we sequenced 106 genes previously associated with schizophrenia. Logistic regression models were used to assess differences in allele frequencies, and a generalized gene-set analysis was performed at the gene level. Functional annotations were performed using different algorithms and databases. Results: We identified a total of 3,109 variants, of which 25 were associated with schizophrenia and comorbid substance use and were located in regulatory and coding regions. We found low-frequency variants in COMT p.Ala72Ser, independently of p.Val158Met, that were associated with substance use. The endocannabinoid functional variant FAAH p.Pro129Thr was also associated with substance use. Conclusions: Genetic variants of genes related to dopaminergic and cannabinoid neurotransmitter systems were associated with comorbid substance use in schizophrenia. Nevertheless, more studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings.

Comorbilidad entre síntomas depresivos y consumo de sustancias en pacientes hospitalizados por enfermedades no psiquiátricas / Comorbidity between depressive symptoms and substance use in-patients hospitalized for non-psychiatric diseases

RESUMEN Introducción: Los estudios epidemiológicos muestran una alta prevalencia y concurrencia entre la depresión y el consumo de sustancias, lo cual es denominado «patología dual¼; esta comorbilidad implica un peor pronóstico para los pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar la comorbilidad entre síntomas depresivos y consumo de sustancias en pacientes hospitalizados por enfermedades agudas y crónicas en un hospital público. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, de prevalencia con 296 pacientes con edades entre 18 a 65 arios a quienes se les aplicó el PHQ-9 y el ASSIST 3.0 para determinar la preva lencia de síntomas depresivos y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas; además, se tomaron otras variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Resultados: El 50,7% fueron mujeres con una edad mediana de 41 años y rango intercuartílico de 27 años. Se encontraron síntomas depresivos moderados-severos en el 27,4% de los pacientes. El alcohol fue la sustancia de mayor consumo en los últimos 3 meses con un 53,7%, seguido por el cigarrillo (47,6%), la marihuana (26,7%) y la cocaína (14,5%). Se encontró asociación significativa entre síntomas depresivos graves PHQ-9 ≥ 20 y uso problemático de alcohol, marihuana y cocaína (puntuación ASSIST > 26); alcohol (RP 27,30, IC del 95%, 2,37 314,16; p = 0,01); marihuana (RP 15,00 IC del 95%, 3,46-64,96; p = 0,001) y cocaína (RP 10,65, IC del 95%, 2,23-51,10; p = 0,01). Discusión: Se encontró alta prevalencia de síntomas depresivos y uso de sustancias en pacientes hospitalizados por condiciones médicas no psiquiátricas, lo cual empeora el pro nóstico de la condición médica de base. Conclusiones: Para brindar un mejor cuidado hospitalario de los pacientes, se requiere hacer visible el problema de la patología dual, lo cual podría lograrse a partir de más investigación relacionada en estos escenarios clínicos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a high prevalence and concurrence bet ween depression and substance use. This is known as "dual diagnosis" and is associated with a worse prognosis for patients. Objective: To establish the comorbidity between depressive symptoms and substance abuse in patients admitted with acute or chronic diseases to a public hospital. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study of prevalence which included 296 patients aged 18 to 65, to whom the PHQ-9 and ASSIST 3.0 scales were applied to determine the pre valence of depressive symptoms and substance abuse. Other clinical and sociodemographic variables were also taken into account. Results: 50.7% were women with a median age of 41 and an interquartile range of 27 years. Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were found in 27.4% of the patients. Alcohol was the substance with the highest consumption in the previous 3 months with 53.7%, followed by cigarettes (47.6%), marijuana (26.7%) and cocaine (14.5%). A significant association was found between severe depressive symptoms PHQ-9 ≥20 and problematic use of alcohol, marijuana and cocaine (ASSIST score > 26); alcohol (RP 27.30, 95% CI [2.37-314.16], P = 0.01); marijuana (RP 15.00, 95% CI [3.46-64.96], P = 0.001) and cocaine (RP 10.65, 95% CI [2.23-51.10], P=0.01). Discussion: A high prevalence of depressive symptoms and substance use was found in patients hospitalized for non-psychiatric medical conditions, which worsens the prognosis of the underlying medical condition. Conclusions: To provide better hospital care for patients, we need to give visibility to the problem of dual pathology. This could be achieved by conducting more related research in these clinical scenarios.

Conducta suicida y dualidad en trastornos por consumo de sustancias en drogodependientes ecuatorianos / Suicidal behavior and duality in disorders due to substance use among Ecuatorian drug addicts

Introducción: El consumo de drogas es considerado un elemento favorecedor de las conductas suicidas. En la medida que aumenta la frecuencia, intensidad, tiempo de consumo y la coexistencia con otros trastornos mentales también se incrementa la probabilidad de un comportamiento violento hacia sí mismo. Objetivo: Caracterizar pacientes adictos ecuatorianos con conductas suicidas y determinar posibles interacciones entre las variables sociodemográficas y de consumo consideradas. Método: Estudio transversal con pacientes drogodependientes que han sido ingresados en la Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) del Instituto de Neurociencias de Guayaquil (INC) en el periodo 2010-2016. Se seleccionó una población de 922 pacientes que refirieron algún tipo de conducta suicida luego de haber comenzado el consumo de drogas, incluyendo la ideación y el intento suicidas en cualquiera de sus variantes. Resultados: En este análisis se observó que la población masculina predominó en este grupo de estudio, de los cuales aproximadamente 4 de cada 10 intentaron suicidarse (36,3 por ciento), mientras que las mujeres fueron aproximadamente 5 de cada 10 (46,3 por ciento). Conclusiones: Entre los pacientes con conductas suicidas que ingresaron en Unidad de Conductas Adictivas del Instituto de Neurociencias de Guayaquil, Ecuador, entre el 2014 y 2017, predominaron mujeres que sufrieron de depresión o tenían comorbilidad con la esquizofrenia. Se trata de mujeres jóvenes de entre 15 a 25 años, que se iniciaron en el consumo de drogas entre los 15 y 20 años de edad, con intentos suicidas previos y depresión(AU)

Introduction: Illicit drug use is considered a favorable element highly associated to suicidal behavior. As the frequency, intensity, time of consumption and coexistence with other mental disorders, the probability of violent behavior towards oneself also increases. Objective: To characterize drug addict patients with suicidal behavior and determine possible links between sociodemographic and consumption variables. Method: A cross-sectional study in drug addict patients admitted in the Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) setted at the Instituto de Neurociencias (INC) in Guayaquil, Ecuador, was carried out, in the period 2010 throughout 2016. A total of 922 patients who referred any kind of suicidal behavior (including any kind of suicidal ideation or suicidal intent) were selected. Results: This research revealed that male population was predominant, in which 4 of 10 attempted suicide (36.3 percent), meanwhile in females was 5 in 10 approximately (46.3 percent). Conclusions: Among patients with suicidal behavior admitted in the Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) setted at the Instituto de Neurociencias (INC) in Guayaquil, Ecuador, between 2014 and 2017, women who suffered depressive symptoms or had schizophrenia as comorbidity were predominant. Women 15 to 20 years of age and with previous suicidal intent and depressive symptoms(AU)

Introdução: O uso de drogas é considerado um elemento que favorece o comportamento suicida. À medida que aumenta a frequência, intensidade, tempo de consumo e convivência com outros transtornos mentais, aumenta também a probabilidade de comportamento violento contra si mesmo. Objetivo: Caracterizar os dependentes químicos equatorianos com comportamento suicida e determinar as possíveis interações entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e de consumo consideradas. Método: Estudo transversal com pacientes dependentes químicos internados na Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) del Instituto de Neurociencias de Guayaquil (INC), Equador, no período de 2010-2016. Foi selecionada uma população de 922 pacientes que relataram algum tipo de comportamento suicida após o início do uso da droga, incluindo ideação suicida e tentativa de suicídio em qualquer uma de suas variantes Resultados: Nesta análise observou-se que a população masculina predominou neste grupo de estudo, da qual aproximadamente 4 em 10 tentativas de suicídio (36,3 porcento), enquanto as mulheres foram aproximadamente 5 em 10 (46,3porcento). Conclusões: Entre os pacientes com comportamento suicida internados na Unidade de Comportamento Aditivo do Instituto de Neurociências de Guayaquil, Equador, entre 2014 e 2017, predominaram mulheres que sofriam de depressão ou apresentavam comorbidade com esquizofrenia. São mulheres jovens entre 15 e 25 anos, que começaram a usar drogas entre 15 e 20 anos, com tentativas anteriores de suicídio e depressão(AU)

Exploratory analysis of polygenic risk scores for psychiatric disorders: Applied to dual diagnosis

Background Concurrence of substance use disorders (SUDs) is high in individuals with psychiatric illnesses; more importantly, individuals with both disorders (dual diagnosis) have more severe symptoms. Psychiatric disorders have been proposed to share a genetic susceptibility with SUDs. To explore this shared genetic susceptibility, we analyzed whether any of the polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for psychiatric disorders could be associated to dual diagnosis in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar disorder (BD). Methods We included 192 individuals of Mexican ancestry: 72 with SCZ, 53 with BD, and 67 unrelated controls without psychiatric disorders. We derived calculations of PRS for autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder, BD, major depression, and SCZ using summary genome-wide association statistics previously published. Results We found that dual diagnosis had a shared genetic susceptibility with major depressive disorder (MDD) and SCZ; furthermore, in individuals with BD, dual diagnosis could be predicted by PRS for MDD. Conclusions Our results reinforce the notion that individuals with dual diagnosis have a higher genetic susceptibility to develop both disorders. However, analyses of larger sample sizes are required to further clarify how to predict risks through PRS within different populations.

Consumo de drogas por pessoas com diagnósticos psiquiátricos: percursos possíveis em uma rede de atenção psicossocial / Drug use among psychiatric diagnosed persons: possible pathways in a psychosocial network

Resumo Profissionais de saúde mental vêm observando aumento do uso problemático de drogas entre pessoas em tratamento psiquiátrico. Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar o cuidado oferecido a estas pessoas, usuárias de uma rede de atenção psicossocial de uma cidade do estado de São Paulo. Pesquisa qualitativa realizada em três serviços comunitários, sendo produzidas notas de campo a partir da observação participante e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com usuários dos serviços identificados com uso de drogas associado ao diagnóstico de transtornos mentais. Buscou-se identificar percursos de tratamento, compreensões acerca destes na ótica dos envolvidos, delineando o acolhimento dessa demanda na rede e verificando posicionamentos atribuídos aos usuários. O cuidado dirigido aos usuários dos serviços foi feito de acordo com as possibilidades da rede existente, sendo influenciado por construções de sentido sobre drogas e por ideologias clínicas presentes nas práticas dos serviços. Verificou-se que os serviços de saúde mental tinham alguma tolerância para drogas lícitas, mas encaminhavam todos os usuários de drogas ilícitas. Isso promoveu descrições dos usuários dos serviços como "paciente de saúde mental" ou "usuário de drogas", exclusivamente, posicionando-os diferentemente no tratamento oferecido, o que, reciprocamente, influenciou a escuta de outras versões das experiências de consumo e sofrimento.

Abstract Mental health professionals are facing increased problem drug use among people undergoing psychiatric treatment. This article aimed to analyze the care offered to these people, users of a psychosocial care network in a city in the state of São Paulo. Qualitative research conducted in three community services, producing field notes based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews with users of services identified with drug use associated with the diagnosis of mental disorders. We sought to identify treatment paths, understandings about them from the perspective of those involved, delineating the reception of this demand in the network and verifying the positions assigned to the users. The care directed to the users of the services was made according to the possibilities of the existing network, being influenced by constructions of sense about drugs and by clinical ideologies in the practices of the services. It was found that mental health services had some tolerance for licit drugs but directed all users of illicit drugs. This promoted descriptions of service users as a "mental health patient" or "drug user", exclusively, positioning them differently in the treatment offered, which, conversely, influenced the listening of other versions of the experiences of consumption and suffering.

Personality disorder and substance related disorders: a six-month follow-up study with a Brazilian sample / Transtorno de personalidade e transtorno por uso de substâncias: experiência brasileira com seis meses de seguimento

ABSTRACT Objectives A few Brazilian researches correlate personality disorders (PD) and substance related disorders (SRD). The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between them, to evaluate the PD frequency among chemical dependents inpatients, this comorbidity association with social and demographic characteristics, used drug of choice, its impact on clinical evolution until the moment of their committal, the frequency of relapse, self-help group – and psychotherapic adherence among SRD patients six months following committal. Methods A 101 inpatients sample of chemical dependents was enrolled in 2 hospitals. The following instruments were applied: a questionnaire for social and demographic characteristics identification and drug use pattern, some questions from the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6), the SCID-II questionnaire and specific questions concerning psychotherapic and self-help groups participation, and medication use. Results From these 101 patients, 55.4% were diagnosed with PD, being avoidant (14.9%), borderline (11.9%) and antisocial (8.9%) the more frequent ones found. PD patients had an earlier crack use in life (p = 0.038) and had also more previous treatments than the ones without PD (p = 0.005). Borderline PD patients were less worried to substance use problem (p = 0.003). After 6-months follow-up, no statistical significance was found between patients with and without PD regarding drug use or treatment adherence. Conclusion A high PD diagnosis was found in drug use inpatients. Patients diagnosed with SRD and PD need the identification of this comorbidity and of their personality characteristics in order to plan a more comprehensive and effective treatment.

RESUMO Objetivos Poucos estudos brasileiros correlacionam transtornos de personalidade (TP) com transtorno por uso de substâncias (TUS). O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a associação entre eles, avaliar a frequência dos TP na população de dependentes químicos internados, correlacionar com características sociodemográficas, drogas de escolha, frequência de recaída, aderência a grupos de autoajuda e psicoterapia em até seis meses após a alta hospitalar. Métodos Uma amostra de 101 pacientes internados em dois hospitais foi selecionada. Os seguintes instrumentos foram aplicados: um questionário para identificação de características sociodemográficas e padrão de uso de drogas, algumas questões da sexta versão do ASI-6 (Addiction Severity Index), o SCID-II e algumas questões específicas sobre participação em grupos de autoajuda e em psicoterapia, bem como o uso de medicações. Resultados Destes 101 pacientes, 55,4% foram diagnosticados com TP, sendo evitativa (14,9%), limítrofe (11,9%) e antissocial (8,9%) as mais frequentemente encontradas. Pacientes com TP demonstraram ter feito uso mais precoce de crack na vida (p = 0,038) e também tinham mais tratamentos anteriores do que aqueles sem TP (p = 0,005). Pacientes com TP limítrofe estavam menos preocupados com o problema de abuso de substâncias (p = 0,003). Após seis meses de seguimento, nenhuma diferença estatística significativa foi encontrada entre pacientes com e sem TP acerca do uso de drogas ou aderência ao tratamento. Conclusão Uma alta prevalência de TP foi encontrada em pacientes internados por TUS. Pacientes diagnosticados com TP e TUS necessitam a identificação da comorbidade e das características de sua personalidade, a fim de planejar um tratamento mais abrangente e eficaz.

Trastorno dual en población general de Itagüí, Colombia / Dual Pathology in General Population of Itagüí, Colombia

Objetivos: Estudiar la prevalencia de trastorno dual (concomitancia de un trastorno por uso de sustancias y un trastorno mental) en la población general de una pequeña ciudad del departamento de Antioquia en Colombia, mediante el análisis secundario de datos del estudio en salud mental realizado en esta población en el año 2011. Métodos: Se aplicó a una muestra de 415 sujetos la entrevista Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), versión CAPI de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y el análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el programa SPSS v.21. Resultados: Las prevalencias de vida y trastorno dual, considerando como tal el diagnóstico de un trastorno mental y un trastorno por uso de sustancias distintas del tabaco, fue del 7,2%. Las sustancias con mayores prevalencias de consumo en la vida para los sujetos con trastorno dual resultaron ser el alcohol (96,7%), la marihuana (80,0%), la cocaína y derivados (33,3%), la heroína (23,3%) y los tranquilizantes no recetados (13,3%); se encontró asociación estadística entre consumo de drogas y trastorno dual. La depresión mayor (40%), el trastorno negativista desafiante (36,7%), el estrés postraumático (33,3%), la fobia específica y el déficit de atención (26,7%) son los trastornos más prevalentes en los sujetos con trastorno dual de esta muestra. Consumir alcohol o drogas y cumplir criterios diagnósticos de trastorno dual presentan una asociación estadística significativa para el consumo de drogas como marihuana, cocaína, heroína y medicamentos sin prescripción médica (p < 0,001), todas con razones de disparidad (RD) > 1,00, muy altas cuando la droga consumida es la heroína (RD = 38,754) o los medicamentos no recetados (RD = 29,462). Tener antecedentes familiares de enfermedad y consumo de drogas presenta una alta asociación estadística con el trastorno dual, que es aún mayor con los antecedentes de enfermedad mental (p < 0,001; RD = 3,677). Conclusiones: El estudio da cuenta de la prevalencia de sujetos con trastorno dual en una población colombiana. El alcohol, la marihuana, la cocaína y derivados y la heroína son las sustancias mayormente consumidas por estos pacientes, y los trastornos mentales más prevalentes son la depresión, el TOD y el estrés postraumático. Estos hallazgos motivarán a los clínicos a buscar de manera más activa la presencia de trastorno dual para orientar más adecuadamente los planes de tratamiento.

Objectives: To study the prevalence of dual diagnosis (presence of a substance use disorder and an associated mental disorder) in the general population of a small town in the department of Antioquia in Colombia, through secondary analysis of survey data on Mental Health held in this city in 2011. Methods: With a sample of 415 subjects, the interview Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), WHO CAPI version, was used and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.21. Results: The prevalence of dual diagnosis, considering that the presence of a diagnosis of mental disorder and a disorder snuff use of different substances was 7.2%. Substances with higher prevalence of use in life for individuals with dual diagnosis were alcohol (96.7%), marijuana (80.0%), cocaine and derivatives (33.3%), heroin (23.3%) and finally no prescription tranquilizers (13.3%), finding statistical association between drug use and dual diagnosis. Major depression (40%), oppositional defiant disorder (36.7%), posttraumatic stress (33.3%), specific phobia and attention deficit (26.7%) are the most prevalent disorders in individuals with dual diagnosis of this sample. Alcohol or drugs consumption and fulfilling diagnostic criteria for dual diagnosis have a significant statistical association for consumption of drugs like marijuana, cocaine, heroin and prescription medications (P< 0.001), all with disparity ratios of >1.00, very high when the drug is heroin consumed (RD = 38.754) or non-prescription medications (RD = 29.462). A family history of disease and drug use has a high statistical association with dual diagnosis, with a higher association with a history of mental illness (P<.001; RD = 3.677). Conclusions: The study reports on the prevalence of subjects with dual diagnosis in a Colombian population. Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and heroin are derivatives and substances mostly consumed by these patients and the most prevalent mental disorders are depression, TOD and posttraumatic stress. These findings motivate clinicians to more actively seek the presence of dual diagnosis, directing a more appropriately treatment plans.

Time Trend For Substance Use Disorder And Psychiatric Disorders Among Patients Seeking Treatment From A Dual Diagnosis Clinic Of A Tertiary Care Substance Use Disorder Treatment Centre In India

Objective: The study is aimed at assessment of time trend for substance use disorder and psychiatric disorders among patients seeking treatment from a dual diagnosis clinic of a tertiary care substance use disorder treatment centre in India. Methods: The study is based on chart review of the patients seeking treatment from the Dual Diagnosis Clinic of a tertiary care substance use disorder treatment centre. The records of the patients seeking treatment over a six-year period (2009-2014) were reviewed. Information was collected on sociodemographic variables, substance use disorder and co-occurring psychiatric disorder. Results: A total of 289 patients sought treatment from the dual diagnosis clinic of the centre. Majority were male (97.2%). Primary drugs of abuse were nicotine (74.4%), alcohol (49.5%), cannabis (38.4%), and opioids (28.7%). Most common co-occurring psychiatric disorders were psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (45.0%), Major depressive disorder (24.9%), Bipolar disorder (18.3%), anxiety disorder (4.5%) and OCD (2.4%). Most patients with psychotic disorders and depressive disorders had co-occurring alcohol dependence. Most patients with bipolar disorder had co-occurring cannabis dependence. There was a marginally significant increase in proportion of subjects with cannabis dependence (PTrend= .07). There was no significant time trend for various co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: The findings of the current study suggest that there has been a marginally significant increase in proportion of subjects with cannabis dependence over the six study years. However, the proportion of co-occurring psychiatric disorders was stable across these years. The findings of the current study suggest that the centre should be prepared to cater to an increasing proportion of patients with cannabis dependence and possibly co-occurring psychotic disorders in the coming years. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 17 (2): July – December 2016: XX XX.

Prevalencia de patología dual en el sur del Perú: estudio clínico-descriptivo / Prevalence of dual diagnosis in the south of Peru: descriptive clinical study

La comorbilidad entre un trastorno por uso de sustancias y otros trastornos psiquiátricos o patología dual (PD) se caracteriza por la dificultad en su abordaje terapéutico, recaídas constantes e ingresos hospitalarios. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer la prevalencia de PD en un centro psiquiátrico de Arequipa-Perú. Es un estudio descriptivo-epidemiológico basado en el análisis de 445 historias clínicas (HC) de pacientes ingresados durante el lapso de tres años (periodo 2011-2013). Se establecieron características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los sujetos comparando entre quienes presentaron un diagnóstico de PD, con aquellos que solo tuvieron diagnóstico por consumo de sustancias psicótropas. Los resultados evidencian una prevalencia de patología dual de 49%. Las edades promedio fueron de M = 31.45, DE = 15.59 en el grupo con patología dual (CPD) y M = 33.93, DE = 15.48 en el grupo sin patología dual (SPD); la prevalencia del consumo de sustancias SPD fue del 51%. El alcohol fue la sustancia más consumida, seguida de cannabis, marihuana y la pasta básica de cocaína (PBC). Se evidencia la vulnerabilidad socio-familiar e individual de la población en cuanto a protección o resistencia frente a la enfermedad ment

Comorbidity between substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders or dual diagnosis (PD) is characterized by difficulty in their therapeutic approach, constant relapses and hospital admissions, as well as higher violent and criminal behavior. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of PD in individuals treated at a psychiatric center in Arequipa, Peru. It is a descriptive epidemiological study based on analysis of 445 case histories (HC) of patients admitted during the period of three years (2011-2013). Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects by comparing those who had a diagnosis of PD, with those who had a diagnosis just by consuming psychotropic substances were established. The results show a prevalence of dual diagnosis in 49%. The average ages were M = 31.45, DS = 15.59 in the with dual diagnosis group CPD and M = 33.93, DS = 15.48 in the without dual diagnosis group SPD; the prevalence of substance use was 51% SPD. Alcohol was the most used substance, followed by cannabis marijuana and cocaine base (PBC). The socio-family and individual vulnerability of the population is evidence for protection or resistance to mental illness, as well as the lack of implementation of effective policies in mental health care for dual disorders, showing worse prognosis and indexes every time higher.

Self-perceived quality of life in cocaine dependents with or without dual diagnosis / Calidad de vida autopercibida en pacientes dependientes de cocaína con o sin diagnóstico de patología dual

INTRODUCTION: Although impairment in the quality of life is common among cocaine dependent patients, there are but a few researches about the interaction between addiction and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To study different parameters of quality of life in a sample of cocaine dependent patients and to compare patients with or without dual diagnosis. Also, to promote the importance of subjectivity in the quality of life and to propose to incorporate patients' self-perception into their treatment. METHOD: Three diagnostic interviews were administered (SCID-I, SCID-II and PRISM) and a quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) was applied between two different patient groups: Group I (cocaine dependent patients) and Group II (cocaine dependent patients with other mental disorder). RESULTS: Patients diagnosed with dual disorders (Group II) showed broader differences in perceptions of their quality of life in comparison with their clinicians. The perception of quality of life may vary depending on the presence and severity of mental disorders, and these different appreciations may explain the difficulties that clinicians face in understanding their patients' expectations and motivations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A systematic evaluation of the subjective quality of life should be included in the management of cocaine dependent patients in order to more accurately understand the patients' perception of their treatment, motivations and expectations.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La calidad de vida de los pacientes dependientes a la cocaína se encuentra alterada y hay poca información acerca de cómo interactúa la dependencia a sustancias y la calidad de vida. OBJETIVO: Estudiar los diferentes parámetros de calidad de vida en pacientes dependientes a la cocaína con o sin diagnóstico de patología dual. Asimismo, señalar la importancia de la subjetividad en la calidad de vida y proponer la incorporación de la autopercepción de los pacientes en su tratamiento. MÉTODO: Se realizaron tres entrevistas diagnósticas (SCID-I, SCID-II y PRISM) y un cuestionario de calidad de vida (SF-36) entre dos grupos diferentes de pacientes: Grupo I (pacientes con dependencia a la cocaína solamente) y Grupo II (pacientes dependiente a la cocaína con otro trastorno mental). RESULTADOS: Los pacientes diagnosticados con patología dual (Grupo II) mostraban amplias diferencias en la percepción de la calidad de vida comparada con la percepción de sus terapeutas. La percepción de la calidad de vida podría variar dependiendo de la presencia y gravedad de los trastornos mentales asociados. Además, estas diferentes apreciaciones podrían explicar las dificultades que tiene el clínico para entender las expectativas y motivaciones del paciente de cara a su tratamiento. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes dependientes a la cocaína debería realizarse de forma sistemática una evaluación de la calidad de vida subjetiva con el fin de conocer con mayor precisión la percepción que tienen los pacientes de su tratamiento, así como sus motivaciones y expectativas.

Presence of dual diagnosis between users and non-users of licit and illicit drugs in Brazil / Presença de diagnóstico duplo entre usuários e não usuários de drogas lícitas e ilícitas no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective Investigate the occurrence of dual diagnosis in users of legal and illegal drugs. Methods It is an analytical, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, non-probabilistic intentional sampling, carried out in two centers for drug addiction treatment, by means of individual interviews. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were used. Results One hundred and ten volunteers divided into abstinent users (group 1), alcoholics (group 2) and users of alcohol and illicit drugs (group 3). The substances were alcohol, tobacco, crack and marijuana. A higher presence of dual diagnosis in group 3 (71.8%) was observed, which decreased in group 2 (60%) and 37.1% of drug abstinent users had psychiatric disorder. Dual diagnosis was associated with the risk of suicide, suicide attempts and the practice of infractions. The crack consumption was associated with the occurrence of major depressive episode and antisocial personality disorder. Conclusion It was concluded that the illicit drug users had a higher presence of dual diagnosis showing the severity of this clinical condition. It is considered essential that this clinical reality is included in intervention strategies in order to decrease the negative effects of consumption of these substances and provide better quality of life for these people.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a ocorrência do diagnóstico duplo entre os usuários de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Métodos Estudo analítico, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, amostragem não probabilística do tipo intencional, realizado em dois centros de tratamento para a dependência química, por meio de entrevista individual. Utilizaram-se um questionário sociodemográfico, o Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Tabaco e Outras Substâncias (ASSIST) e o Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Resultados Cento e dez voluntários divididos em abstinentes (grupo 1), alcoolistas (grupo 2) e usuários de álcool e drogas ilícitas (grupo 3). As substâncias mais consumidas foram álcool, tabaco, crack e maconha. Observou-se maior presença de diagnóstico duplo no grupo 3 (71,8%), decrescendo no grupo 2 (60%) e 37,1% dos abstinentes de drogas apresentaram transtorno psiquiátrico. O diagnóstico duplo foi associado a risco de suicídio, tentativas de suicídio e prática de atos infracionais. O consumo do crack foi associado à ocorrência do episódio depressivo maior e ao transtorno de personalidade antissocial. Conclusão Os usuários de drogas ilícitas apresentaram maior presença do diagnóstico duplo, evidenciando a gravidade desse quadro clínico. Considera-se imprescindível que essa realidade clínica seja incluída nas estratégias de intervenção, com o intuito de minimizar os prejuízos decorrentes do consumo dessas substâncias e proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida a essas pessoas.

Caracterización clínica de familias costarricenses con trastorno afectivo bipolar / Clinical characterization of Costa Rican families with bipolar affective disorder

Justificación y objetivos: la heterogeneidad clínica del trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I constituye uno de los principales desafíos en el diagnóstico de dicha enfermedad. Se necesitan múltiples fuentes de información que permitan definir el perfil clínico, demográfico y comorbilidad con otras enfermedades psiquiátricas. El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las características clínicas, sociodemográficas y curso del trastorno, en familias costarricenses con uno o más miembros afectados. Métodos: se estudió a 167 pacientes con trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I, los cuales provenían de diferentes familias de Costa Rica. El diagnóstico clínico se llevó a cabo mediante el proceso de mejor estimado diagnóstico y caracterización clínica dimensional a través de la vida. El análisis estadístico incluyó regresión logística, así como curvas de sobrevivencia de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: 93 sujetos (55,7%) fueron mujeres. La edad promedio al momento de la entrevista fue de 43,25 (DE=13,90). De los probandos con edad de inicio de enfermedad posterior a 20 años, 24 (14,0%) familiares de primer grado tenían trastorno bipolar tipo I (x²=3,56, p=0,05); OR=1,7; 95% CI=1,2-2,7. La edad promedio de inicio para el trastorno por uso de sustancias en varones, fue 17 años (DE=0,4), versus 23 años (DE=3,2) para mujeres (x²=3.90, p=0.04). Varones con trastorno bipolar tipo y uso comórbido de sustancias presentaron menor edad de inicio de cualquier síntoma psiquiátrico, que aquellos sin TUS (x²=8,99, p=0,003). Conclusiones: el trastorno por uso de sustancias seguido por los trastornos de ansiedad, constituyen las condiciones comórbidas más frecuentes en el trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I. La edad de inicio más temprana de trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I en probandos, se asocia con mayor número de afectados por dicho trastorno en familiares de primer grado.

Explanation and objectives: Clinical heterogeneity is one of the main challenges to diagnose bipolar disorder type I. Multiple sources of information are required to define comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, as well as the clinical and demographic characteristics of this mental disorder. The objective of this study is to analyze the socio-demographic, clinical and course characteristics of bipolar disorder type I in Costa Rican families with more than one member affected. Methods: A sample of 167 individuals with bipolar disorder type I from different families in Costa Rica was studied. The clinical diagnosis was carried out through a best estimate diagnostic procedure and a characterization of lifetime clinical dimensions. Logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Ninety-three subjects (55.7%) were females and the mean age at the time of the interview was 43.25 (SD=13.90). In the case of probands with age of onset for bipolar disorder type I after age 20 years, 24 (14.0%) first-degree relatives had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder type I (x2=3.56, p=0.05); OR=1.7; 95% CI=1.2-2.7. The median for age of onset of substance use disorder in males was 17 (SE=0.4) compared to 23 (SE=3.2) in females (x2=3.90, p=0.04). Bipolar disorder type I males with comorbid substance use disorder reported earlier age of onset of any psychiatric symptom than those without substance use disorder (x2=8.99, p=0.003). Conclusions: Substance use disorder, followed by anxiety disorders are the most prevalent comorbid conditions in bipolar disorder type I. Early onset of bipolar disorder type I in probands was associated with higher number of relatives suffering from bipolar disorder type I.

Interface between Intellectual Disability and Mental Health: hermeneutic review / Interface entre Deficiência Intelectual e Saúde Mental: revisão hermenêutica

A literature review was conducted aiming to understand the interface between the Intellectual Disability and Mental Health fields and to contribute to mitigating the path of institutionalizing individuals with intellectual deficiencies. The so-called dual diagnosis phenomenon remains underestimated in Brazil but is the object of research and specific public policy internationally. This phenomenon alerts us to the prevalence of mental health problems in those with intellectual disabilities, limiting their social inclusion. The findings reinforce the importance of this theme and indicate possible diagnostic invisibility of the development of mental illness in those with intellectual disabilities in Brazil, which may contribute to sustaining psychiatric institutionalization of this population. .

Realizou-se revisão da literatura com o objetivo de compreender a interface entre os campos da Deficiência Intelectual e da Saúde Mental e contribuir para a mitigação da trajetória de institucionalização das pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Ainda subestimado no Brasil, mas constituindo-se internacionalmente como objeto de investigações e de políticas públicas específicas, o chamado diagnóstico dual alerta à prevalente ocorrência de problemas de saúde mental em pessoas com deficiência intelectual e sua consequente limitação aos processos de inclusão social. Os achados corroboram a relevância da temática e apontam possível invisibilidade dos processos de adoecimento psíquico das pessoas com deficiência intelectual no País, o que pode contribuir para manutenção de percursos de institucionalização psiquiátrica dessa população.

Uso de substâncias e outras comorbidades psiquiátricas em crianças e adolescentes / Substance use and other psychiatric comorbidities in children and adolescents / Uso de sustancias y otras comorbilidades psiquiátricas en niños y adolescentes

O abuso de drogas entre crianças e adolescentes é considerado um problema de saúde pública em vários países e sua associação comórbida com outros transtornos psiquiátricos tem causado efeitos negativos como agressividade, criminalidade e o envolvimento em situações de risco que levam à morte prematura. O objetivo deste ensaio é apresentar essas associações, discutir suas relações e ressaltar a importância da realização do diagnóstico diferencial. A metodologia adotada foi a revisão não sistemática e descritiva das publicações sobre o tema. As evidências da ocorrência de comorbidades mostram a necessidade de planejamento individualizado da terapia e, caso ocorra falha no tratamento, a necessidade da busca de novos diagnósticos. Concluiu-se que existem ainda algumas controvérsias sobre o assunto, demonstrando a necessidade da realização de novos estudos.

Drug abuse among children and adolescents is considered a public health problem in many countries and its association with other comorbid psychiatric disorders has caused negative effects such as aggressiveness, criminality and involvement in risky situations that lead to premature death. The purpose of this study is to present these associations, discuss their relation, and emphasize the importance of conducting a differential diagnosis. The methodology used for this study was descriptive and non-systematic review of publications on the topic. The evidence of the occurrence of comorbidities shows the need for planning individualized therapy, and in the event of treatment failure, the need to search for new diagnoses. It was concluded that there is still some controversies on the matter, demonstrating the need for further studies.

El consumo de drogas entre los niños y adolescentes se considera un problema de salud pública en muchos países y su asociación con otros trastornos psiquiátricos comórbidos ha causado efectos negativos como la agresividad, la criminalidad y la participación en situaciones de riesgo que conducen a la muerte prematura. El propósito de este ensayo es presentar estas asociaciones, discutir sus relaciones, y hacer hincapié en la importancia del diagnóstico diferencial. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión descriptiva no sistemática de las publicaciones sobre el tema. La evidencia de la presencia de comorbilidades muestra la necesidad de planificar la terapia individualizada, y en caso de fracaso del tratamiento, la necesidad de buscar nuevos diagnósticos. Se concluyó que todavía hay una cierta controversia sobre el tema, lo que demuestra la necesidad de realizar más estudios.

Manejo clínico de pacientes con diagnóstico dual: tratamiento de los pacientes farmacodependientes con trastornos psiquiátricos mayores / Clinical Management of Dually Diagnosed Patients: Treatment for Drug Abusing and Dependent Patients with Major Psychiatric Comorbidities

Introducción: Los esfuerzos para avanzar en el tratamiento de patologías duales buscan integrar las intervenciones terapéuticas que permitan mejorar sus tasas de remisión y recuperación. A pesar de la contundente evidencia epidemiológica que asocia el consumo de sustancias con las patologías psiquiátricas mayores, las pautas de tratamiento están basadas en combinaciones que carecen sustento clínico. Objetivos: Describir de forma concisa los estudios clínicos más relevantes sobre intervenciones psicofarmacológicas y psicoterapéuticas en estos pacientes, para desarrollar guías clínicas de manejo dinámicas y flexibles que ayuden en las estrategias usadas en el Eje Cafetero, en Colombia. Método: Búsqueda en la literatura biomédica en Medline, OVID, Proquest, Scielo y EMBASE, cruzando la expresión MeSH diagnóstico dual con tratamiento y pronóstico, delimitando los resultados a los estudios clínicos, revisiones sistemáticas y/o metanálisis en español o inglés en los últimos 25 años en la población farmacodependiente adulta. Resultados: De los 246 artículos arrojados por nuestra búsqueda, se seleccionaron 126, considerados de relevancia clínica por calidad metodológica y resultados en términos de seguridad, eficacia y efectividad. Conclusiones: Se describen los resultados de los estudios clínicos sobre los cuales se basan los nueve protocolos de intervención para pacientes con diagnóstico dual que consultan al Instituto Especializado en Salud Mental Clínica El Prado.

Introduction: In an effort to treat dually diagnosed patients, multiple therapeutic interventions that have shown efficacy for inpatients with major psychiatric disorders or substance abuse have been used in combination. In spite of the vast evidence of the association between drug abuse and major psychiatric disorders, most guidelines for the treatment of dually diagnosed patients are based on combinations that lack enough evidence, thus limiting their success. To date, no treatment has shown promise of long-term effectiveness. Objective: To describe briefl y the available evidence for relevant psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological strategies in the treatment of dually diagnosed patients. At the same time, we hope to develop dynamic and fl exible algorithms to be included in the Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Dually Diagnosed Patients admitted to El Prado Psychiatric Institute in Armenia, Colombia. Method: We searched the Biomedical Literature on Medline, OVID, Proquest, Scielo, and EMBASE for articles matching the MeSH, dual diagnosis with treatment and prognosis, limiting results to clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analysis and clinical guidelines published in the last 25 years in adult population. Results: 246 articles were downloaded, of which 146 were selected after carefully reviewing all abstracts that met our established inclusion criteria in terms of methodology, safety, efficacy and effectiveness of the interventions. Conclusion: The clinical evidence available supports the nine protocols designed for the treatment of dually diagnosed patients in the addiction program of El Prado Psychiatric Institute in Armenia, Colombia.

Estudo do córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo de pacientes portadores de transtorno afetivo bipolar em comorbidade com alcoolismo através do uso de espectroscopia por ressonância magnética de hidrogênio / Study of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of bipolar disorder patients with comorbid alcoholism using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Cerca de 50% dos pacientes portadores de transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB) apresentam comorbidade com abuso ou dependência de álcool. A presença de alcoolismo nos pacientes com TAB está associada a manifestações clínicas mais graves e a uma pior resposta ao tratamento do transtorno de humor. Entretanto, as anormalidades neurobiológicas subjacentes à co-ocorrência de TAB e alcoolismo são desconhecidas. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi o de comparar o perfil neuroquímico do córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo de pacientes portadores de TAB e diagnóstico prévio de alcoolismo ao de pacientes portadores de TAB não-alcoolistas e ao de indivíduos saudáveis, usando espectroscopia por ressonância magnética de hidrogênio. Para isso, obtivemos uma aquisição de espectroscopia de hidrogênio de voxel único e tempo de eco curto em campo magnético de 1,5 Tesla do córtex préfrontal dorsolateral esquerdo em 23 pacientes bipolares alcoolistas, 27 pacientes bipolares não-alcoolistas e 57 indivíduos saudáveis. Níveis absolutos de N-acetilaspartato (NAA), compostos de colina, creatina mais fosfocreatina, mio-inositol, glutamato mais glutamina (Glu+Gln), e glutamato foram determinados e comparados entre os três grupos. Pacientes bipolares alcoolistas apresentaram níveis menores de Glu+Gln (p = 0,06) e de glutamato (p = 0,03) do que pacientes bipolares nãoalcoolistas. Pacientes bipolares alcoolistas apresentaram níveis menores de NAA do que controles saudáveis (p = 0,06). Esses achados sugerem que anormalidades do sistema glutamatérgico, e, possivelmente, da integridade neuronal, estão presentes no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo de pacientes portadores de TAB em comorbidade com alcoolismo. Tais anormalidades podem caracterizar processos fisiopatológicos que seriam específicos da comorbidade entre TAB e alcoolismo.

About 50% of bipolar disorder (BD) patients present comorbidity with alcohol abuse or dependence. The presence of alcoholism in BD is associated with worse clínical manifestations and refractoriness to treatment of the mood disorder. Nevertheless, the neurochemical underpinnings that underlie the co-occurrence of bipolar disorder and alcoholism are unknown. In this study, we sought to compare the neurochemical profile of the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex of BD patients with a prior diagnosis of alcoholism to non-alcoholic BD patients and healthy controls (HC), using proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We obtained a short-TE, single-voxel 1H spectroscopy acquisition at 1.5 Tesla from the left dorsolateral pré-frontal córtex (DLFPC) of 23 alcoholic BD patients, 27 non-alcoholic BD patients and 57 HC. Absolute levels of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds, phosphocreatine plus creatine, myo-inositol, glutamato plus glutamina (Glu+Gln) and glutamato were determined and compared among the three groups. Alcoholic BD patients showed lower Glu+Gln (p = 0.06) and glutamate levels (p = 0.03) than non-alcoholic BD patients. Alcoholic BD patients tended to have lower NAA levels than HC (p = 0.06). These findings suggest that glutamatergic abnormalities, and possibly, neuronal integrity abnormalities, are present in the left DLPFC of BD patients with comorbid alcoholism. Such abnormalities may characterize pathophysiological processes that are specific for the comorbidity between BD and alcoholism.