Requirements for the application of total quality in the university educational system in light of the information and technological revolution

A B S T R A C T Purpose: This study aims to identify the requirements for the application of total quality in the university educational system in light of the information and technological revolution. Methods: The qualitative analytical descriptive approach was used, the limitations of which are restricted to higher education institutions. Results: The study concluded the need for a feasible and effective educational system, centered on the student through his interaction and active participation, in which computer technologies and information and communication technology represented in local networks and the global Internet play a promising role based on the concept and philosophy oftotal quality in education. Conclusions: It is concluded that the nature of modern business requires educational and academic institutions to prepare students with a different set of skills other than those adopted by the old education system. The shape of educational institutions will be very different from what it is now, and the shape of the classroom will differ so that there will be a computer for each student, and departments in faculties will be able to communicate with different libraries to get what they want from references, scientific materials or educational software, and the shape of the course will differ from the usual It is likely that it will be replaced by a floppy or optical disk, and there will be a new type of teacher and students.

Objetivo: Identificar os requisitos para a aplicação da qualidade total no sistema educacional universitário à luz da revolução tecnológica e da informação. Métodos: Foi utilizada a abordagem descritiva analítica qualitativa, cujas limitações se restringem às instituições de ensino superior Resultados: O estudo concluiu a necessidade de um sistema educacional viável e eficaz, centrado no estudante através de sua interação e participação ativa, no qual as tecnologias de informática e de informação e comunicação representadas em redes locais e na Internet global desempenham um papel promissor baseado no conceito e na filosofia da qualidade total na educação. Conclusões: Conclui-se que a natureza das empresas modernas exige que as instituições educacionais e acadêmicas preparem os estudantes com um conjunto de habilidades diferentes daquelas adotadas pelo antigo sistema educacional. A forma das instituições educacionais será muito diferente do que é agora, e a forma da sala de aula será diferente de modo que haverá um computador para cada aluno, e os departamentos das faculdades poderão se comunicar com diferentes bibliotecas para obter o que desejam das referências, materiais científicos ou software educacional, e a forma do curso será diferente do habitual.

Objetivo: Identificar os requisitos para a aplicação da qualidade total no sistema educacional universitário à luz da revolução tecnológica e da informação. Métodos: Foi utilizada a abordagem descritiva analítica qualitativa, cujas limitações se restringem às instituições de ensino superior. Resultados: O estudo concluiu a necessidade de um sistema educacional viável e eficaz, centrado no estudante através de sua interação e participação ativa, no qual as tecnologias de informática e de informação e comunicação representadas em redes locais e na Internet global desempenham um papel promissor baseado no conceito e na filosofia da qualidade total na educação. Conclusões: Conclui-se que a natureza das empresas modernas exige que as instituições educacionais e acadêmicas preparem os estudantes com um conjunto de habilidades diferentes daquelas adotadas pelo antigo sistema educacional. A forma das instituições educacionais será muito diferente do que é agora, e a forma da sala de aula será diferente de modo que haverá um computador para cada aluno, e os departamentos das faculdades poderão se comunicar com diferentes bibliotecas para obter o que desejam das referências, materiais científicos ou software educacional, e a forma do curso será diferente do habitual.

Brasil entre o passado e o futuro: o que temos e o que queremos ­ método dialógico / Brazil between the past and the future: what we have and what we want ­ dialogic method / Brasil entre el pasado y el futuro: lo que tenemos y lo que queremos ­método dialógico

Objetivo: Este artigo objetiva discutir o que sentimos falta com relação às mudanças no sistema educacional brasileiro (via método dialógico), levando em conta os dados existentes nos últimos governos (Bolsonaro, Dilma e Lula), especificamente sobre a Educação Básica e Superior. Metodologia: Metodologicamente, é um ensaio teórico (pesquisa bibliográfica e documental) com abordagem de análise crítica. Resultados:A justificativa para esse estudo são as políticas promovidas pelo governo atual que provocam, em nível nacional e internacional, um amplo debate na mídia e nas comunidades científicas,além de uma possibilidade de refletir sobre o contexto da pandemia e as inseguranças geradas pela ausência de ações governamentais. Conclusões: O levantamento identifica que nãohá um sistema nacional que coordene as responsabilidades pela educação brasileira. Além disso, há extrema confusão no atual governo, falta investimento público, disputa de um projeto político-ideológico, entre outros fatores que impossibilitam a gestão daeducação no país de forma democrática (AU).

Objective:This article aims to discuss what we miss in relation to changes in the Brazilian educational system (via the dialogic method), consideringexisting data in recent governments (Bolsonaro, Dilma and Lula), specifically on Basic and Higher Education. Methodology:Methodologically, it is a theoretical essay (bibliographic and documentary research) with a critical analysis approach. Results:The justification for this study is the policies promoted by the current government that provoke, at a national and international level, a wide debate in the media and in the scientific communities,in addition to a possibility to reflect on the context of the pandemic and the insecurities generated by the absence of government actions. Conclusion: The survey identifiesthat there is no national system that coordinates responsibilities for Brazilian education. In addition, there is extreme confusion in the current government, lack of public investment, dispute over a political-ideological project, among other factors that make it impossible to manage education in the country in a democratic way (AU).

Objetivo: Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir lo que extrañamos con respecto a los cambios en el sistema educativo brasileño (a través del método dialógico), teniendo en cuenta los datos existentes en los últimos gobiernos (Bolsonaro, Dilma y Lula), específicamente en Educación Básica y superior. Metodología:Metodológicamente, es un ensayo teórico (investigación bibliográfica y documental) con un enfoque de análisis crítico. Resultados:La justificación de este estudio son las políticas impulsadas por el actual gobierno que provocan, a nivel nacional e internacional, un amplio debate en los medios de comunicación y en las comunidades científicas. Además de una posibilidad de reflexionar sobre el contexto de la pandemia y las inseguridades generadas por la ausencia de acciones gubernamentales. Conclusión: La encuesta identifica que no existe un sistema nacional que coordine las responsabilidades de la educación brasileña. Además, existe extrema confusión en el actual gobierno, falta de inversión pública, disputapor un proyecto político-ideológico, entre otros factores que imposibilitan gestionar la educación en el país de manera democrática (AU).

Trajetórias adolescentes e infração: José, entre a morte e a aposta / Adolescent trajectories and infraction: José between death and the wager / Trayectorias e infracciones de adolescentes: José, entre la muerte y la apuesta

Frente às elevadas taxas de mortalidade e encarceramento de jovens brasileiros negros, pobres e moradores de periferia, apresenta-se pesquisa transdisciplinar que buscou qualificar os eventos, transições e rupturas que marcam suas trajetórias, analisando o ciclo de vida para desvelar seus nexos, movimentos e fatores de risco. Para tanto, partimos do levantamento de Planos Individuais de Atendimento (PIA) de adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa para, posteriormente, efetuar uma busca ativa por esses sujeitos, a fim de aplicar um questionário e convidá-los a contarem suas histórias de vida por meio da metodologia de Narrativas Memorialísticas. A partir da análise de um caso que revela o potencial universal de cada vida singular, foram analisados quatro eixos identificados a partir do próprio discurso do jovem, a saber: a violência do Estado, a adolescência, a mortalidade e a aposta. Em contraposição à precariedade e à ausência de amparo a que algumas vidas são lançadas, desvelando a morte, uma aposta decidida, traduzida pela oferta de algum enlaçamento, parece convocar a construção de saídas possíveis.(AU)

Considering the high rates of mortality and incarceration among young black Brazilians, the poor, and the periphery residents, we present this transdisciplinary research that sought to qualify the events, transitions, and ruptures that mark their trajectories, analysing their life cycle to unveil its links, movements, and risk factors. We started with the survey of Planos Individuais de Atendimento (Individual Care Plans - PIA) of adolescents in compliance with a socio-educational measure, and later with an active search for these subjects, to apply a questionnaire and invite them to tell their life stories by using the methodology of Narrative Memoir. From a case analysis, which reveals the universal potential of each singular life, we analyzed four axes identified from the young man's own discourse, namely: State violence, adolescence, mortality, and wager. In contrast to the precariousness and the lack of support in their lives, risking death, a determined wager, in the form of an unsavory cooperation, may create possible way outs.(AU)

Ante las altas tasas de mortalidad y encarcelamiento de jóvenes negros brasileños, pobres y residentes en la periferia, se presenta una investigación transdisciplinaria que busca calificar los eventos, transiciones y rupturas que marcan sus trayectorias, analizando el ciclo de vida, desvelando sus vínculos, movimientos y factores de riesgo. Para ello, se partió de la encuesta de Planos Individuais de Atendimento ("Planes de Atención Individualizados") de adolescentes en cumplimiento de medida socioeducativa para luego realizar una búsqueda activa de estos temas con el fin de aplicarles un cuestionario e invitarlos a contar sus historias de vida utilizando la metodología de Narrativas Memorialistas. A partir del análisis de caso, que revela el potencial universal de cada vida singular, se analizaron cuatro ejes identificados a partir del propio discurso del joven: la violencia del Estado, la adolescencia, la mortalidad y la apuesta. En contraste con la precariedad y la falta de apoyo a la que se arrojan algunas vidas, desvelando la muerte, una apuesta decidida, traducida en el ofrecimiento de algún vínculo, parece llamar a la construcción de posibles salidas.(AU)

Medical research as a clinician: hoping for golden era

Despite the successful development of modern medical educational systems within the last century, such systems need improvement in terms of developing better ways to educate medical students as future clinicians while also nurturing them to be good physician scientists. The period from 1964 to 1972 was called the Golden Era of Nobel Laureates in Medicine. Nine laureates, all graduates from American medical schools, came to the United States National Institute of Health (NIH). During the Vietnam War, many medical doctors substituted military service for service in the NIH, became members of the United States National Academy of Sciences, and attained brilliant medical and scientific achievements. There is a crucial lesson to learn from this golden time of the NIH: ambitious young physicians given opportunities to become cutting-edge scientists can make fundamental discoveries. In hopes of encouraging a similar “golden era” for medical research in Korea, I suggest three steps. First, medical schools and the educational system should provide medical students with more opportunities to conduct in-depth medical research in various fields. Second, the Physician Scientist Program should be further expanded to include more medical students and clinical board holders. Better treatments and approaches are essential for gathering both bright candidates and brilliant mentors, who will support each other in making outstanding scientific discoveries. Finally, the flexibility of the medical educational system in terms of medical students and clinical residency needs updating. In conclusion, a national medical educational system that is well balanced can maintain and support both excellent physician scientists and skillful clinicians.

A convivência familiar no processo socioeducativo de adolescentes em privação de liberdade / The family's living together in the socio-educational process of adolescents in freedom's deprivation / La convivencia familiar en el proceso socioeducativo de adolescentes en privación de libertad

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados de pesquisa realizada acerca da convivência familiar de adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas de privação de liberdade. Foram realizadas rodas de conversa com familiares, bem como levantamento de informações em torno da participação das famílias nas rotinas socioeducativas, a partir da leitura dos Planos Individuais de Atendimento (PIAs) de quinze adolescentes. O método utilizado neste estudo foi o da pesquisa-ação. De modo geral, os relatos apontaram para graves violações à convivência familiar, culpabilização da família e insuficiência nos acompanhamentos às famílias. Enfatiza-se no SINASE a necessidade de apoio e trabalho com familiares dos socioeducandos, partindo-se da compreensão que a cidadania do adolescente não pode ser efetivada se não compartilhada com sua família, bem como da necessidade de mudanças nas condições de vida dessas famílias, para que seja possível vislumbrar formas de inserção e acesso aos bens socialmente produzidos, que superem o envolvimento com atos infracionais.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the research results concerning the adolescents' family life in the context of enforcement of socio-educational measures of freedom deprivation. Circular conversations with family were performed and information about the family participation in the socio-educational routine was acquired from the reading of the Individual Care Plans (PIAs) of fifteen adolescents. The method used in this study was action research. In general, the reports point to serious violations in relation to family life, blaming family and lack of families care. It´s emphasized on SINASE the necessity of support and work with the families of the adolescents, starting from the comprehension that adolescent's citizenship cannot be effective if it is not shared with his/her family, as well as the necessity of changes in living conditions of these families, to make possible to glimpse ways of insertion and access to socially produced goods, that may overcome the involvement with infraction acts.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de las investigaciones realizadas sobre la convivencia familiar de adolescentes que cumplen medidas socioeducativas de privación de la libertad. Han sido realizadas ruedas de conversación con los familiares así como han sido levantadas informaciones acerca la participación de las familias en el cotidiano socioeducativo desde la lectura de los Planos Individuales de Atendimiento (PIAs) de quince adolescentes. El método utilizado en este estudio fue la investigación-acción. Generalmente, los relatos han reportado graves violaciones a la convivencia familiar, culpabilización de las familias e insuficiencia en su monitoreo. Se enfatiza en el Sistema Nacional de Atendimiento Socioeducativo (SINASE) brasileño la necesidad de apoyo y trabajo con los familiares de los infractores desde la comprensión que la ciudadanía del adolescente no puede ser efectuada si no compartida con su familia, así como la necesidad de cambio en las condiciones de vida de las referidas familias para que se a posible visualizar las formas de inserción y acceso a los bienes socialmente producidos que superen el envolvimiento con infracciones.

Study on the course reformation of medical laboratory science after changing five-year system to four-year system / 中华医学教育探索杂志

To adapt to the system reformation of medical laboratory science from five academic years to four academic years and to meet the new professional technology-oriented requirements, the medical laboratory science institute of Guangdong Medical College has carried out a comprehensive reform of curriculum system. This paper has analyzed the current problems in the school medical ex-amination and explored the curriculum system reform from three respects such as adjusting curriculum by restructuring and integrating programs, implementing modular teaching to build its characteristics and strengthening practice teaching.And it has also explored the full assessment mode by optimizing the traditional one-stop assessment.

<b>Comparison Traditional Medicine Educational Systems </b><b>in Japan and China </b> / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Traditional medicine educational systems in Japan and China were compared.<br>In Japan, Kampo medicine has been integrated into the core curriculum of undergraduate education in all medical colleges since 2001. Japanese university medical schools give 6,000 hours of western medical educa tion, and only 30 hours of Kampo education. In China at Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) universities, nearly half of teaching hours are devoted to TCM, and half to Western medicine. And even at medical univer sities that specialize in Western medicine, students will usually have 80 hours in TCM courses. Usually it takes five years to graduate. In Japan, Kampo education puts a special focus on the <i>Shang-han-lun </i>and <i>Jin-kui-yao lue </i>texts, which still influence daily practice. In China, on the other hand, TCM doctors rely on traditional theories of Chinese medicine such as the Yin-Yang theory, the Five Elements theory or relationships between meridians and organs. Kampo specialists have been increasing in recent years, although in China, the number of TCM doctors has been decreasing. However, better traditional medicine education would play a role in in creasing our inheritance of both in Japan and in China.

O contexto de fundação da escola de educação física e desportos do Paraná: educando corpos para a vida urbana / The context of foundation school of Physical Education and Sport of Paraná: educating bodys to an urban life / El contexto de la fundación de la Escuela de Educación Física y el Deporte de Paraná: educación de los cuerpos a una vida urbana

O presente artigo objetiva analisar o contexto sócio-político que favoreceu a fundação de uma instituição que visava especificamente formar profissionais na área de Educação Física, a Escola de Educação Física e Desportos do Paraná. Fundada em Curitiba no ano de 1942, a Escola foi fruto de um cenário político amplo, no qual o Estado, permeado por ideais higiênicos/eugênicos, passa a se preocupar mais com a educação formal. Como reflexo, novas condutas físicas e morais foram incorporadas por meio das práticas presentes nos currículos escolares. A Escola de Educação Física e Desportos do Paraná, mesmo com as suas singularidades, fez parte ativamente deste processo.

The present article aims to analyze the socio-political context that favored the foundation of an institution that specifically intended to form professionals in the area of Physical Education: the School of Physical Education and Sports of Paraná. Established in Curitiba during the year of 1942, the School was fruit of an ample political scenery, in which the State, filled for eugenic/hygienic ideals, begins to worry more about the formal education. As a consequence, new physical and moral behaviors had been incorporated through the practices presented in the school's curriculum. Even with its singularities, the School of Physical Education and Sports of Paraná was an active part of this process.

Este artículo examina el contexto socio-político que favoreció la fundación de una institución que se dirigía específicamente a la formación de profesionales en el área de Educación Física, Escuela de Educación Física y el Deporte de Paraná. Fundada en Curitiba en 1942, la Escuela fue el resultado de um amplio escenario político, en que el Estado, la higiene impregnado por los ideales / eugenesia, es estar más preocupados con la educación formal. En la reflexión, la conducta física y moral, se incorporaron nuevas por las prácticas actuales en los programas escolares. La Escuela de Educación Física y Deportes de Paraná, incluso con su singularidad, fue parte activa en este proceso.

Accommodating the difference in students' prior knowledge of cell growth kinetics

This paper describes the development and benefits of an adaptive digital module on cell growth to tackle the problem of educating a heterogeneous group of students at the beginning of an undergraduate course on process engineering. Aim of the digital module is to provide students with the minimal level of knowledge on cell growth kinetics they need to comprehend the content knowledge of the subsequent lectures and pass the exam. The module was organised to offer the subject matter in a differentiated manner, so that students could follow different learning paths. Two student groups were investigated, one consisting of students who had received their prior education abroad and one of students that had not. Exam scores, questionnaires, and logged user data of the two student groups were analysed to discover whether the digital module had the intended effect. The results indicate that students did indeed follow different learning paths. Also, the differences in exam scores between the two student groups that was present before the introduction of the digital module was found to have decreased afterwards. In general, students appreciated the use of the material regardless of their prior education. We therefore conclude that the use of adaptive digital learning material is a possible way to solve the problem of differences in prior education of students entering a course.

O movimento da produção acadêmica sobre a Rede Municipal de Educação de Belo Horizonte / The movement of the production about the municipal academic production

Este artigo apresenta uma análise da produção acadêmica sobre a Rede Municipal de Educação de Belo Horizonte, de 1986/2005, considerando o contexto histórico social e educacional referente ao período. As 162 dissertações e teses que integram o estudo foram organizadas em 12 "focos temáticos". Os trabalhos desenvolvidos ao longo desses vinte anos revelam uma riqueza de temas e problemas e expressam um deslocamento do "olhar" dos pesquisadores das questões mais gerais para as mais específicas, em que a escola e seus sujeitos são colocados no centro do sistema educacional. São analisadas práticas escolares, programas da escola e de governo, projetos e os docentes e discentes em seus saberes, memórias, histórias de vida, relativas aos níveis de ensino da educação básica. A instituição escolar é entendida como um tempo/espaço de formação de sujeitos e de vivência de conflitos e possibilidades. O estudo revela uma rede de escolas que chama a atenção pelo número de trabalhos nela referenciados, pela diversificação de teorias e temas abordados, pela contribuição que deixa para a elaboração de projetos e políticas públicas.

The present article analyzes the academic production on/in the Municipal Educational System of Belo Horizonte - from 1986 to 2005 -, considering the social, educational and historical contexts of this period. The 162 dissertations and theses that integrate this study have been organized in 12 themes, all analyzed by specialist researchers. The development of the investigations, throughout the twenty years considered, shows a great variety of subjects and problems, and expresses a displacement of the researchers' look, from a general to a particular approach, in which the schools, educational professionals and students, as well as their actions, are placed in the center of the educational system. This research analyzes school practices, school and government programs, projects, teachers´ and students' practices, their knowledge, memories and life stories, all related to the different levels of basic education. School is understood as a time/space entity where people get education, face conflicts and find possibilities. The Municipal Educational System of Belo Horizonte stands out for the number of researches focused on itself, the diversification of approached themes and theories, and the contribution it may bring to new projects and public politics.

Implementing innovative education and cultivating high-quality talents / 中华疾病控制杂志

To enhance innovative education in students is the primary task of education in universities and is a way to show the subjectiveness and creativeness of students.It is important to emphasize the combination of knowledge,ability and essential-qualities in order to elevate general ability and quality of the students.Innovative education includes renewing education concept,establishing a teacher team with innovative ideas,integrating the comprehensive course system,reforming teaching technique,updating evaluating system of teaching effect and modifying mechanisms of teaching administration.The renewal of education concept will pave the way for implementing innovative education in practice.

The State of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) School in Singapore / 日本東洋医学雑誌

This is a report on schools of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the state of the traditional education system in Singapore. School texts made in the People's Republic of China were used in Singaporean schools. In 1994, however, the Minister of Health appointed a committee to review TCM practices, and recommended measures to safeguard patients' interests and safety. The committee's report published in 1995 recommended that TCM practices in Singapore should be regulated, and recommended steps to upgrade training standards. In compliance with said committee, TCM schools have added basic western medical science to their curricula. And TCM school requirements in Singapore were revised to 3 years full-time curricula or 6 years part-time curricula. In 2000, the TCM Practitioners Act was passed. Singapore is small country with a population of 4.16 million. However, it promotes traditional medical education projects and studies enterprisingly, receiving WHO support and NCCAM grants.

Reforming Medical Education System with Courses Catalogue Analysis in Clinical Medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The catalogues of courses in 15 medical schools were selected randomly and their quantity and quality were compared statistically among different levels on clinical medicine programs.The results of the analysis showed the lower level of clinical medicine program should be closed down due to several reasons that were lower training objects,more waste in educational resources,more social inequity and so forth.

Educational System of Oriental Medicine in the U.S.A / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Although many individuals in Japan believe that the general compulsory education system in the United States is solely defined as 6 years for Elementary School, 3 years for Junior High School, and 3 years for High School this is not the case : there are a number of variations; moreover, the Federal Government requires that children undergo education up until 16 years of age. There is also an alternative to the traditional school structure, referred to as the “home schooling system”. Private colleges are generally approved by the state, and then undergo an “accreditation” process which is not an absolute requirement; however, for practical purposes it is socially required. This is because accredited schools and colleges may be allowed to offer student loans and provide documentation for student visas. The purpose of “accreditation” is to carry out the “self-evaluation process” and to obtain advice from a third party regarding the development of the organization. The operational systems in schools and colleges in the United States are not the same as they are in Japan. In particular, in the U.S. publicly owned not-for-profit organizations should be governed by the Board of Directors for the public benefit, and precisely for this reason the Chairman may not legally assume the positions of CEO and/or CFO simultaneously; the board members should be fairly selected from the public and should not consist solely of acupuncturists; and gender and/or racial discrimination is not to be tolerated. The mission and purpose of the school or college should be objectively and clearly delineated. The course syllabus should be objectively described in case students transfer to another institution. The Accreditation organization suggests the weak points of the College in detail in order to encourage the development of the College. The main fo-cus of the self-study and accreditation process is the governing system, each operational process, the educational system, and the financial condition of the institution. Although “accreditation” is an ideal system, it requires tremendous energy, extensive time, and financial resources. Simultaneously, a feed back system for each process or aspect of the institution is absolutely essential; however, the U.S. educational system is not always superior to the Japanese school system. The “accreditation system” may occasionally be over-influenced by popularity factors, especially in respect to the “student evaluation system”, that is the system in which the students perform evaluations of the institution.

The contrast between 12 faculties of dentistry in America and our college in stomatology educa-tion / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The beginning of stomatology education in China is much later than America,and the education model is different from each other. This article compares the educational system,the requirements of enrollment and teaching between College of Stomatology of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and 12 Faculties of Dentistry in America,so as to find both the similarities and the dif-ferences,and then give some advice to improve the education system of stomatology in China.

International Comparison of and Reflection on Master Cultivation System / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Through the analysis of development of master cultivation system abroad,we can conclude some characteristics and rule,on the base of which we compare and analyze the present problems of two-year-system of master education in our country and bring forward some opinions and countermeasures.

Review and Analysis on Documents about Educational System Research of Medical Schools / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The research documents about educational system of medical schools were reviewed,and after deep analysis,some inadequacy was found by means of how to learn from advanced skills and how to improve the benefit of health service.This paper also put forward the chain of thought about reform of educational system of medical schools.

Reflection on the Reformation of the Managerial System and the Educational System of Higher Medical Education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Reforming the managerial system and the educational system of higher medical education is the requirement of the social development in the twenty-first century. The article expounds the fundamental characteristics of medical education including small scale, longer-duration program, and high expenditure. It emphasizes the significance of following the rule of medical education, and analyzes the important position of medical college and the relation of medical college to affiliated hospitals and other related colleges in the comprehensive university. Based on the requirement of the social development and the trend of higher medical education internationalization, it also analyzes the necessity of the adjustment on the medical educational system and the way of the adjustment.

Comparison of International Medical Educational System and the Reformational Reflection in China / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In the paper, the authors not only analyzed and compared the international medical educational system, but also reviewed the medical educational system flux in China. The authors put forward several advices for perfect medical educational system according to international trend.

Nursing Education between South and North Korea through Verbal Evidence from Defecting North Korean Medical Personnels / 간호학회지

Recently, there has been an increasing interchange between South Korea and North Korea. Accordingly, there has been active research to understand the society and culture of North Korea, it has been attempted to have comparative study about nursing education to increase understanding between South and North Korea. In the current educational system, 12 years of education is required for entering a nursing college or university in South Korea, but there are only 10 years for entering nursing college in North Korea. After finishing undergraduate studies one can enter graduate school for a masters degree and or a doctoral degree, but there is a longitudinal relation to medical education in North Korea. Regarding the number of nursing educational institutions, there are 50 BSN programs & 61 Diploma programs in South Korea and 11 Diploma programs in North Korea. In regards to curriculum, South Korea has diverse subjects for general education for freshmen, then is subjects to basic specialities sophomore year, and speciality subject and clinical practices from junior year corresponding to the student's intentions. North Korea has minor subjects for general education and basic specialities in freshmen, speciality subjects sophomore year, speciality subjects and clinical practice in the junior year that may not correspond with the student's intentions. The most outstanding difference in the curriculum is North Korea has various subjects for oriental medicine with clinical application. North Korea also does not teach computer science and English is at a very low level. In clinical practice, South Korea has various settings for clinical practice including community health institutions under the nursing professor or clinical instructor. However, North Korea has limited settings for clinical practice (general hospitals) under a doctor's instruction. Also both South and North Korea have a similar licensing system. Therefore, there must be many more studies regarding North Korea, especially in nursing and nursing education in order to decrease differences and confusion between the Koreas and to prepare for a future unification.