Role of Flavonoids in Traditional Chinese Medicine to Improve Cerebral Ischaemia-reperfusion Injury and Its Mechanism： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury （CIRI） has a very high incidence， disability， and mortality rates， which seriously affects human life and health. In recent years， modern medicine has made some progress in the diagnosis and treatment of CIRI， but there are still problems such as difficulties in postoperative rehabilitation and adverse drug reactions， and new therapeutic drugs for CIRI are urgently needed. As an important class of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine， flavonoids can play antioxidant， apoptosis inhibition， anti-inflammatory， and other pharmacological effects to improve brain tissue damage， which is important for improving the quality of life of CIRI patients and slowing down the aging of the social population. Numerous studies have found that flavonoids in traditional Chinese medicine can regulate cell surface receptors Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappaB （TLR4/NF-κB）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt）， adenylate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin protein （AMPK/mTOR）， Ras homologous gene family member A/Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinase （RhoA/ROCK）， nuclear factor E2-associated factor 2/Kelch-like epoxychloropropane-associated protein-1/haemoglobin oxygenase 1 （Nrf2/Keap1/ HO-1）， Notch， and other signaling pathways， so as to regulate the transcription and expression of related proteins after CIRI， alleviate brain tissue injury， and improve CIRI. This paper analyzed the relevant literature in China and abroad in recent years， reviewed the mechanism of action and related pathways of flavonoids in traditional Chinese medicine to improve CIRI， and explored the new therapeutic direction of CIRI at the metabolic level， with a view to providing a basis for the further development and application of flavonoids in traditional Chinese medicine.

Construction of recombinant adenovirus expression vector of avian reovirus σC protein and its effect on proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To construct the recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-σC for the expression of avian reovirus(ARV)aC protein and to detect its effects on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells,in order to build up a basis for the development of novel anti-tumor vaccines.Methods The recombinant shuttle vector pShuttle-σC was constructed by PCR amplification of ARV σC gene,and then transformed into competent BJ5183 cells containing the adenovirus vector pAdessy-1.The recombi-nant adenovirus vector pAd-σC was obtained by homologous recombination,and the virus was packaged in HEK293 cells.The virus titer was measured by TCID_(50),the expression of σC protein was determined by Western blot and ELISA,and the effect of virus on the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721 was detected by CCK-8 assay.Results The recombinant shuttle vector pShuttle-σC was confirmed to be constructed correctly by double enzyme digestion and sequen-cing,and the recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-σC was constructed correctly as identified by colony PCR.σC protein was successfully expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721.The recombinant adenovirus Ad-σC had a titer of 10~(7.5)/0.1 mL,which inhibited the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721.Conclusion The recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-trC containing ARV σC gene was successfully constructed,and its inhibitory effect on tumor cell proliferation was preliminarily analyzed,which lays a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of ARV oncolytic effect and further developing novel anti-tumor biological preparation.

Research progress of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids as marine characteristic natural products / 药学学报

Sesquiterpenoids are widely found in nature, while nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids are relatively rare. Twelve natural nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids were all derived from marine Aspergillus fungi, which are typical natural products with marine characteristics. These natural products exhibit good antitumor, antiviral, and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation activity, especially in the treatment of osteoclast-related diseases, showing good medicinal development value. This article reviews the natural product sources, chemical structure, chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, bioactivity, and pharmacological mechanisms of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids and predicts and discusses their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADME/T), and drug-likeness, providing a comprehensive understanding of the natural products of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids from marine sources and their potential for pharmaceutical development.

An unprecedented pair of Z/E isomeric pyridinium compound from the aqueous extract of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas / 药学学报

A novel pair of Z/E isomeric compounds with unprecedented carbon skeleton were isolated from an aqueous extract of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas by macroporous resin, silica gel, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their structures were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Mass spectroscopy (MS) and other spectroscopic methods as (Z)-3-(but-1″-en-1″-yl)-1-(2ʹ-hydroxyethyl)-4-propylpyridin-1-ium, namely aspongopyridine A, and (E)-3-(but-1″-en-1″-yl)-1-(2ʹ-hydroxyethyl)-4-propylpyridin-1-ium, namely aspongopyridine B, respectively. Besides, the anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, acetylcholinesterase inhibition and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activities of the compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated. The results showed that compounds 1 and 2 have no anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activities instead of weak acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity.

An antimicrobial activity of oil extracted from Saara hardwickii

Abstract Present research work represents antiviral and antibacterial value of body fat of Saara hardwickii commonly called as spiny tailed lizard. Oil was extracted from body fats located in the ventral region of this animal using hydrocarbons e.g., n-hexane, methanol, butanol and ethyl acetate as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of lizard oil was tested against standard as well as multi-resistant lines ofEscherichia coli, Styphalococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris alone and with antibiotic ampicillin. For antibacterial potential, Ethyl acetate and Butanol solvent extract showed best zone of inhibition (7mm) with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. For antiviral potential, Butanol and Methanol extract showed best HA (Hemagglutination) titer of 04 with NDV and IBV viral strain respectively. It is concluded that lizard oil has antimicrobial potential against different pathogens strains (virus, bacteria).

Resumo O presente trabalho de pesquisa apresenta a importância antiviral e antibacteriana da gordura corporal de Saara hardwickii, comumente chamado de lagarto de cauda espinhosa. O óleo foi extraído de gorduras corporais localizadas na região ventral desse animal usando hidrocarbonetos, por exemplo, n-hexano, metanol, butanol e acetato de etila, como solvente. A atividade antibacteriana do óleo do lagarto foi testada em linhagens padrão e multirresistentes de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Proteus vulgaris, de forma isolada e com antibiótico ampicilina. Para o potencial antibacteriano, acetato de etila e extrato de butanol apresentaram melhor zona de inibição (7 mm) com P. aeruginosa e S. aureus, respectivamente. Para o potencial antiviral, o extrato de butanol e o extrato de metanol apresentaram melhor título de hemaglutinação de 4 com as cepas virais NDV e IBV, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o óleo do lagarto possui potencial antimicrobiano contra diferentes cepas de patógenos (vírus e bactérias).

An antimicrobial activity of oil extracted from Saara hardwickii / Atividade antimicrobiana do óleo extraído de Saara hardwickii

Present research work represents antiviral and antibacterial value of body fat of Saara hardwickii commonly called as spiny tailed lizard. Oil was extracted from body fats located in the ventral region of this animal using hydrocarbons e.g., n-hexane, methanol, butanol and ethyl acetate as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of lizard oil was tested against standard as well as multi-resistant lines ofEscherichia coli, Styphalococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris alone and with antibiotic ampicillin. For antibacterial potential, Ethyl acetate and Butanol solvent extract showed best zone of inhibition (7mm) with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. For antiviral potential, Butanol and Methanol extract showed best HA (Hemagglutination) titer of 04 with NDV and IBV viral strain respectively. It is concluded that lizard oil has antimicrobial potential against different pathogens strains (virus, bacteria).

O presente trabalho de pesquisa apresenta a importância antiviral e antibacteriana da gordura corporal de Saara hardwickii, comumente chamado de lagarto de cauda espinhosa. O óleo foi extraído de gorduras corporais localizadas na região ventral desse animal usando hidrocarbonetos, por exemplo, n-hexano, metanol, butanol e acetato de etila, como solvente. A atividade antibacteriana do óleo do lagarto foi testada em linhagens padrão e multirresistentes de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Proteus vulgaris, de forma isolada e com antibiótico ampicilina. Para o potencial antibacteriano, acetato de etila e extrato de butanol apresentaram melhor zona de inibição (7 mm) com P. aeruginosa e S. aureus, respectivamente. Para o potencial antiviral, o extrato de butanol e o extrato de metanol apresentaram melhor título de hemaglutinação de 4 com as cepas virais NDV e IBV, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o óleo do lagarto possui potencial antimicrobiano contra diferentes cepas de patógenos (vírus e bactérias).

Using guinea pig as a model for evaluation of equine influenza vaccine

Equine influenza is a highly contagious viral disease, specially among 1-5 years old naive horses. Vaccination is considered the best way to control the disease spread and outbreaks. Although foals are the main animal used for evaluation of equine influenza vaccines, guinea pigs were chosen as an alternative model in the present work, as they have a negligible antibody titer against equine influenza virus and are cheaper and easier to handle than foals. Five equine influenza vaccine batches were evaluated in two animal models, foals and guinea pigs, by injection of two doses/animal with 4 weeks apart using 2 mL/animal/dose and evaluation of immune responses by hemagglutination inhibition test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. On the 7th week post vaccination, equine influenza antibodies titers reached maximum values of 9-10.2 and 8.7-10 hemagglutination inhibition units for foals and guinea pigs, respectively; sample/negative ratios were 0.126-0.464 and 0.128-0.445 for both animals, respectively. The use of guinea pigs as an animal model for the evaluation of equine influenza vaccines could be recommended instead of foals.

La gripe equina es una enfermedad viral muy contagiosa, especialmente entre los caballos jóvenes de 1 a 5 años de edad. La vacunación se considera la mejor forma de controlar la propagación y los brotes de la enfermedad. Aunque los potros son el principal animal utilizado para la evaluación de vacunas contra la gripe equina, en el presente trabajo se eligieron cobayos como modelo alternativo, ya que tienen un título insignificante de anticuerpos contra el virus de la gripe equina y son más baratos y fáciles de manejar que los potros. Se evaluaron cinco lotes de vacunas contra la gripe equina en dos modelos animales, potros y cobayos, mediante la inyección de dos dosis/animal con 4 semanas de intervalo utilizando 2 mL/animal/dosis y la evaluación de las respuestas inmunitarias mediante la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación y el ensayo inmunoenzimático. En la 7ª semana posvacunación, los títulos de anticuerpos contra la gripe equina alcanzaron valores máximos de 9-10,2 y 8,7-10 unidades de inhibición de la hemaglutinación para potros y cobayos, respectivamente; las relaciones muestras/negativos fueron de 0,126-0,464 y 0,128-0,445 para ambos animales, respectivamente. Podría recomendarse el uso de cobayos como modelo animal para la evaluación de vacunas contra la gripe equina, en lugar de potros.

In silico inhibition of urease and CagA enzymes as targets against helicobacter pylori: an overview on capes 2022 database / Inibição in silico das enzimas urease e CagA como alvo contra helicobacter pylori: uma visão geral no banco de dados da capes 2022 / Inhibición in silico de las enzimas urease y CagA como objetivos contra helicobacter pylori: una resumen de la base de datos capes 2022

The proliferation, adaptive capability, and action of the Helicobacter pylori bacterium in the human stomach make it a worldwide public health issue. This bacterium is associated with gastrointestinal diseases such as stomach cancer. Adding to this challenge is the emergence of multi-drug-resistant and pan-drug-resistant pathogens among gram-negative bacteria, a category to which Helicobacter pylori belongs, making the elimination of this microorganism a daunting task. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new treatment strategies to address this issue, and one potential way is the in silico method, specifically Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), which suggests new starting points in the search for innovative therapies and can be combined with traditional research methods (in vitro, in vivo, and ex-vivo). In this context, this review, utilizing data from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) database, provides an overview of the various proposals discussed in 2022 that focus on the inhibition of proteins favorable to the colonization, virulence, and pathogenicity of H. pylori using in silico methods. Thus, several articles were inspected in the CAPES database. With a focus on molecular docking and/or molecular dynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug-like characteristics, and toxicity, 15 articles were identified that indicated the most studied enzymes in 2022 were urease and CagA. Furthermore, it was observed that the nature of the compounds used in inhibition was diverse - essential oils, flavonoids, pyrazolines, benzimidazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines, and benzothiazoles. All of these compounds were found to have the potential to be anti-urease and/or anti-CagA agents.

A proliferação, capacidade adaptativa e ação no estômago humano da bactéria Helicobacter pylori, torna-a um problema de saúde pública a nível mundial. Esta bactéria é associada a doenças gastrointestinais, como o câncer de estômago. Somado a isso, o surgimento de patógenos multirresistentes e pan-resistentes a medicamentos entre bactérias gram-negativas, categoria à qual a Helicobacter pylori encontra-se, torna a eliminação desse micro-organismo desafiadora. Assim, há uma urgente necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de tratamento para enfrentar esse problema, e uma possível saída é o método in silico, especificamente Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), que sugere novos pontos de partida na busca novas terapias e pode ser combinado aos métodos tradicionais de pesquisa (in vitro, in vivo, e ex-vivo). Neste contexto, esta revisão, utilizando a base de dados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), fornece um panorama geral das diferentes propostas discutidas em 2022 que abordam a inibição de proteínas favoráveis à colonização, virulência e patogenicidade de H. pylori utilizando métodos in silico. Assim, diversos artigos foram inspecionados no banco de dados CAPES. Com foco em ancoragem molecular e/ou dinâmica molecular, farmacocinética, características drug-likeness e toxicidade, foram identificados 15 artigos que indicaram que as enzimas mais estudas em 2022 foram a urease e cagA. Além disso, foi observado que a natureza dos compostos utilizados na inibição era variada - óleos essenciais, flavonóides, pirazolinas, benzimidazóis, tetrahidropirimidinas e benzotiazóis. Todos esses compostos mostraram ser potenciais anti-urease e/ou anti-CagA.

La proliferación, capacidad adaptativa y acción de la bacteria Helicobacter pylori en el estómago humano la convierten en un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Esta bacteria está asociada con enfermedades gastrointestinales como el cáncer de estómago. A esto se suma el surgimiento de patógenos resistentes a múltiples fármacos y completamente resistentes entre las bacterias gram-negativas, una categoría a la que pertenece Helicobacter pylori, lo que dificulta aún más la eliminación de este microorganismo. Por lo tanto, existe una urgente necesidad de desarrollar nuevas estrategias de tratamiento para abordar este problema, y una posible vía es el método in silico, específicamente el Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), que sugiere nuevos puntos de partida en la búsqueda de terapias innovadoras y puede combinarse con métodos de investigación tradicionales (in vitro, in vivo y ex vivo).En este contexto, esta revisión, utilizando datos de la base de datos de la Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), ofrece una visión general de las diversas propuestas discutidas en 2022 que se centran en la inhibición de proteínas favorables a la colonización, virulencia y patogenicidad de H. pylori utilizando métodos in silico. Así, varios artículos fueron inspeccionados en la base de datos de la CAPES. Con un enfoque en el acoplamiento molecular y/o la dinámica molecular, la farmacocinética, las características similares a las de los fármacos y la toxicidad, se identificaron 15 artículos que indicaban que las enzimas más estudiadas en 2022 fueron la ureasa y la CagA. Además, se observó que la naturaleza de los compuestos utilizados en la inhibición era diversa: aceites esenciales, flavonoides, pirazolinas, bencimidazoles, tetrahidropirimidinas y benzotiazoles. Se descubrió que todos estos compuestos tenían el potencial de ser agentes antiureasa y/o anti-CagA.

Determination of ABO Blood Grouping from Dentin and Pulp from Freshly Extracted Teeth and Teeth Stored in Sea Water Using Absorption Elution and Absorption Inhibition Method

Introduction: Forensic Odontology plays a role in discerning a deceased individual in any disaster condition. In highly necrotised bodies, ABO blood group antigens can be found from teeth. Aim: We studied ABO blood grouping from dentin and pulp in freshly extracted teeth and also from the teeth stored in sea water. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 samples were selected & divided into 3 groups with 20 samples each. Group I analyzed within period of a week without any storage medium, group II, III were analyzed after 1 and 2 month of storage in sea water. Results: Statistical analysis was done using chi square test. By Absorption –Elution, pulp in group I, II, III, gave 90%,75%,75% of positivity. In dentin, Group I, II, III showed 55%, 45%, 20% of positivity. By Absorption -Inhibition method pulp in group I, II, III showed 45%, 20%, 0% of positivity. In dentin, group I, II, III showed 20%,5%,5% of positivity. Conclusion: This study concluded that pulp is most reliable than dentin even in sea water storage and absorption elution is most effective method in blood group identification in teeth than absorption inhibition method. ==================================== Introduction: Oral cancer (OC) is associated with various risk factors and high mortality rates, and contributes significantly to the worldwide cancer burden. Objectives: To assess and evaluate patients’ current knowledge, awareness, and behavior regarding OC risk in a cancer trust hospital. Materials and Methods: The study involved 600 patients who attended cancer trust hospital, East Godavari district, from September 2021 to October 2021. A self- administered questionnaire of 20-questions was given to each patient that included socio-demographic and disease-specific information and their answers evaluated. Results: The data was examined using descriptive statistics, and the connection between the variables, education, family income, and other factors was assessed using a chi-square test (with a 5% significance threshold). The results were analysed with reference to their implications for interventions aimed at patient’s awareness for oral cancer symptoms. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, people lacked information and awareness about identified risk factors for oral cancer. Knowledge of maintaining a healthy lifestyle that eliminates the consumption of established oral cancer risk factors was low. At the community and individual levels, health education linked to primary prevention of oral cancer must be improved.

Evaluación antifúngica del ozono contra Candida albicans: estudio in vitro / Antifungal evaluation of ozone against Candida albicans: in vitro study

Introducción: la Candida albicans (C. albicans) es un patógeno fúngico que puede causar infecciones superficiales o potencialmente mortales. Los biofilms de C. albicans muestran rasgos fenotípicos únicos, el más destacado es su notable resistencia a una amplia variedad de agentes antimicóticos. Una de las alternativas para inhibir el crecimiento de este microorganismo es el ozono debido a sus propiedades bactericidas, fungicidas y virucidas; sin embargo, escasa información ha sido reportada en C. albicans. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto fungicida del ozono en C. albicans. Material y métodos: la metodología consistió en agregar ozono a tubos de ensayo con medios de caldo nutritivo en diversas concentraciones y tiempos de ozonización. El efecto fungicida fue determinado con la determinación del número de colonias de C. albicans en agar nutritivo a través de procedimiento microbiológicos estandarizados por triplicado. Resultados: todas las muestras con ozono mostraron adecuados niveles de inhibición de crecimiento del microorganismo. Además, el efecto fungicida del ozono se encontró para ser significativamente dependiente del tiempo de ozonización y de la concentración. Conclusión: el uso de terapia con ozono podría tener potencial en el control de infecciones micóticas causadas por la presencia de C. albicans (AU)

Introduction: Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a fungal pathogen that can cause superficial or life-threatening infections. Biofilms of C. albicans display unique phenotypic traits, the most prominent being their remarkable resistance to a wide variety of antifungal agents. One of the alternatives to inhibit the growth of this microorganism is ozone due to its bactericidal, fungicidal and virucidal properties; however, little information has been reported on C. albicans. Objective: the objective of this study was to evaluate the fungicidal effect of ozone on C. albicans. Material and methods: the methodology consisted in adding ozone to test tubes with nutrient broth media in various concentrations and ozonation times. The fungicidal effect was determined by determining the number of colonies of C. albicans in nutrient agar through standardized microbiological procedures in triplicate. Results: all the ozone samples showed adequate levels of growth inhibition of the microorganism. Furthermore, the fungicidal effect of ozone was found to be significantly dependent on ozonation time and concentration. Conclusion: the use of ozone therapy could have potential in the control of fungal infections caused by the presence of C. albicans (AU)

Inhibición de enzimas fosfolipasas A2 de venenos totales de serpientes como estrategia en la búsqueda de nuevos fármacos / Enzyme phospholipase A2 inhibition from snake venoms as strategy to search for new drug

Introducción: Los fármacos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs) son ampliamente utilizados para la terapia del dolor, a pesar de sus efectos secundarios que ocurren a nivel renal, estomacal y coagulatorio. Las fosfolipasas A2 (PLA2) presentes en los venenos de serpientes, abejas e incluso en el organismo humano, son responsables de varios procesos fisiológicos y patológicos. Las enzimas hidrolizan fosfolípidos de membrana liberando ácido araquidónico, un precursor de los eicosanoides pro-inflamatorios, los cuales originan mediadores de la inflamación. Objetivo: El propósito de este trabajo es revisar nuevas moléculas capaces de bloquear la escisión de los fosfolípidos de membrana por acción de las PLA2, evitando la formación de mediadores de inflamación. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de estudios publicados desde 2011 a 2021, que reportan compuestos con actividad inhibitoria frente a PLA2. El potencial de los estudios de relación estructura actividad se discute como estrategia para encontrar compuestos activos ante PLA2. Resultados: Se revisaron 26 estudios que incluyen compuestos naturales y sintéticos y se recopilaron 93 moléculas con actividad inhibitoria, destacando su potencial como inhibidores de PLA2. Conclusiones: La actividad inhibitoria de los compuestos revisados podría estar asociada a los patrones de sustitución en el anillo bencénico de las moléculas. La evaluación de características moleculares relevantes en la inhibición de PLA2 puede guiar a la identificación de candidatos para síntesis de nuevos inhibidores enzimáticos.

Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for pain therapy, despite its side effects in renal, stomach and coagulant systems. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzymes, present in snakes and bees' venoms, and even in the human organism, are responsible for several physiological and pathological processes. These enzymes hydrolyze membrane phospholipids, releasing arachidonic acid, a precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, which give rise to inflammatory mediators. Objective: The aim of the present work is to review new molecules able to block the cleavage of membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipases A2, preventing the formation of inflammatory mediators. Methodology: A bibliographic revision from literature published from 2011 to 2021 focused on PLA2 inhibitors was carried out. The potential of structure-activity relationship studies is discussed as a strategy to find active compounds against PLA2. Results: 26 studies including natural and synthetic compounds were reviewed and data from 93 molecules with inhibitory activity were collected, highlighting its potential as PLA2 inhibitors. Conclusion: The inhibitory activity of the reviewed compounds could be associated with the substitution patterns in the benzene ring of the molecules. The evaluation of molecular moieties with relevant capacity to inhibit PLA2 will lead to the identification of candidates for synthesis of new enzymes inhibitors.

Succession of the sessile benthic community at a coral reef restoration site

Introduction: Ecosystem restoration facilitates ecological succession. When a coral reef experiences a disturbance, the community of sessile benthic organisms can follow a successional trajectory that favors the dominance of coral or a change of state to an ecosystem dominated by algae. Objective: To better understand the impact of coral transplants on succession of the sessile benthic community. Methods: To measure and monitor the coral cover (cm2) of Pocillopora spp., and the composition of the associated benthic community, experimental and control coral reef patches were established at the coral restoration site in Golfo Dulce, South Pacific Costa Rica. Thirty Pocillopora spp. colonies were attached to nails on the substrate in an experimental patch. The control coral patch contained nails with non-transplanted colonies. Both treatments were photographed monthly during a period of eight months. Changes in the coverage of coral and other sessile benthic organisms were measured from the images and compared over time between the experimental and control patches. Results: The coral transplants experienced bleaching events in August through September 2019 and January through February 2020. The first bleaching event possibly due to sedimentation, and the second to high temperatures. By the end of the experiment, 83 % of the colonies had survived. The live colonies grew significantly following transplantation; > 67 % of their initial coverage area after eight months. In the experimental patch, the areas of Pocillopora spp., coralline crustose algae (CCA), and cyanobacteria increased while the area of algal turf decreased. The increase in coral coverage and CCA, and decrease in algal turf in the experimental patch could be due to herbivores attracted to transplants. The increase in cyanobacteria in the experimental patch could be the result of higher temperatures and may have been a factor in the death of colonies. Conclusions: The transplantation of Pocillopora spp. colonies in Golfo Dulce changed the early successional trajectory of the sessile benthic community to favor the dominance of coral dominance in the experimental patch. These results may be useful in informing expectations for future restoration efforts.

Introducción: La restauración de ecosistemas facilita la sucesión ecológica. Cuando un arrecife de coral experimenta una perturbación, la comunidad de organismos sésiles bentónicos puede seguir una trayectoria de sucesión que favorezca la dominancia del coral o un cambio de estado a un ecosistema dominado por algas. Objetivo: Comprender mejor el impacto de los trasplantes de coral en la sucesión de la comunidad bentónica sésil. Métodos: Para medir y monitorear la cobertura de coral (cm2) de Pocillopora spp. y la composición de la comunidad bentónica asociada se establecieron parches de arrecifes de coral experimentales y de control en el sitio de restauración de coral en Golfo Dulce, Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica. Treinta colonias de Pocillopora spp., se trasplantaron a los clavos en el sustrato en el parche experimental. El parche de coral de control contenía clavos sin colonias trasplantadas. Ambos tratamientos fueron fotografiados mensualmente durante un periodo de ocho meses. Los cambios en la cobertura de coral y otros organismos bentónicos sésiles se midieron a partir de las imágenes y se compararon a lo largo del tiempo entre los parches experimentales y de control. Resultados: Los trasplantes de coral experimentaron eventos de blanqueamiento de agosto a septiembre de 2019 y de enero a febrero de 2020. El primer evento de blanqueamiento puede haber sido el resultado de la sedimentación y el segundo puede deberse a las altas temperaturas. Al final del experimento, el 83 % de las colonias habían sobrevivido. Las colonias vivas crecieron significativamente después del trasplante; > 67 % de su área de cobertura inicial después de ocho meses. En el parche experimental, las áreas de Pocillopora spp., algas coralinas costrosas (ACC) y cianobacterias aumentaron mientras que el tapete de algas disminuyó. El aumento en la cobertura de coral y ACC, y la disminución en tapetes de algas en el parche experimental podría deberse a los herbívoros atraídos por los trasplantes. El aumento de cianobacterias en el parche experimental podría ser el resultado de temperaturas más altas y puede haber sido un factor en la muerte de las colonias. Conclusiones: El trasplante de las colonias de Pocillopora spp. en Golfo Dulce cambiaron la trayectoria de sucesión temprana de la comunidad bentónica sésil para favorecer la dominancia del coral en el parche experimental. Estos resultados pueden ser útiles para informar las expectativas de futuros esfuerzos de restauración.

Simultaneous measurement of HbA1C and Hemoglobin by Turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay from a single punch of dried blood spot samples

Hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) are frequently monitored health indicators in population based studies for information about the status of nutrition and diabetes control. We present here possibly for the first time the findings of simultaneous estimation of Hemoglobin and HbA1C on Dried blood spot (DBS) samples by a single test. Validation was done by turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (TINIA) using Roche Integra 400 plus instrument. Paired whole blood and DBS samples were tested for HbA1C estimation by Integra 400 plus. Total hemoglobin values obtained during HbA1C estimation were compared with hemoglobin values estimated by Coulter AcT 5 Diff CP Hematology counter. Agreement in HbA1C and hemoglobin values between paired whole blood and DBS samples was found to be high with R2 values of 0.994 and 0.9349, respectively. Intra- and inter- assay precision was found to be within 10% for both parameters. Values obtained after assaying DBS samples prepared by spotting proficiency samples on Whatman 903 protein saver cards demonstrated acceptable standard deviation indices resulting in successful participation in EQAS programs for both these parameters. The results reveal the potential of TINIA for simultaneous estimation of hemoglobin and HbA1C from a single punch of the DBS samples.

Association of deficits in prepotent response inhibition with attention deficit and impulsive behavior among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the associations of deficits in prepotent response inhibition with attention deficit and impulsive behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), so as to provide insights into response inhibition training in ADHD to relieve clinical symptoms. @*Methods@# From March to December 2022, 57 children with ADHD were selected from the clinical psychology department of a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou City as the ADHD group, and 55 normal children matched by age and gender were selected from a primary school as the control group. Prepotent response inhibition, attention deficit and impulsive behavior were assessed by inhibition conflict task, visual continuous performance test (CPT) and matching familiar figures test (MFFT), respectively. The associations of deficits in prepotent response inhibition with attention deficit and impulsive behavior were analyzed using multiple linear regression model, and the predictive value of deficits in prepotent response inhibition on ADHD was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.@*Results@# The children included in the ADHD group had a mean age of (8.77±1.60) years and 44 males (77.19%), and the children included in the control group had a mean age of (9.20±1.77) years and 42 males (76.36%). The error rate of inhibition conflict task, missing report rate of visual CPT and the number of MFFT errors were higher in the ADHD group than in the control group [22.50% (12.50%) vs. 8.75% (7.00%), 24.00% (30.00%) vs. 7.50% (7.00%), 8.67±3.32 vs. 4.47±3.16; all P<0.05]. Multiple linear regression model showed that the error rate of inhibition conflict task was positively associated with the missing report rate of visual CPT (R2=0.135, β=0.091, P<0.001) and the number of MFFT errors (R2=0.092, β=0.009, P<0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.891, the sensitivity was 93.00%, the specificity was 80.00%, and the cut-off was 13.13%.@* Conclusions @#The deficits in prepotent response inhibition are positively associated with attention deficit and impulsive behavior.

Effects of music training on response inhibition among children with developmental dyslexia / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the influence of music training on the response inhibition ability of children with developmental dysplasia, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the response inhibition ability of children with developmental dyslexia.@*Methods@#From September to October 2020, students from grades 3-6 in a primary school in Shenyang, Liaoning Province were selected. A total of 27 children with dyslexia were selected through literacy test and intelligence test, and 23 children with matched reading level were selected. The Go/No-go experimental paradigm was used to investigate the changes of response inhibition in children with developmental dyslexia before and after ALF music training, induding solfeggio, physical rhythm, music scene performance and chorus.@*Results@#The results before and after music training showed that the main effect in the test stage was significant among two groups[ F(1,48)=6.13, P<0.05, η-p 2=0.11], and The accuracy of post-test [(91.80±0.80)%] was significantly higher than that of pre-test [(89.10±0.90)%]; the accuracy of the children with developmental dyslexia in response to the symbolic stimulus No-go was significantly higher in the post-test [(81.81±10.97)%] than in the pre-test [(73.78±15.26)%]( t =-2.33, P = 0.03 ); the accuracy of reading matched children s response to Chinese characters stimulation No-go was significantly better in the post-test [(85.59±12.11)%] than in the pre-test [(78.33±12.98)%]( t = -2.20, P <0.05). In terms of response time, the post-test scores of developmental dyslexia children [(444.06±77.49)ms] were significantly better than those of pre-test children [(519.01±70.75)ms], and there was no significant difference between symbol stimulus and Chinese stimulus in developmental dyslexia children ( P>0.05). @*Conclusion@#Response inhibition is deficient in children with developmental dyslexia. Compared with symbols, the response inhibition ability of Chinese characters is impaired; Music training significantly improved the inhibitory ability of signs in children with developmental dyslexia.

Effects of Compound troxerutin and poreine cerebroside injection on cytochrome P450 enzyme in vivo and in vitro / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Compound troxerutin and poreine cerebroside injection on the activity of cytochrome P450 （CYP450） enzyme in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Human liver microsomes were incubated with Compound troxerutin and poreine cerebroside injection （volume fraction 0.05%-10%） and the specific probe substrates of CYP1A2， CYP2B6， CYP2C8， CYP2C9， CYP2C19， CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 for 30 min. The production of corresponding metabolites was detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）， and the half inhibitory concentration （IC50） was calculated. The relative mRNA expression （i.e. induction multiple） of CYP450 enzyme was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR after human primary hepatocytes were incubated with Compound troxerutin and poreine cerebroside injection （volume fraction 0.05%-10%） or 3 positive inducers of CYP1A2， CYP2B6， CYP3A4 for 48 hours. Male SD rats were randomly divided into control group （normal saline+probe substrates of CYP1A2， CYP2B6， CYP2C8， CYP2C9， CYP2C19， CYP2D6， CYP3A4 8， 2， 1， 1， 10， 10， 8 mg/kg） and experimental group （Compound troxerutin and poreine cerebroside injection 0.9 mL/kg+probe substrates of CYP1A2， CYP2B6， CYP2C8， CYP2C9， CYP2C19， CYP2D6， CYP3A4 8， 2， 1， 1， 10，10， 8 mg/kg）， with 6 rats in each group. The pharmacokinetic parameters of probe substrates were detected by UPLC-MS/MS and Cocktail probe drug method. RESULTS After the lzqpharm@126.com treatment of 0.05%-10% Compound troxerutin and poreine cerebroside injection， the activities of CYP2B6， CYP2C8 and CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes had no significant change， and IC50 could not be fitted； IC50 of CYP1A2， CYP2C9， CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 were 419.90%， 97.78%， 176.00%， 19.42%， respectively. After the treatment of 0.05%-10% Compound troxerutin and poreine cerebroside injection， the average induction multiple of CYP3A4 mRNA in human primary hepatocytes （No. MHK） was 4.88 （and the average induction multiples of 2 concentration points were higher than 2）. After the treatment of Compound troxerutin and poreine cerebroside injection， AUC0－t and AUC0－∞ of CYP2C8， CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 substrates were increased significantly， CL of CYP2C8 and CYP2C19 substrates were decreased significantly， while t1/2 of CYP2C9 substrate was prolonged significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Compound troxerutin and poreine cerebroside injection has no obvious inhibitory effect on CYP1A2， CYP2B6， CYP2C8， CYP2C9， CYP2C19， CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes in vitro， but can induce the mRNA expression of CYP3A4 in human primary hepatocytes in vitro， and can inhibit the activities of CYP2C8， CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in rats in vivo.

Inhibitory Effect of Sophora alopecuroides Total Alkaloids and Two Monomer Alkaloids on PC12 Cell Activity / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine extracted from Sophora alopecuroides on the activity of pheochromocytoma cells （PC12 cells）. MethodThe effect of S. alopecuroides total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine at concentrations of 2， 1， 0.5， 0.25， 0.125， and 0.062 5 g·L-1 on the proliferation of PC12 cells was evaluated using the 3-（4，5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2，5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay. The lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） leakage rate was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell apoptosis rate， cell cycle distribution， and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was performed to determine the mRNA transcription levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）. Protein expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins Caspase-3， Caspase-8， Bcl-2， and Bax were detected by Western blot. ResultCompared to the control group， S. alopecuroides total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine inhibited the proliferation of PC12 cells， increased LDH leakage rate， enhanced intracellular Ca2+ fluorescence intensity， and induced cell apoptosis in concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Among them， S. alopecuroides total alkaloids had the strongest inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in PC12 cells （P<0.01）. After treatment with S. alopecuroides total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine， the cell cycle progression of PC12 cells was arrested at G1/G0 in the S. alopecuroides total alkaloids group， and at G1/S in the matrine and sophoridine groups. The expression levels of Bax mRNA were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. All treatments significantly downregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and upregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax， Caspase-3， and Caspase-8 （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the most significant protein expression changes observed in the S. alopecuroides total alkaloids group. ConclusionAmong the S. alopecuroides total alkaloids， matrine， and sophoridine， S. alopecuroides total alkaloids exhibit the strongest inhibitory effect on the activity of PC12 cells， and its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of anti-apoptotic protein expression， upregulation of pro-apoptotic protein expression， and activation of the mitochondrial Caspase-8 apoptotic pathway.

Behavioral inhibition system and social anxiety among college students: multiple mediating effect of mindfulness and negative cognitive bias / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the role of mindfulness and negative cognitive bias between behavioral inhibition system and social anxiety among college students.Methods:From October 12th to November 8th of 2012, a total of 747 college students from a university in Tianjin were sampled and assessed using the behavioral inhibition system scale (BIS), the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS), the negative cognitive processing bias questionnaire (NCPBQ), and the social avoidance and distress scale (SAD). Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and tests for mediating effects were performed by SPSS 20.0 and Mplus 8.0.Results:The scores of behavioral inhibition system, social anxiety, mindfulness and negative cognitive bias were (15.3±2.4), (12.7±7.2), (3.4±0.8) and (45.6±11.5), respectively. The scores of BIS, NCPBQ, and SAD were positively correlated with each other ( r=0.27-0.49, all P<0.001). The scores of MAAS were negatively correlated with the scores of BIS, NCBPQ, and SAD ( r=-0.33--0.28, all P<0.001). The behavioral inhibition system exerted its influence on social anxiety through three pathways. The mediating effect size of mindfulness was 0.04, accounting for 16.0% of the total effect. The mediating effect size of negative cognitive bias was 0.17, accounting for 68.0% of the total effect. And the chain mediating effect size of mindfulness and negative cognitive bias was 0.04, accounting for 16.0% of the total effect. Conclusion:The effects of behavioral inhibition system on social anxiety in college students are individually mediated by mindfulness and negative cognitive biases, as well as their chain mediating effects.

Predictive indicators of a prolonged course of fever in children with infectious mononucleosis / 中国基层医药

Objective:To explore the relevant predictive indicators of fever course > 7 days in children with infectious mononucleosis.Methods:The clinical data of 163 children with infectious mononucleosis who received treatment in Xi'an Children's Hospital from January 2018 to October 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the heat duration, the children were divided into the fever course > 7 days group ( n = 55) and the fever course ≤ 7 days group ( n = 108). The clinical manifestations and laboratory indexes on admission were compared between the two groups. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the influential factors of fever course in children. A receiver operating curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of heat course > 7 days for infectious mononucleosis. Results:The majority of children with infectious mononucleosis had a heat course of 7 days (21.5%). There were no significant differences in clinical manifestations between the fever course > 7 days group and the fever course ≤ 7 days group (all P > 0.05). Neutrophil count, the proportion of monocytes, aspartate aminotransferase, and the proportion of suppressor T (Ts) cells in the fever course > 7 days group were (15.97 ± 7.60) × 10 9/L, 7.75 (4.93, 10.75)%, 53.00 (22.00, 91.50) U/L, 70.00 (57.00, 75.00)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than (15.21 ± 5.29) × 10 9/L, 5.40 (3.40, 9.60)%, 40.00 (30.00, 63.75) U/L, 63.50 (55.00,70.75)% in the fever course ≤ 7 days group ( t = -5.10, Z = -2.31, Z = -2.26, Z = -2.12, all P < 0.05). The proportion of helper T (Th) cells and the ratio of Th/Ts cells in the fever course > 7 days group were 13.00 (9.00, 17.00)% and 0.19 (0.12, 0.30)%, respectively, which were significantly lower than 16.00 (12.25, 20.75)%, 0.26 (0.18, 0.37)% in the fever course ≤ 7 days group ( Z = 2.44, 2.48, both P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the increased proportion of Ts cells ( OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.922-0.978, P < 0.05) was an influential factor of the prolonged course of fever. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the proportion of Ts cells was 0.637. The cut-off value, sensitivity, and specificity were 67.50%, 61.3%, and 64.3%, respectively. Conclusion:Children with infectious mononucleosis with a longer heat course have more severe immune responses. The proportion of Ts cells > 67.5% can be used as a risk factor for the fever course > 7 days in children with infectious mononucleosis.

Inhibition of total flavonoids from Abelmoschus Manihot on cytochrome P450 / 中国药科大学学报

@#To investigate the influential mechanism of total flavonoids from Abelmoschus Manihot (HKZ) on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms in human liver microsomes and to verify its effect on the most significantly inhibited subtype CYP2C9 in rats.The inhibitory effects of HKZ on human CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 were evaluated through the cocktail method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, then its inhibitory mechanism was investigated and kinetic parameters of enzyme inhibition were calculated By comparing the pharmacokinetic behaviors of tolbutamide after single or multiple administration of 200 mg/kg HKZ and equal dose of CMC-Na in rats, the effects of HKZ on CYP2C11 enzyme (CYP2C9 isoenzyme) was estimated.The results indicated the significant inhibitory effect of HKZ on CYP2C9 and CYP2E1 with IC50 of 3.22 and 8.64 μg/mL, respectively. Also, it showed certain inhibitory ability on other isoforms with IC50 of 20-30 μg/mL.As demonstrated, HKZ may not be a time-dependent inhibitor which competitively inhibited CYP2E1 and CYP2C9 with Ki of 3.84 and 6.33 μg/mL.In contrast, it showed noncompetitive inhibition on CYP3A4 mediated testosterone-6β-hydroxylation and midazolam-4-hydroxylation reaction with Ki of 7.37 and 3.32 μg/mL.It was also a noncompetitive inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYPC219 with Ki values of 8.66, 11.49 and 21.94 μg/mL. HKZ did not change the pharmacokinetic parameters of CYP2C11 probe substrate tolbutamide in rat, but it affected the AUC0-t, cmax of 4-hydroxytolubutamide (P < 0.05). Therefore, drug-drug interaction mediated by CYP450 should be considered in clinical study.