Relationship between mastication and malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine the relationship between mastication and malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults. Research strategies To establish the eligibility criteria, the acronym PECOS was used: Population: non-institutionalized older adults; Exposure: older adults with malnutrition; Control: older adults without malnutrition; Outcome: masticatory problems in malnourished older adults; Study types: observational studies. Selection criteria It selected studies assessing malnutrition and mastication difficulties in non-institutionalized adults over 60 years old, of both sexes. Mastication and malnutrition were evaluated with questionnaires on self-reported symptoms and clinical and instrumental assessments. There were no restrictions on language, year of publication, or ethnicity. Data analysis The included studies were evaluated for methodological quality with the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for cross-sectional studies. For the cross-sectional studies included, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Results After searching the databases, 692 references were retrieved, with three studies selected for quantitative and qualitative analysis. The values obtained in the meta-analysis for association show that malnutrition and mastication difficulties were 2.21 times as likely to occur (OR = 2.21; 95%CI = 0.93 - 5.26; I2 = 94%) as individuals without malnutrition (p < 0.001). The assessment of the risk of bias presented a high-risk, a moderate-risk, and a low-risk study. The certainty of evidence was rated very low with the GRADE tool. Conclusion Individuals at risk of malnutrition are 2.21 times as likely to have mastication difficulties.

Effect of enhanced masticatory force on OPG, RANKL and MGF in alveolar bone of ovariectomized rats

Abstract Menopause induces oral bone loss, leading to various oral diseases. Mastication importantly affects bone metabolism in the jawbone. Objective: To analyze the effect of enhanced masticatory force on osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), and mechano-growth factor (MGF) in alveolar bone of ovariectomized rats and to study the mechanics mechanism of the alveolar bone of ovariectomized rats response to enhanced masticatory force. Methodology: Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operation group (fat around the removed ovary + normal hard diet), model group (ovariectomy + normal hard diet), and experimental group (ovariectomy + high hard diet). It was a 2-month experiment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected serum estradiol (E2), osteocalcin (BGP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in rats. Bone histomorphometric indices in the third molar region of maxilla were detected by micro-CT; protein expressions of OPG, RANKL, and MGF in the third molar region of maxilla was detected by Western blot; and gene expression of OPG, RANKL, and MGF in the third molar region of maxilla was detected by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Results: Comparing with model group, serum E2 in experimental group increased but not significantly, serum BGP and serum ALP in experimental group decreased but not significantly, OPG in experimental group in alveolar bone increased significantly, RANKL in experimental group in alveolar bone decreased significantly, RANKL/OPG ratio in experimental group decreased significantly, MGF in experimental group in alveolar bone increased significantly, bone volume to total volume fraction increased significantly in experimental group, trabecular thickness increased significantly in experimental group, and trabecular separation decreased significantly in experimental group. Conclusion: Enhanced masticatory force affected the expression of OPG, RANKL, and MGF in alveolar bone of ovariectomized rats, improved the quality of jaw bone of ovariectomized rats, and delayed oral bone loss by ovariectomy.

Numerical study of effect of elastomeric stress absorbers on stress reduction in bone-dental implant interface

Objective This paper focused on optimal stress distribution in the mandibular bone surrounding a dental implant and is devoted to the development of a modified Osteoplant® implant type in order to minimize stress concentration in the bone-implant interface. Material and Methods This study investigated 0.4 mm thick layers of two elastomeric stress barriers incorporated into the dental implant using 3-D finite element analysis. Results Overall, this proposed implant provoked lower load transfer in bone-implant interface due to the effect of the elastomers as stress absorbers. The stress level in the bone was reduced between 28% and 42% for three load cases: 75 N, 60 N and 27 N in corono-apical, linguo-buccal and disto-mesial direction, respectively. Conclusion The proposed model provided an acceptable solution for load transfer reduction to the mandible. This investigation also permitted to choose how to incorporate two elastomers into the Osteoplant® implant system. .

Determinación del biotipo facial basado en características fenotípicas a través del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales: estuDio sobre tres etnias / Determining facial biotype based upon phenotypic features through structural equation modeling: a study of three ethnic groups

Introducción: el conjunto de características fenotípicas se pueden agrupar y además determinar el peso individual y colectivo que tienen a la hora de definir un biotipo. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (MES) se basa en relaciones causales en las que el cambio de una variable se supone que produce un cambio en otras variables. Con este modelo se validaron las relaciones causales a partir de diferentes tipos de variables mediadoras: fuerza de mordida, medidas transversales, arcos dentales, anchura bicigomática y altura morfológica de la cara. Métodos: el estudio incluyó 197 preadolescentes entre 12 y 14 años en condiciones de neutroclusion dental. El 33% mestizos, 35% afrodescendiente y 32% indígenas. El modelo hipotético fue puesto a prueba estadísticamente a través del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados: existe un buen ajuste del modelo a los datos puesto que los indicadores de bondad de ajuste como el RMSEA = 0,078, la magnitud del índice RMR = 0,061 y el CIF = 0,988 estuvieron en el umbral esperado. Los parámetros fueron significativos, al nivel del 5%, a excepción del índice facial con la fuerza de mordida. Las cargas factoriales oscilan entre 0,55 y 0,92 y una carga factorial negativa entre el índice facial y las medidas transversales del arco dental (-0,60). Conclusión: el modelo evidencia que la variable latente que más se correlaciona con el biotipo facial es la fuerza de mordida (0,82), seguida de la relación con los arcos dentales (0,73), siendo esta una correlación moderada.

Introduction: the various phenotypic characteristics may be grouped; also, their individual and collective influence may be determined when defining a biotype. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is based on causal relations so that the change in a variable is supposed to produce a change in another variable. This model was used to validate causal relations using different types of mediating variables: masticatory force, transverse measures, dental arches, bizygomatic width, and morphological face height. Methods: this study included 197 preteens between 12 and 14 years of age with dental neutroclusion, distributed like this: 33% mestizos, 35% of African descent, and 32% indigenous. The hypothetical model was statistically tested through structural equation modeling. Results: the model is well fitted to the data since goodness of fit indicators such as RMSEA = 0.078, RMR index magnitude = 0.061, and CIF = 0.988 were within the expected limits. The parameters were significant to a 5%, except for facial index with masticatory force. Factor loads ranged from 0.55 to 0.92 and negative factor loads between the facial index and dental arch transverse measures (–0.60). Conclusion: this model shows that the variable that best correlates with facial biotype is masticatory force (0.82), followed by dental arches relation (0.73), this being a moderate correlation.

The Expression of CTGF in Condyle Cartilage under Asymmetric Masticatory Force / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the effect of the asymmetric of masticatory force on the remodeling of bilateral mandibular condylar cartilage of SD rats. Methods The animal models were established respectively by excising the unilateral temporalis, and injecting botulinum toxin A into the unilateral masseter. Dividing three batch processing 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 9 weeks after the animal modeling, six rats were killed in each group. The expression of CTGF in condylar cartilage was observed by immunohistochemical staining. Results CTGF expressed in proliferative layer,chondroblast layer and hypertrophic layer of the condylar cartilage. The expression of CTGF in the experimental groups was increased than control groups (0.05), the expression of CTGF after 6 weeks of operation was stronger than the group after 3 weeks of operation, the expression of CTGF after 9 weeks of operation was the strongest than all of other groups ( <0.05) . Conclusions The asymmetric of masticatory force can up-regulate the expression of CTGF mRNA in rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes. CTGF induces the effect of stress-mediated on the mandibular condylar cartilage remodeling.

Sinking and fit of abutment of locking taper implant system

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Unlike screw-retention type, fixture-abutment retention in Locking taper connection depends on frictional force so it has possibility of abutment to sink. PURPOSE: In this study, Bicon(R) Implant System, one of the conical internal connection implant system, was used with applying loading force to the abutments connected to the fixture. Then the amount of sinking was measured. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 10 Bicon(R) implant fixtures were used. First, the abutment was connected to the fixture with finger force. Then it was tapped with a mallet for 3 times and loads of 20 kg corresponding to masticatory force using loading application instrument were applied successively. The abutment state, slightly connected to the fixture without pressure was considered as a reference length, and every new abutment length was measured after each load's step was added. The amount of abutment sinking (mm) was gained by subtracting the length of abutment-fixture under each loading condition from reference length. RESULTS: It was evident, that the amount of abutment sinking in Bicon(R) Implant System increased as loads were added. When loads of 20 kg were applied more than 5 - 7 times, sinking stopped at 0.45 +/- 0.09 mm. CONCLUSION: Even though locking taper connection type implant shows good adaption to occlusal force, it has potential for abutment sinking as loads are given. When locking taper connection type implant is used, satisfactory loads are recommended for precise abutment location.