Does the initial surface roughness of different CuNiTi wires affect the frictional resistance?

Abstract This study aimed to assess and correlate initial surface roughness and frictional resistance of rectangular CuNiTi wires inserted in different self-ligating brackets. The sample consisted of 40 bracket-wire sets (rectangular CuNiTi wires of 0.017" x 0.025" and passive self-ligating brackets) divided into four groups (n=10): metallic self-ligating bracket and metallic CuNiTi wire (G1); metallic self-ligating bracket and rhodium-coated CuNiTi wire (G2); esthetic self-ligating bracket and metallic wire (G3); esthetic self-ligating bracket and rhodium-coated CuNiTi wire (G4). The initial surface roughness of the wires was examined with a Surfcorder roughness meter, model SE1700. Later, frictional resistance was assessed in an Instron 4411 universal testing machine at a speed of 5 mm/min, in an aqueous medium at 35°C. Microscopic analyses of surface morphology were performed with scanning electron microscopy, using an LEO 1430, with magnifications of 1000X. Generalized linear models were applied, considering the 2 x 2 factorial (bracket type x wire type), at a 5% significance level. Regardless of bracket type, the groups with esthetic wires presented higher initial surface roughness than the groups with metallic wires (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the different bracket-wire sets for frictional resistance and no significant correlation between frictional resistance and initial surface roughness in the environment studied. It is concluded that esthetic wires presented higher initial surface roughness but did not interfere with the frictional resistance between brackets and wires.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e correlacionar a rugosidade superficial inicial e a resistência a fricção dos fios CuNiTi retangulares inseridos em diferentes bráquetes autoligados. A amostra foi composta por 40 conjuntos bráquetes-fios (fios retangulares CuNiTi de 0.017" x 0.025" e braquetes autoligados passivos), divididos em 4 grupos (n=10): bráquete autoligado metálico e fio CuNiti metálico (G1); braquete autoligado metálico e fio CuNiti com revestimento de rhodium (G2); bráquete autoligado estético e fio metálico (G3); bráquete autoligado estético e fio CuNiti com revestimento de rhodium (G4). A rugosidade superficial inicial do fio foi examinada com um rugosímetro Surfcorder modelo SE1700. Posteriormente, a resistência a fricção foi avaliada em uma máquina de ensaios universal Instron 4411, a uma velocidade de 5mm/min em meio aquoso à 35oC. Análises microscópicas da morfologia de superfície foram realizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, utilizando um LEO 1430, com ampliações de 1000X. Foram aplicados modelos lineares generalizados, considerando o fatorial 2 x 2 (tipo de bráquete x tipo de fio), com o nível de significância de 5%. Independentemente do tipo de bráquete, os grupos com fios estéticos apresentaram maior rugosidade superficial inicial que os grupos com fios metálicos (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os diferentes conjuntos bráquetes-fios quanto a resistência à fricção e não houve correlação significativa entre a resistência a fricção e a rugosidade superficial inicial no ambiente estudado. Conclui-se que os fios estéticos apresentaram maior rugosidade superficial inicial porém não interferiram na resistência a fricção entre os braquetes e os fios.

Alignment efficiency and three-dimensional assessment of root resorption after alignment with conventional and copper-nickel-titanium archwires: A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare alignment efficiency and root resorption between nickel-titanium (NiTi) and copper-nickel-titanium (CuNiTi) archwires after complete alignment in mandibular anterior region. Methods: In this two-arm parallel single-blind randomized controlled trial, forty-four patients with Class I malocclusion with mandibular anterior crowding were recruited form orthodontic clinic of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (Jodhpur, India). Patients were randomly allocated into NiTi and CuNiTi groups, with a 1:1 allocation. Alignment was performed using 0.014-in, 0.016-in, 0.018-in, 0.019x0.025-in archwire sequence in the respective groups, which terminated in 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless-steel working archwire. The primary outcome was alignment efficiency, measured on study models from baseline (T0) to the first, second, third, fourth and fifth-month (T5). Secondary outcome was root resorption, measured from CBCT scans taken at T0 and T5. Mixed-factorial ANOVA was used to compare Little's Irregularity Index (LII). For assessing the proportion of patients with complete alignment at the end of each month, Kaplan-Meier survival curve was built and time to treatment completion was compared between groups using log rank test. Paired t-test was used to assess external apical root resorption (EARR) within groups, whereas independent t-test was used to evaluate LII and EARR between the groups. Results: Twenty-two patients were recruited in each group. One patient was lost to follow-up in the CuNiTi group. No statistically significant differences were observed in alignment efficiency between the groups (p>0.05). Intergroup comparison revealed that the changes in root measurement in three-dimensions were not statistically significant (p>0.05), except for mandibular right central incisor, which showed increased resorption at root apex in NiTi group (p<0.01). Conclusion: The two alignment archwires showed similar rate of alignment at all time points. Root resorption measurement did not differ between the NiTi and CuNiTi groups, except for the mandibular right central incisor, which showed more resorption in NiTi group.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os fios de níquel-titânio (NiTi) e de cobre-níquel-titânio (CuNiTi) quanto à eficiência do alinhamento e quantidade de reabsorção radicular, após alinhamento completo dos dentes da região anterior inferior. Métodos: Neste estudo clínico randomizado, cego, paralelo, de dois braços, quarenta e quatro pacientes com má oclusão Classe I e apinhamento anterior inferior foram recrutados na clínica ortodôntica do All India Institute of Medical Sciences (Jodhpur, India). Os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente nos grupos NiTi e CuNiTi, na proporção de 1:1. O alinhamento foi realizado usando a sequência de fios 0,014", 0,016", 0,018" e 0,019" x 0,025" nos respectivos grupos, finalizando com o arco de trabalho 0,019" x 0,025" de aço inoxidável. O desfecho primário foi a eficiência do alinhamento, medida nos modelos de estudo nos tempos inicial (T0) e após um, dois, três, quatro e cinco meses (T5). O desfecho secundário foi a reabsorção radicular, medida a partir de tomografias computadorizadas realizadas em T0 e T5. ANOVA fatorial mista foi utilizada para comparar o Índice de Irregularidade de Little (IIL). Para avaliar a proporção de pacientes com alinhamento completo ao fim de cada mês, foi construída uma curva de sobrevida pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, e o tempo até o fim do tratamento foi comparado entre os grupos por meio do teste log-rank. Um teste t pareado foi utilizado para avaliar a reabsorção radicular apical externa (RRAE) dentro dos grupos, enquanto um teste t independente foi utilizado para avaliar o IIL e a RRAE entre os grupos. Resultados: Vinte e dois pacientes foram recrutados em cada grupo. Um paciente perdeu o acompanhamento no grupo CuNiTi. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos quanto à eficiência do alinhamento (p>0,05). A comparação intergrupos revelou que as alterações na RRAE medida em três dimensões não foram estatisticamente significativas (p>0,05), exceto para o incisivo central inferior direito, que apresentou aumento da RRAE no grupo NiTi (p<0,01). Conclusão: Os dois tipos de fios de alinhamento apresentaram taxa de alinhamento semelhante em todos os momentos. A medida da reabsorção radicular não diferiu entre o grupo NiTi e CuNiTi, exceto para o incisivo central inferior direito, que apresentou maior reabsorção no grupo NiTi.

Deflection of tandem archwire in a specific self-ligating metal bracket system: an in vitro study

Abstract The aim of this study was to quantify the force exerted by tandem archwires in a specific system of passive self-ligating bracket. Forty-eight thermo-activated nickel-titanium orthodontic archwires were separated into four groups (n = 12): G1 - two .014" + .014" round archwires; G2 - two .014" + .016" round archwires; G3 - .014" x .025" rectangular archwire; and. G4 - .016" x .022" rectangular archwire. Brackets were fixed onto teeth 1.5 to 2.5 using a device that represented the upper teeth, maintaining an interbracket distance of 6.0 mm. The deflection tests were performed using the structure representative of tooth 1.1 as support on the Instron testing machine at a speed of 2.0 mm/min. The archwires were evaluated at deflections of 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.5 mm. The data were analyzed by a generalized linear model, considering values at different deflections as repeated measurements in the same experimental unit (α = 0.5%). At 0.5 mm, higher forces were observed in G2 and G3, which did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The lowest force was observed in G4 (p < 0.05). At 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm, the highest force was observed in G3, followed by G4 and G2 (p < 0.05). The lowest force was observed in G1 (p < 0.05). In general, tandem archwires (same or different calibers) in a specific passive self-ligating bracket exerted lower force when compared with rectangular archwires.

Comparison of multistranded wire and fiber-reinforced composite retainers effects on periodontium: A randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fixed orthodontic retainers are very important for treatment stability; however, adverse effects on the health of periodontium can be caused as a result of deposition of plaque and calculus. Objectives: To compare and determine the effects of two mandibular fixed lingual retainers on the periodontal status, and to test the null hypothesis that there would be no significant difference on the periodontium health between the patients using fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) or multistranded wire (MSW) fixed retainers. Methods: A total of 60 subjects were recruited, out of which 6 were excluded and 2 dropped out during the study. Hence, 52 subjects with mean age of 21.5 ± 3.6 years were included in the study. The sample was composed by 8 males (15.4%) and 44 females (84.6%). The participants were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 received fiber-reinforced composite retainer, while Group 2 received multistranded wire retainer. After insertion, plaque index, calculus index, gingival index and bleeding on probing were compared, after three months (T1), six months (T2), nine months (T3) and twelve months (T4), using Mann-Whitney test with p-value ≤ 0.05 as significant. Results: It could be seen that the health of periodontium deteriorated with the passage of time from T1 to T4 in both group of retainers. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there was no significant difference on the health of periodontium between the patients with FRC and MSW fixed retainers, hence, the null hypothesis was accepted.

RESUMO Introdução: As contenções ortodônticas fixas são muito importantes para a estabilidade do tratamento; no entanto, elas podem causar efeitos adversos na saúde do periodonto, como resultado da deposição de placa e cálculo. Objetivos: Comparar e determinar os efeitos na saúde periodontal de duas contenções inferiores coladas por lingual, e testar a hipótese nula de que não haveria diferença significativa na saúde periodontal entre os pacientes usando contenções fixas de compósito reforçado com fibra (FRC) ou de fio multitrançado (MSW). Métodos: No total, 60 indivíduos foram recrutados, dos quais 6 foram excluídos e 2 desistiram durante o estudo. Assim, foram incluídos no estudo 52 indivíduos com média de idade de 21,5 ± 3,6 anos. A amostra foi composta por 8 homens (15,4%) e 44 mulheres (84,6%). Os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: O Grupo 1 recebeu contenção de compósito reforçado com fibra, enquanto o Grupo 2 recebeu contenção de fio multitrançado. Após três meses (T1), seis meses (T2), nove meses (T3) e doze meses (T4) da colagem, foram comparados os índices de placa e de cálculo, índice gengival e sangramento à sondagem, usando o teste de Mann-Whitney com p ≤ 0,05 como significativo. Resultados: Pôde-se observar que a saúde periodontal piorou com o passar do tempo, de T1 a T4, em ambos os grupos de contenções. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos (p> 0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo indicam que não houve diferença significativa na saúde periodontal entre os pacientes com contenções fixas FRC e MSW; portanto, a hipótese nula foi aceita.

Comparison of the High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of the Orthodontic NiTi Wires: An in Vitro Study

Abstract Objective: To compare the high-cycle fatigue behavior of four commercially available NiTi orthodontic wires. Material and Methods: Twelve NiTi orthodontic wires, round, 0.016-in, three per brand, were selected and divided into four groups: G1 - Heat-activated NiTi, G2 - Superelastic NiTi, G3 - Therma-Ti, and G4 - CopperNiTi. The atomic absorption spectrometry method was used to determine the chemical composition of investigated NiTi wires. We also performed a fatigue test at three-point bending using a universal testing machine for 1000 cycles in a 35 °C water bath. For the first and thousandth cycle, the average plateau load and the plateau length were determined in the unloading area of the force versus displacement diagram. In addition, we calculated the difference between the average plateau load of the first and thousandth cycle (∆F), as well as the difference between the plateau length of both cases (∆L). Results: According to our results, there were no significant differences between the average plateau load of the first and thousandth cycles of each group (p>0.05) and in the plateau length of the first and thousandth cycles of the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the groups changing the superelasticity property after high-cycle fatigue.

Caracterização mecânica, termodinâmica e química de fios CuNiTi ­ um estudo comparativo clínico e laboratorial / Mechanical, thermodynamic and chemical characterization of CuNiTi wires ­ a clinical and laboratory comparative study

Introdução: Os fios Copper Ni-Ti (CuNiTi) possuem indicações de uso clínico específicas, permanecendo no ambiente bucal por um longo período. Por esse motivo suas características mecânicas, termodinâmicas e estruturais devem ser preservadas durante todo o período de uso. Objetivos: Investigar se ocorrem alterações no comportamento mecânico, termodinâmico, estrutura e composição química superficial em fios CuNiTi 35°C submetidos ao envelhecimento in vivo (uso clínico) e in vitro (termociclagem), evidenciando as possíveis diferenças entre os métodos de envelhecimento. Material e Métodos: A amostra total foi constituída de 30 arcos pré-contornados 0.016", termodinâmicos com adição de cobre, e temperatura austenítica final (Af) de 35°C, da marca Ormco®. As análises destes fios resultaram em dois capítulos. Para o experimento clínico, 10 unidades de fios foram instaladas em 05 pacientes e permaneceram em meio bucal durante 30, 60 e 90 dias, e 05 fios foram analisados como recebidos (CR). A cada período, um hemiarco completo mais 1/3 (um terço) do hemiarco inferior direito foi retirado para análises. Para o experimento in vitro os 15 fios restantes foram submetidos à termociclagem para simulação do envelhecimento em ambiente oral durante 30 (600 ciclos), 60 (1200 ciclos) e 90 dias (1800 ciclos) com variação de temperatura entre 5°C e 55°C, com banhos de 90 segundos em cada temperatura, e transição de 15 segundos entre os banhos. Após cada período de envelhecimento in vivo e in vitro, os fios foram submetidos a um teste de padronização das suas dimensões através da medição dos diâmetros com paquímetro, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectrometria por Raios X Fluorescentes (FRX), ensaios de tração uniaxial e ensaio de Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria (DSC). Resultados: No capítulo 1 a comparação entre os fios CR e os envelhecidos revelou que não houve diferença significativa entre os diâmetros das amostras, das forças obtidas ou mesmo das temperaturas Af, independentemente do tempo de permanência em boca. Foram encontrados predominantemente Ni, Ti, Cu e Al nas amostras, além de outros elementos químicos em concentrações variadas. No capítulo 2 não houve diferença significativa entre os diâmetros das amostras, das forças obtidas ou mesmo das temperaturas Af entre as amostras, independentemente do tempo ou do método de envelhecimento. Conclusão: As análises laboratoriais dos fios envelhecidos in vivo e in vitro foram comparadas, evidenciando que as características mecânicas, termodinâmicas e químicas dos fios permanecem estáveis mesmo até 90 dias de uso clínico ou 1800 ciclos de termociclagem. O método de envelhecimento in vitro se mostra uma alternativa viável para a análise destes parâmetros, em substituição aos métodos in vivo (AU).

Introduction: Copper Ni-Ti wires (CuNiTi) have specific indications for clinical use, remaining in the oral environment for a long period. For this reason, their mechanical, thermodynamic and structural characteristics must be preserved throughout the period of use of these materials. Objectives: To investigate whether there are changes in the mechanical, thermodynamic, structure and surface chemical composition of CuNiTi 35°C wires subjected to in vivo aging (clinical use) and in vitro (thermocycling), highlighting the possible differences between the aging methods. Material and Methods: The total sample was obtained from 30 pre-contoured Ormco® 0.016 thermodynamic archwires with copper addition and austenitic final temperature (Af) of 35°C. The analysis of these archwires resulted in two articles. For the clinical experiment, 10 units of wires were installed in 05 patients and remained in the oral environment for 30, 60 and 90 days, and 05 wires were analyzed as received. At each period, a complete hemiarch plus 1/3 of the right lower hemiarch was removed for analysis. For the in vitro experiment, the 15 remaining wires underwent thermocycling to simulate the aging of the oral environment for 30 (600 cycles), 60 (1200 cycles) and 90 days (1800 cycles) with a temperature range between 5°C and 55°C, with 90 second baths at each temperature, and 15 second transition between baths. After each in vivo and in vitro aging period, the wires underwent to a standardization test of their dimensions, by defining the diameters with a caliper, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fluorescent X-Ray Spectrometry (FRX), tests of Uniaxial traction and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) test. Results: In chapter 1, the comparison between CR and aged wires revealed that there was no significant difference between the sample diameters, the forces obtained or even the temperatures Af, regardless the time spent in the mouth. Predominantly Ni, Ti, Cu and Al were found in the samples, in addition to other chemical elements in different concentrations. In chapter 2 there was no significant difference between the diameters of the samples, the forces obtained or even the temperatures Af between the samples, regardless of time or aging method. Conclusion: The comparison of the laboratoral analyzes of the archwires aged in vivo and in vitro showed that the mechanical, thermodynamic and the surface chemical characteristics were stable, even up to 90 days of clinical use or 1800 thermocycling cycles. The in vitro aging method is a viable alternative for the analysis of these parameters, replacing the in vivo methods (AU).

Comparative Analysis of Stiffness of Lingual Appliances: An in Vitro Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze and compare the stiffness of different lingual appliances with different archwires. Material and Methods: The three-point bending test was used to analyze the stiffness of the lingual archwires for the different lingual systems: eBrace, Harmony, Incognito, and STb. The deflection load curve of each archwire was obtained to evaluate how the section, the material and the manufacturer affect the elasticity and stiffness characteristics of the wires. The comparison of the stiffness between different systems was carried out through a factor variance analysis with three factors (manufacturer, cross-section, and material), followed by the post-hoc Tuckey test. Results: An increase in the system's rigidity was reported as the wire section increases, regardless of the manufacturer. The stainless steel archwires have ever higher stiffness values than NiTi and TMA. The STb wires of CuNiTi material, by virtue of the characteristics of the thermal wires, have flatter and lower load-deflection curves than the NiTi wires of other manufacturers. Conclusion: Archwires section and material showed a significant influence on the stiffness of the lingual systems. Archwires of the same section and material but different manufacturers show different load-deflection curves of stiffness.

Can we expect similar behavior among CuNiTi 35°C wires?

ABSTRACT Objective: This paper aims to verify the thermodynamic, mechanical and chemical properties of CuNiTi 35ºC commercial wires. Methods: Forty pre-contoured copper-nickel-titanium thermodynamic 0.017 x 0.025-in archwires with an Af temperature of 35°C were used. Eight wires from five different manufacturers (American Orthodontics® [G1], Eurodonto® [G2], Morelli® [G3], Ormco® [G4] and Orthometric® [G5]) underwent cross-sectional dimension measurements, tensile tests, SEM-EDS and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests. Parametric tests (One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test) were used, with a significance level of 5%, and Pearson's correlation coefficient test was performed between the Af and chemical elements of the wires. All sample tests and statistical analyses were double-blinded. Results: All wires presented standard dimensions (0.017 x 0.025-in) and superelastic behavior, with mean plateau forces of: G1 = 36.49N; G2 = 27.34N; G3 = 19.24 N; G4 = 37.54 N; and G5 = 17.87N. The Af means were: G1 = 29.40°C, G2 = 29.13°C and G3 = 31.43°C, with p>0.05 relative to each other. G4 (32.77°C) and G5 (35.17°C) presented statistically significant differences between each other and among the other groups. All samples presented Ni, Ti, Cu and Al in different concentrations. Conclusions: The chemical concentration of the elements that compose the alloy significantly influenced the thermodynamic and mechanical properties.

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente artigo teve como objetivo verificar as propriedades termodinâmicas, mecânicas e químicas de fios CuNiTi 35°C comerciais. Métodos: Foram utilizados 40 arcos termodinâmicos pré-contornados de cobre-níquel-titânio de 0,017" x 0,025" e temperatura Af de 35°C. Oito fios de cinco fabricantes diferentes (American Orthodontics® [G1], Eurodonto® [G2], Morelli® [G3], Ormco® [G4] e Orthometric® [G5]) foram submetidos a medições de suas secções transversais, testes de tração, MEV-EDS e calorimetria diferencial (DSC). Foram utilizados testes paramétricos (One-way ANOVA e pós-teste de Tukey), com nível de significância de 5%, e foi realizado o teste do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre a temperatura Af e os elementos químicos dos fios. Todos os testes das amostras e análises estatísticas foram duplo-cegos. Resultados: Todos os fios apresentavam dimensões padronizadas (0,017" x 0,025") e comportamento superelástico, com forças médias de platô de G1 = 36,49 N; G2 = 27,34 N; G3 = 19,24 N; G4 = 37,54 N; e G5 = 17,87 N. As médias de Af foram: G1 = 29,40°C, G2 = 29,13°C e G3 = 31,43°C, com p> 0,05 entre si. G4 (32,77°C) e G5 (35,17°C) apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre si e entre os demais grupos. Todas as amostras apresentaram Ni, Ti, Cu e Al em diferentes concentrações. Conclusões: A concentração química dos elementos que compõem a liga influenciou significativamente as propriedades termodinâmicas e mecânicas.

Effect of fluoride on mechanical properties of NiTi and CuNiTi orthodontic archwires: an in vitro study

ABSTRACT Introduction: After debonding, white spot may appear on the area below the bracket, which is the early clinical sign of carious lesion. There is increased caries risk underneath and adjacent to orthodontic bands and brackets, which call for maximum use of caries preventive procedures using various fluoride application methods. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate alterations in the mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and yield strength) in loading and unloading phases for different orthodontic archwires (nickel-titanium [NiTi] and copper-nickel-titanium [CuNiTi]) when exposed routinely to fluoride prophylactic agents for a predetermined period of time. Methods: Preformed rectangular NiTi and CuNiTi wires were immersed in fluoride solution and artificial saliva (control) for 90 minutes at 37ºC. After immersion, specimens were tested using a 3-point bend test on a universal testing machine. Results: There is a significant reduction in the unloading yield strength when the NiTi and CuNiTi wires were exposed to APF gel. Conclusion: The result suggests that use of topical fluoride agents affect the mechanical properties of the wires, leading to increase in treatment duration. Fluoride prophylactic agents must be used with caution in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Injudicious use of these agents may cause corrosive effects on the orthodontic wire surfaces, with alteration in their mechanical properties.

RESUMO Introdução: Após a remoção dos braquetes, manchas brancas podem aparecer na área embaixo deles, as quais são o sinal clínico inicial da lesão cariosa. Existe um maior risco de cáries embaixo e ao redor das bandas e braquetes ortodônticos, o que exige a máxima utilização de procedimentos preventivos de cárie, usando diferentes métodos com aplicação de flúor. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar alterações nas propriedades mecânicas (módulo de elasticidade e resistência ao escoamento), nas fases de carregamento e descarregamento de diferentes fios ortodônticos (níquel-titânio [NiTi] e níquel-titânio com adição de cobre [CuNiTi]), quando expostos rotineiramente a agentes profiláticos fluoretados, utilizados durante um período de tempo predeterminado. Métodos: Os fios pré-contornados retangulares de NiTi e CuNiTi foram imersos em solução fluoretada e saliva artificial (controle) durante 90 minutos a 37°C. Após a imersão, as amostras foram testadas utilizando-se um teste de flexão em três pontos, em uma máquina universal de testes. Resultados: Houve uma redução significativa na resistência ao escoamento na fase de descarregamento quando os fios de NiTi e CuNiTi foram expostos ao gel fluoretado. Conclusão: O resultado sugere que o uso tópico de agentes fluoretados afeta as propriedades mecânicas dos fios, levando a um aumento na duração do tratamento. Os agentes profiláticos fluoretados devem ser utilizados com cautela em pacientes submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico. O uso indiscriminado desses agentes pode causar efeitos corrosivos na superfície dos fios ortodônticos e consequente alteração das suas propriedades mecânicas.

Attractiveness of different esthetic orthodontic wires

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the attractiveness of different types of esthetic orthodontic wires by laypeople and dentists. Methods: Five different types of orthodontic wires were evaluated: three esthetic wires (Teflon-coated, epoxy resin-coated and rhodium-coated wires), and two metallic wires (stainless steel and NiTi), as control. Monocrystalline ceramic brackets were installed in the maxillary arch of a patient presenting good dental alignment. The five evaluated wires were attached to the orthodontic appliance with an esthetic silicone elastic and photographed. The photographs were evaluated by 163 individuals, 110 dentists and 53 laypeople. The data were statistically evaluated by two-way ANOVA and one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey tests. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the attractiveness among the wires evaluated; the most esthetic was the rhodium-coated wire, followed by the epoxy resin-coated wire and, finally, the Teflon-coated wire, with no significant difference from the stainless steel and NiTi control archwires. There was no significant difference between the groups of evaluators. Conclusion: The most attractive was the rhodium-coated wire, followed by the epoxy resin-coated wire and, finally, the least attractive wire was the Teflon-coated wire, without statistically significant difference to the stainless steel and NiTi wires, used as control.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atratividade de diferentes tipos de fios ortodônticos estéticos, na opinião de leigos e dentistas. Métodos: Foram avaliados cinco tipos diferentes de fios ortodônticos: três fios estéticos (revestidos com teflon, revestidos com resina epóxi e revestidos com ródio) e dois fios metálicos (aço inoxidável e NiTi), como grupo controle. Braquetes de cerâmica monocristalina foram instalados na arcada superior de uma paciente com bom alinhamento dentário, e os cinco fios avaliados foram fixados ao aparelho ortodôntico com ligadura elástica estética de silicone e fotografados. As fotografias foram avaliadas por 163 indivíduos, sendo 110 dentistas e 53 leigos. Os dados foram avaliados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA a um e a dois critérios, seguidos pelo teste de Tukey. Resultados: Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na atratividade entre os fios avaliados. O mais estético foi o fio revestido de ródio, seguido pelo fio revestido de resina epóxica e, finalmente, o fio revestido de teflon, sem diferença significativa entre os fios de aço inoxidável e os de NiTi. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos de avaliadores. Conclusão: O mais atraente foi o fio revestido de ródio, seguido pelo fio revestido de resina epóxica e, finalmente, o fio menos atraente foi o fio revestido de teflon, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa para os fios de aço inoxidável e os de NiTi, utilizados como controle.

Avaliação do grau de corrosão de fios ortodônticos submetidos a desafio de pH / Evaluation of the corrosion degree of orthodontic wires subjected to pH challenge

Introdução: a movimentação dentária requer a aplicação de um sistema de forças que é orientado com o uso de acessórios, incluindo fios ortodônticos. Existem diversos materiais e fabricantes disponíveis no mercado, por isso é importante que o profissional conheça a composição deste material, uma vez que estará em contato com a mucosa oral, podendo sofrer corrosão e liberação de íons metálicos. Objetivo: avaliar, in vitro, o grau de corrosão de duas ligas metálicas que compõem fios ortodônticos de três fabricantes diferentes, submetidos à ciclagem de pH. Metodologia: 60 corpos de prova foram confeccionados com dois tipos de ligas metálicas (NiTi e CrNiaço 302) produzidas por três fabricantes diferentes, divididos em 6 Grupos de Testes com 10 unidades cada. Os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos à ciclagem ácida de pH 4,3, diariamente, e mantidos em estufa a 37 ° C por 14 dias. A massa foi pesada antes e após a ciclagem, por meio de balança analítica de precisão. A avaliação das características visuais dos fios foi realizada por um único observador em lupa estereomicroscópica. Resultados: a ciclagem de pH dos fios ortodônticos não promoveu perda significativa de massa ou corrosão, apesar da análise das características visuais terem mudado após a ciclagem. Conclusão: com base nos resultados do protocolo experimental estabelecido no presente estudo, a análise do comportamento das ligas de aço NiTi e CrNi ­ 302 que compõem os fios ortodônticos, frente ao desafio ácido de pH 4,3, por duas semanas, concluiu-se que esses materiais não apresentaram perdas de massa, opacidade, brilho e lisura consideradas significativas. Outros estudos são recomendados para fornecer maiores esclarecimentos sobre o tema.

Introduction: the tooth movement requires the application of a force system that is guided with the use of accessories, including orthodontic wires. There are several materials and manufacturers available on the market, so it is important that the professional knows the composition of this material, since it will be in contact with the oral mucosa, and may suffer corrosion and release metal ions. Objective: to evaluate, in vitro, the degree of corrosion of two metal alloys that make up orthodontic wires from three different manufacturers, submitted to pH cycling. Methodology: 60 specimens were made from two types of metal alloys (NiTi and CrNi ­ steel 302) produced by three different manufacturers, divided into 6 Test Groups with 10 units each. The specimens were subjected to acid pH 4.3 cycling, daily, and kept in an oven at 37 ° C for 14 days. The mass was obtained before and after cycling, using a precision analytical balance. The evaluation of the visual characteristics of the wires was performed by a single observer using a stereomicroscopic loupe. Results: the pH cycling of orthodontic wires did not promote significant loss of mass or corrosion, despite the analysis of visual characteristics having changed after cycling. Conclusion: based on the results of the experimental protocol established in the present study, the analysis of the behavior of the NiTi and CrNi ­ 302 steel alloys that make up the orthodontic wires, facing the acid challenge of pH 4.3, for two weeks, it was concluded that these materials did not present loss of mass, opacity, brightness and smoothness considered significant. Other studies are recommended to provide further clarification on the topic.

Lesión en la hipofaringe por un desplazamiento del arco de brackets. Reporte de caso / Hypopharyngeal injury due to displacement of brackets arch. Case repor

La ingestión involuntaria o la aspiración de un dispositivo o pieza de arco de los brackets y/u ortodoncias pueden constituir una emergencia médica con complicaciones potencialmente peligrosas. El objetivo de esta comunicación es describir una complicación poco frecuente del desplazamiento e ingesta posterior del arco de brackets.Paciente de 13 años de edad, que sufrió la ruptura de la ortodoncia durante la alimentación, con la posterior ingesta de una parte. Padeció disfagia, que no mejoró a pesar de la ingesta de alimentos blandos. Consultó en el Servicio de Emergencias y presentó disfagia, sialorrea, dolor en la faringe y dificultad respiratoria leve. Se realizó la extracción del elemento de ortodoncia por vía endoscópica; se observó el alambre incrustado a nivel del polo inferior de la amígdala derecha y se extrajo. Se realizó, además, esofagoscopía, y no se observaron restos de este en el esófago. La paciente recibió el alta sin secuelas

Involuntary ingestion or aspiration of a brace device and/or orthodontic arch part can constitute a medical emergency with potentially dangerous complications. The objective of this communication is to describe a rare complication of posterior displacement and ingestion of the brace arch.A 13-year-old girl, suffers from a break in orthodontia during feeding, with the subsequent ingestion of part of it. She presented dysphagia after the fact; it did not improve despite the intake of soft foods. She consulted in the Emergency Department for dysphagia, sialorrhea, pain in the pharynx and mild respiratory distress. Extraction of the orthodontic element was performed endoscopically. The embedded wire was observed at the level of the lower pole of the right amygdala and it was removed. Esophagoscopy was also performed, not observing remains of it in the esophagus. The patient was discharged without sequelae.

Evaluation of zinc-oxide nanocoating on the characteristics and antibacterial behavior of nickel-titanium alloy

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effect of ZnO nanocoating on mechanical properties of NiTi orthodontic wires and antibacterial activity. Methods: 0.016 x 0.022-in NiTi orthodontic wires were coated with ZnO nanoparticles using an electrochemical deposition method with three electrodes system in 0.1M Zn(NO3)2. Mechanical properties and frictional resistance of the coated wires were investigated using an universal testing machine. Antibacterial effect of ZnO coating was also investigated. Results: A stable adhered ZnO nanocoating on NiTi wires was obtained. The coated wires have a significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. pyogens and E. coli, and a reduction of frictional forces by 34%. Conclusion: ZnO nanocoating may improve the antibacterial effects of NiTi wires and reduce the frictional resistance. Coating may be implanted in orthodontic practice for faster and safer treatment.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito do nanorrevestimento de óxido de zinco (ZnO) sobre as propriedades mecânicas e propriedades antibacterianas de fios ortodônticos de NiTi. Métodos: Fios 0,016" x 0,022" de NiTi foram revestidos com nanopartículas de ZnO por meio de um método de deposição eletroquímica com um sistema de três eletrodos a 0,1M Zn(NO3)2. Uma máquina universal de testes foi utilizada para avaliar as propriedades mecânicas e a resistência friccional dos fios revestidos. Além disso, também foram analisadas as propriedades antibacterianas do revestimento de ZnO. Resultados: Obteve-se uma aderência estável das nanopartículas de ZnO sobre os fios NiTi. Os fios revestidos apresentaram atividade antibacteriana significativa contra S. aureus, S. pyogens e E. coli, e apresentaram uma redução de 34% na força de atrito. Conclusão: O revestimento com nanopartículas de óxido de zinco pode melhorar as propriedades antibacterianas e reduzir a resistência friccional dos fios de NiTi. Assim, o revestimento dos fios pode ser utilizado na Ortodontia visando tratamentos mais rápidos e seguros.

Antimicrobial Orthodontic Wires Coated with Silver Nanoparticles

Abstract Conventional orthodontic treatment with the use of stainless steel may be detrimental to oral health by promoting demineralizing lesions appearance and increasing adhesion and formation of bacterial biofilm, inducing the development of cavities. An alternative that has been researched to reduce the side effects of orthodontic treatment is the coating of materials with antimicrobial nanoparticles. Nanometric- sized particles increase their surface area and contact with the microbial membrane, consequently intensifying their bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect. In this work, hydrothermal synthesis, a "green" process was used to attach silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to the surface of two different brands of orthodontic wires. The coated materials were analyzed for their physicochemical properties by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which showed the distribution of AgNPs along the wires without modifying their properties. In the microbiological test, one of the brands showed a statistically significant difference in microbial adhesion and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. Results lead to the conclusion that antimicrobial orthodontic wires coated with silver nanoparticles through hydrothermal synthesis is a promising material for the improvement of orthodontic treatment.

Modificaciones esqueletales y de autoestima con bloques gemelos / Skeletal and self-esteem modifications with twin blocks

RESUMEN Las anomalías de clase II y III esqueletales son una afección del desarrollo, en la mayoría de los casos, no se debe a procesos patológicos, sino a una moderada distorsión del desarrollo normal, ello provoca alteración de la estética que influye en los niveles de autoestima de los pacientes. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las modificaciones esqueletales y de autoestima con bloques gemelos. Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental modalidad antes y después sin grupo control, en 35 pacientes con clase II y III esqueletal, ingresados en la Consulta de Ortodoncia de la Clínica Universitaria de Especialidades Estomatológicas "Manuel Cedeño", en el período comprendido entre enero a noviembre de 2018. Como medio de diagnóstico se empleó el examen clínico, la cefalometría y el Inventario de Autoestima elaborado por Cooper smith. Se obtuvo como resultado que el 71,42 % pertenecen a las edades de 12 y 13 años, y el 54,28 % son del sexo femenino; el 65,71 % de los pacientes presentó clase II esqueletal y el 34,28 % clase III antes del tratamiento, luego de éste, la anomalía esqueletal se corrigió en el 91,42 % de los casos; al caracterizar la población objeto de estudio se reveló que la autoestima fue baja en el 60,00 % antes del tratamiento, y luego fue de alta en el 74,28 %. Se concluye que la población de estudio presentó anomalías esqueletales y baja autoestima al inicio del tratamiento que se corrigió y mejoró, respectivamente, en la mayoría de los pacientes mediante el tratamiento con los bloques gemelos estándar y clase III.

ABSTRACT Skeletal class II and III anomalies are a developmental condition, in most cases, not due to pathological processes, but to a moderate distortion of normal development, this causes alteration of the aesthetic that influences the levels of self-esteem of the patients. The objective of the study was to evaluate the skeletal and self-esteem modifications with twin blocks. We performed a quasi-experimental modality before and after without a control group, in 35 patients with skeletal class II and III, admitted to the Orthodontic Consultation of the University Clinic of Stomatological Specialties "Manuel Cedeño", in the period from January to November 2018.The clinical examination, the cephalometry and the Self-esteem Inventory prepared by Coppersmiths were used as diagnostic means. It was obtained as a result that 71,42% belong to the ages of 12 and 13 years, and 54,28 % are female; 65,71% of patients presented class II skeletal and 34,28% class III before treatment, after this, the skeletal anomaly was corrected in 91,42% of cases; When characterizing the population under study it was revealed that self-esteem was low in 60,00% before treatment, and then it was high in 74,28%. It was concluded that the population studied presented skeletal anomalies and low self-esteem at the beginning of the treatment, which was corrected and improved, respectively, in the majority of patients by treatment with the standard twin and class III twin blocks.

Do laypersons perceive aesthetic differences between coated and uncoated orthodontic archwires?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aesthetic brackets are routinely combined with metallic wires in fixed orthodontic therapy, mainly due to the disadvantages of the clinical use of aesthetic archwires. The current situation needs to be explored in the literature by considering laypersons' perceptions. Objective: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate laypersons' aesthetic perceptions of metal archwires with and without aesthetic coating. Three age ranges and both sexes were evaluated. Methods: A volunteer using fixed aesthetic orthodontic appliance was photographed wearing the following archwires: stainless steel, nickel-titanium (NiTi), NiTi coated with epoxy resin and NiTi coated with rhodium. Using a 100-mm visual analog scale, 90 laypersons evaluated the photographs. Sex and age ranges (18-30, 31-45, over 46 years of age) were evaluated. The comparisons between the archwires and between age ranges were made using ANOVA and Tukey's test. Genders were compared using Mann-Whitney test. Results: The results showed that the evaluators considered the archwire coated with epoxy resin to be the most aesthetic (60.64 ± 13.04) and the NiTi wire to be the least aesthetic (30.82 ± 7.79) (p< 0.05). Only the range of 31-45 years of age considered the NiTi archwires less aesthetic, when compared with the other age groups. For the other archwires, no statistically significant difference were found between the age groups. No differences between the sexes were detected. Conclusions: The results indicated that the aesthetic coated archwires represent an improvement in the visual aspect of ceramic brackets. The epoxy-coated metal wire was considered the most aesthetic option.

RESUMO Introdução: rotineiramente na terapia ortodôntica fixa, utilizam-se braquetes estéticos combinados com fios metálicos, principalmente devido a algumas desvantagens no uso clínico dos fios estéticos. A percepção estética dos leigos nessa situação precisa ser explorada na literatura. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo transversal foi avaliar a percepção estética dos leigos em relação aos fios ortodônticos metálicos recobertos ou não por materiais estéticos. Três faixas etárias, dos dois sexos, foram avaliadas. Métodos: uma paciente usando aparelho ortodôntico fixo estético foi fotografada com os seguintes fios ortodônticos: aço inoxidável, níquel-titânio (NiTi), NiTi recoberto por resina epóxica e NiTi recoberto por ródio. As fotografias foram avaliadas por 90 leigos, utilizando-se uma escala visual analógica de 100-mm. Ambos os sexos e diferentes faixas etárias (18-30, 31-45 e acima de 46 anos) foram avaliados. As comparações entre os fios e entre as faixas etárias foram realizadas aplicando-se os testes ANOVA e Tukey. Os sexos foram comparados utilizando-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: os resultados demonstraram que os avaliadores consideraram o fio recoberto por resina epóxica como o mais estético (60,64 ± 13,04) e o fio de NiTi foi classificado como o menos estético (30,82 ± 7,79) (p< 0,05). Apenas a faixa etária de 31-45 anos considerou o fio de NiTi menos estético, quando comparada às outras faixas etárias; para os outros fios, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as faixas etárias. Não foi detectada diferença entre os sexos. Conclusões: os resultados indicaram que os fios estéticos recobertos melhoraram o aspecto visual dos braquetes cerâmicos. O fio metálico recoberto por resina epóxica foi considerado a opção mais estética.

The effect of heat treatment on sliding mechanics of stainless steel orthodontic wires

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment (tempering) on the sliding mechanics of stainless steel Chrome Nickel (CrNi) orthodontic wires. Methods: A universal testing machine EMIC DL 2000 was used at a speed of 10 mm/minute for reading-out the sliding strength and friction between brackets and wires, by simulating the sliding mechanics in a fixed orthodontic appliance. The results were submitted to ANOVA variance test for statistical analysis at the level of 5% (p<0.05). Results: The results indicated that depending on the type of bracket, wire and type of treatment, the groups without heat treatment showed higher mean static friction values, except for groups with CrNi GAC wire and conventional brackets, which showed no significant difference with and without heat treatment; and the group with self-ligated brackets and CrNi GAC wires that showed the lowest mean static friction values with heat treatment. Conclusion: The heat treatment reduced the static friction values on CrNi Morelli wires for any combination of brackets (conventional and self-ligated types) and commercial brands. For the CrNi GAC wires, there was a reduction in friction values only in the combination with In-Ovation R/GAC self-ligated brackets

Corrección de maloclusión de mordida abierta anterior con aparatología híbrida de FLOWJAC® system con antecedente de reabsorción ósea en mentón. Reporte de caso / Anterior open bite correction with hybrid FLOWJAC® system devices, patient with previous Chin bone resorption. Case report

The orthodontic minitubes system (FLOWJAC ® System, Bogotá, Colombia) is an innovating system that blend the selfligating philosophy techniques and a lowprofile appliance. The FLOWJAC® System works with low orthodontic forces, same as selfligation devices. The system uses heat-treated wires with better physical properties such as hysteresis when is compare with traditional wires. However, the FLOWJAC® technique doesn´t use a wire sequence to get a "working wire", just a 0,014 Copper NiTi. The clinician in each appointment must modify the minitube location to the clinical desire teeth position. The present report blend FLOWJAC® devices in the upper arch and clear selfligation in the lower arch. The patient treated has mandibular bone resorption due a alloplastic chin augmentation. The root apex from first right premolar to the first left premolar seen to be near to the resorption area using Cone Beam Computer Tomography. That´s the reason why we use a pre-adjust devices in the lower arch, to avoid pulpar and periodontal counter effects. This case was finished with proper functional and aesthetics objectives; such as molar and canine class I, anterior open bite closure with 20% of overbite, coincidence of dental smile arch with lower lip, and without root and pulpar counter effects. The porpoise of this report is to present an orthodontic case with bone resorption on right premolar and incisors area of the mandible. The case was treated with selfligation orthodontics system; FLOWJAC® System in the upper arch and Empower Clear® (American Orthodontics Shebboyiang, USA) in the lower arch and could be done with a precise diagnosis and adequate treatment planning.

El sistema de ortodoncia con Minitubos (FLOWJAC® System, Bogotá, Colombia) es un sistema innovador que combina la filosofía de trabajo de las técnicas de autoligado con una aparatología de perfil bajo. El sistema de FLOWJAC® trabaja con fuerzas leves, al igual que la aparatología de autoligado, con arcos de características físicas de histéresis mayor que los arcos tradicionales. Sin embargo, el sistema FLOWJAC® no presenta una secuencia de arcos hasta llegar a un arco de trabajo, dado que trabaja con un único arco de calibre 0,014 CuNiTi y el clínico lo que realiza son modificaciones de la posición de los minitubos en cada cita hasta llegar al objetivo clínico deseado. En el siguiente reporte se observa una combinación de aparatología, FLOWJAC® en el arco superior y autoligado estético en la arcada inferior. La paciente tratada presenta reabsorción ósea en zona de mentón debido a un procedimiento de mentoplastía de aumento con injerto aloplástico. Se observa tomográficamente cercanía de los ápices radiculares de premolar a premolar y por tal motivo se escoge aparatología pre-ajustada para evitar detrimento del estado pulpar y periodontal de dichos dientes. Se finaliza el caso con adecuados objetivos estéticos y funcionales; Clase I molar y canina, cierre de la mordida abierta anterior con un resalte vertical del 20%, arco dental concordante al arco de sonrisa, y evitando detrimento en los dientes circundantes de la zona de lesión. El propósito del presente artículo es ambientar al clínico sobre el tratamiento en paciente con antecedente de reabsorción ósea en zona de incisivos hasta premolares derechos inferiores, con Sistema de Ortodoncia de Autoligado; FLOWJAC® en la arcada superior y Empower Clear® en la arcada inferior. El caso pudo finalizar de forma adecuada gracias a un diagnóstico asertivo y un plan de tratamiento adecuado.

Evaluation of friction in metal, ceramic and self-ligating brackets submitted to sliding mechanics / Avaliação do atrito em braquetes metálicos, cerâmicos e autoligados submetidos à mecânica de deslizamento

Objective: With the purpose of evaluating the best results for a proposed orthodontic treatment, the aim of this research was to verify the frictional force between archwires and orthodontic brackets in sliding mechanics. Material and method: Three different types of brackets were used: conventional metal, self-ligating metal and conventional polycrystalline esthetic type (n=10), totaling 30 brackets and .019 x .025 inches stainless steel rectangular wire. An acrylic plate was used. The wire was fixed to the brackets (conventional metal and conventional polycrystalline esthetic) with esthetic elastomeric ligation. The acrylic plate together with the 019 x 0.025 inches wire fitted to it was attached to the base plate of the Instron 4411 universal test machine so that it was positioned perpendicular to the ground. The bracket was drawn through the archwire segment at a speed of 5 mm / minute for a distance of 5 mm. For each type of bracket, ten tests were performed, with the bracket and archwire set being changed for each repetition. Data were analyzed by one-way Analysis of Variance (p <0.0001) and the Tukey Test (p <0.05). Result: Convencional metal and self-ligating brackets presented similar friction (p>0.05), while ceramic bracket presented higher frictional resistance during sliding test (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the type of bracket influenced the frictional force value obtained, and better results were found when the metal and self-ligating brackets were used. The ceramic bracket presented a higher frictional force value.

Objetivo: Visando avaliar os melhores resultados para um tratamento ortodôntico de premissa, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a força de atrito entre fio e braquetes ortodônticos na mecânica de deslizamento. Material e método: Foram utilizados três diferentes tipos de braquetes, sendo metálico convencional, metálico autoligado e estético policristalino convencional (n=10), totalizando 30 braquetes e fio retangular de aço inoxidável .019 x .025 polegadas. Foi utilizada uma placa de acrílico. O fio foi fixado aos braquetes (metálico convencional e estético policristalino convencional) com ligadura elastomérica estética. A placa de acrílico juntamente com o fio .019 x .025 polegadas montado foi fixada ao mordente da base da máquina de ensaio universal Instron 4411, de maneira que ficou posicionada perpendicular em relação ao solo. O braquete foi tracionado à velocidade de 5 mm/minuto através do segmento do fio por uma distância de 5mm. Para cada tipo de braquete foi realizado dez testes havendo a troca do conjunto braquete e fio em cada repetição. Os dados foram analisados por Análise de Variância um fator (p<0,0001) e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultado: Braquetes metálicos convencionais e autoligáveis apresentaram atrito similar (p>0,05), enquanto braquetes cerâmicos apresentaram maior resistência ao atrito durante o teste de deslizamento (p<0,05). Conclusão: Conclui-se que o tipo de braquete influenciou no valor de atrito obtido, sendo que melhores resultados foram encontrados quando foram utilizados os braquetes metálicos e autoligados. O braquete cerâmico apresentou maior atrito.

Relationship between initial archwire materials and pain at the initial stage of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and network Meta-analysis / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This review aims to assess the relationship between initial archwire materials and pain at the initial stage of orthodontic treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>On October 1, 2017, seven databases were searched electronically for studies oninitial archwire materials and pain at the initial stage of orthodontic treatment. Quality assessment was performed with bias risk assessment tools suggested by Cochrane's handbook. Data extraction of included studies was also carried out. Network Meta-
analysis was conducted using R 3.4.2 (with JAGS 4.3.0), GeMTC 0.14.3, and STATA 11.0.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five studies with 330 participants were included, comparing four different materials: multi-stranded stainless steel, conventional nickel-titanium, super-elastic nickel-titanium, and thermal heat-activated nickel-titanium. Two studies were at low risk of bias, one was at high risk of bias, and the remaining two were at unclear risk of bias. Network Meta-analysis results showed no statistical differences of pain among the four initial archwire materials at day 1 and day 7. However, the most painless material was most likely to be thermal heat-activated nickel-titanium on rank probability.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>On statistical probability, thermal heat-activated nickel-titanium initial arch wires is most likely to cause the least pain at the initial stage of orthodontic treatment, compared with other materials.</p>