O uso de realidade virtual no cateterismo intravenoso periférico em crianças/adolescentes: relato de experiência / The use of virtual reality in peripheral intravenous catheterization in children/adolescents: experience report / El uso de la realidad virtual en el cateterismo intravenoso periférico en niños/adolescentes: reporte de experiencia

Conclusão: a realidade virtual é um recurso que pode ser utilizado como distração durante o cateterismo intravenoso periférico. Para os discentes, houve reflexão sobre o tratamento adequado de enfermagem em pediatria, além do desenvolvimento de habilidades de comunicação e senso crítico

Conclusion: virtual reality is a resource that can be used as a distraction during peripheral intravenous catheterization. For the learners, this experience prompted reflection on appropriate pediatric nursing care, in addition to fostering the development of communication skills and critical thinking

Conclusión: la realidad virtual es un recurso que se puede utilizar como distracción durante la cateterización intravenosa periférica. Para los aprendices, esta experiencia llevó a una reflexión sobre la atención de enfermería pediátrica adecuada, además de fomentar el desarrollo de habilidades de comunicación y pensamiento crítico

A summary of the best evidence for preventing accidental extubation of an adult peripheral venous catheters / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To retrieve, appraise and summarize the best evidence to prevent accidental extubation of peripheral venous catheters in adults.Methods:According to the "6S" evidence model, computer evidence retrieval was carried out. Search relevant domestic and foreign guideline networks and databases to collect relevant evidences, including clinical decision, guidelines, evidence summary, systematic reviews, etc. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to September 2021. Two researchers conducted independent literature search, quality evaluation, evidence extraction and summary. If there is a disagreement between the two, the third party shall be invited to make a ruling.Result:A total of 8 articles were included, including 1 clinical decision, 1 guideline, 2 evidence summaries, 3 RCTs and 1 expert consensus. The 35 best evidences were summarized from six aspects: education and training, catheter placement selection, dressing selection, catheter fixation, catheter maintenance and timing of extubation.Conclusion:This summary of evidence provided evidence-based evidence for the standardized management of clinical prevention of accidental extubation of peripheral venous catheters. However, some of evidence is lacking and of poor quality. In the future, the evidence should be used cautiously according to the clinical situation and patient conditions.

Knowledge and Practice Of Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Among Nurses in a Teaching Hospital in Malaysia: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre

@#Introduction: Insertion of Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) is a common invasive procedure performed on patients that may contribute to several complications. Nurses are required to have adequate knowledge and practice to ensure the successful of the procedure. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and practice of nurses towards PIVC insertion procedures. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. A total of seventy- seven nurses working in the emergency department, obstetrics & gynecology patient admission centre, daycare oncology were participated in this study. The data was gathered using a modified questionnaire and standard PIVC insertion guidelines. Results: 21 (27.3%) nurses had high knowledge and 56 (72.7%) had low knowledge of PIVC insertion (M=7.77, SD=1.87). All 77 (100%) nurses performed insertion of PIVC according to the standard of practice (M=23.16, SD=1.51). A positive correlation between age and knowledge (rho=0.123) but a negative correlation towards practice (rho=-0.413). A positive correlation between working experience and knowledge (rho=0.094) but a negative correlation towards practice (rho=-0.047). There was a positive correlation between nurses’ knowledge and practice (rho=0.038). Conclusion: Nurses with good knowledge of PIVC insertion performed better as they were aware of the negative consequences of the procedure if conducted incorrectly. Knowledgeable and competent nurses are essential to ensure the quality of nursing care and safe practice towards patients. Future studies with larger samples of nurses involved in more hospitals in Malaysia are recommended.

Prática deliberada em ciclos rápidos aplicada em profissionais de enfermagem na punção venosa periférica / Rapid cycle deliberate practice applied to nurse technician professionals in peripheral venipuncture

Introdução: A Prática Deliberada em Ciclos Rápidos (PDCR) é uma estratégia educacional de simulação focada em promover um treinamento que permita o domínio de uma habilidade. A estratégia aplica o feedback direcionado e a oportunidade de repetição para que o participante alcance a maestria e/ou a alta performance. Estudos evidenciam melhorias significativas de habilidades dos profissionais de saúde quando treinados com PDCR em contexto de reanimação cardiopulmonar pediátrica. A partir da conjectura de que a PDCR pode ser aplicada em profissionais de saúde para melhoria de habilidades, formulou-se a hipótese que a PDCR melhora a performance técnica dos profissionais técnicos de enfermagem na punção venosa periférica (PVP) comparada ao treinamento de habilidade, que é outra estratégia mais comumente usada para ensino e capacitação profissional. Objetivos: Avaliar a PDCR como uma estratégia educacional e seu impacto na performance técnica dos profissionais técnicos de enfermagem na PVP; comparar a performance técnica dos profissionais técnicos de enfermagem na PVP após treinamento usando PDCR versus o treinamento de habilidade. Método: Estudo unicêntrico, experimental randomizado aberto, aplicado em 60 profissionais técnicos de enfermagem, divididos em dois grupos. A performance foi avaliada antes e após o treinamento, a partir do cálculo da taxa de acerto em 21 itens observados na execução do procedimento. A estratégia de treinamento do Grupo Intervenção (GI) foi a PDCR e do Grupo Controle (GC) foi o treinamento de habilidades de PVP. Resultados: O percentual global de acertos dos itens do procedimento de punção venosa periférica avaliados para o GC aumentou de 57,8% no pré-teste para 93,5% no pós-teste e o percentual de acertos para o GI aumentou de 59,4% para 96,0%. A variação da média no pré e pós-teste foi de 35,7% para GC e de 36,6% para o GI. Comparando pareadamente às taxas de acerto pré e pós-teste de cada grupo, ambos os treinamentos tiveram um efeito significativo em aumentar as taxas de acerto dos itens do procedimento de punção venosa periférica avaliados (p-valor <0,0001 para os dois grupos). Não houve diferença significativa entre as distribuições das taxas de acerto do pós-teste dos dois grupos (p-valor = 0,225). Usando a medida do tamanho de efeito dm de Cohen, o tamanho do efeito do treinamento do GC foi 2,95 e o tamanho de efeito do treinamento do GI foi 3,59. Usando a medida do tamanho de efeito Δ de Glass, o tamanho de efeito do treinamento do GC foi 2,24 e o tamanho do efeito do GI foi 2,63. Conclusão: Do ponto de vista da performance técnica, o treinamento com PDCR, assim como o treinamento de habilidades, resultou em melhorias de desempenho no procedimento de punção venosa periférica, evidenciadas pelo aumento de acertos no pós-teste em comparação com o pré-teste. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que a PDCR pode ser aplicada como uma estratégia educacional para o treinamento da punção venosa periférica, não sendo inferior ao treinamento de habilidade. Sendo assim, pode-se interpretar que a aplicação da PDCR em contexto diferente do estudo original parece ser promissora e factível.

Introduction: Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice (RCDP) is an educational simulation strategy that focuses on promoting simulation training that allows skill mastery achievement. The strategy applies directed feedback and opportunity for repetition until participants achieve mastery and/or high performance. Studies show significant improvements in the skills of healthcare professionals when trained with RCDP in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation context. Based on the conjecture that RCDP can be applied to health professionals to improve skills, authors formulated the hypothesis that RCDP improves the technical performance of nursing technicians in peripheral venipuncture (PVP) compared to skill training, another strategy commonly used for teaching and professional training. Objectives: To evaluate RCDP as an educational strategy and its influence on the technical performance of nursing technicians in PVP; to compare the technical performance of nursing technicians in PVP after training using RCDP versus skill training. Methods: Single-center, open randomized experimental study, applied to 60 professional nursing technicians divided into two groups. Performance was evaluated before and after training, based on the calculation of the correct answer rate in 21 items observed during the procedure. The training strategy of the Intervention Group (IG) was RCDP and the Control Group (CG) was the skill training of PVP. Results: The overall percentage of correct answers for the items of the peripheral venipuncture procedure evaluated for the CG increased from 57.8% in the pre-test to 93.5% in the post-test and the percentage of correct answers for the IG increased from 59.4% to 96.0%. The mean variation in the pre and post- test was 35.7% for the CG and 36.6% for the IG. Comparing the pre and post-test hit rates of each group in parallel, both training strategies had a significant effect in increasing the hit rates of peripheral venipuncture procedure items that were evaluated (p-value <0.0001 for both groups). There was no significant difference between the distributions of the post- test hit rates of the two groups (p-value = 0.225). Using Cohen's dm effect size measure, the CG training effect size was 2.95 and the IG training effect size was 3.59. Using Glass's Δ effect size measure, the GC training effect size was 2.24 and the GI effect size was 2.63. Conclusion: From the point of view of technical performance, training with RCDP, as well as skills training, resulted in performance improvements in the peripheral venipuncture procedure, evidenced by the increase of correct answers in the post-test compared to the pre-test. Thus, the study concludes that RCDP works as an educational simulation strategy for peripheral venipuncture training since it showed not to be inferior to the skill training approach. Therefore, the application of RCDP in a different context from the original study seems to be propitious and viable.

Peripheral venipuncture practices performed by nursing professionals in a university hospital / Práticas de venopunção periférica dos profissionais de enfermagem em um hospital universitário / Prácticas de venopunción periférica de profesionales de enfermería en un hospital universitario

Objective:The study's main purpose has been to characterize the peripheral venipuncture practices performed by nursing professionals providing care to pediatric and geriatric patients in a Brazilian Southern university hospital. Methods: It is a descriptive and observational study with a quantitative approach, which was performed in a Brazilian Southern university hospital over the period from December 2015 to June 2016, counting with 14 nursing professionals who were performing peripheral venipuncture in children and elderly people at the study's data collection time. Results: A total of 20 observations were made for the elderly group and 5 for the pediatric group. During all observations there was some divergence with the theoretical orientation that could result in harm to the patient and/or professional. Conclusion: By carrying out this study, it was noticed a variation of the technique and divergences between the practiced actions, therefore, underlining the importance of defining standard procedures and techniques based on scientific reasoning to promote patient safety

Objetivo: Caracterizar as práticas de punção venosa periférica executadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem no cuidado aos pacientes pediátricos e geriátricos em um hospital universitário do sul do país. Método: Quantitativo, observacional descritivo. Realizado em um hospital universitário da região sul do país, de dezembro de 2015 a junho de 2016, com 14 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem durante a realização da prática de punção venosa periférica em crianças e idosos. Resultados: Realizou-se 20 observações para o grupo de idosos e 5 para o grupo pediátrico, e em todas as observações houveram alguma divergência com a orientação teórica que poderia resultar em um dano ao paciente e/ou profissional. Conclusão: Ao realizar esse estudo, percebeu-se uma variação da técnica e divergências entre as ações praticadas, destacando a importância da padronização e desenvolvimento de técnicas a partir de fundamentação científica para promoção da segurança do paciente

Objetivo: Caracterizar las prácticas de punción venosa periférica que realizan los profesionales de enfermería en la atención de pacientes pediátricos y geriátricos en un hospital universitario del sur del país. Método: cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo. Realizado en un hospital universitario de la región sur del país, de diciembre de 2015 a junio de 2016, con 14 profesionales del equipo de enfermería durante la práctica de venopunción periférica en niños y ancianos. Resultados: se realizaron 20 observaciones para el grupo de ancianos y 5 para el grupo de pediatría, y en todas las observaciones hubo alguna divergencia con la orientación teórica que podría resultar en daño al paciente y / o profesional. Conclusión: Al realizar este estudio se observó una variación de la técnica y divergencias entre las acciones realizadas, destacando la importancia de la estandarización y el desarrollo de técnicas con fundamento científico para promover la seguridad del paciente

Beneficios de la asepsia del sitio de inserción del catéter venoso periférico corto. Análisis de datos secundarios / Benefits of asepsy of the short peripheral venous catheter insertion site. Secondary data analysis

Introducción: las enfermedades isquémicas del corazón ocupan los primeros lugares de morbimortalidad, lo que exige la amplia participación del profesional de enfermería en la atención de los pacientes con estos padecimientos, y el tratamiento de infusión (TI) es uno de los principales procedimientos que realiza, incluidos la instalación, el mantenimiento y el retiro oportuno de los dispositivos de acceso vascular (DAV), en especial el catéter venoso periférico corto (CVPC). Objetivo: analizar los beneficios de realizar limpieza en el sitio de inserción (LISI) del CVPC funcional como opción en el mantenimiento. Metodología: estudio prospectivo, transversal y comparativo de LISI en pacientes de una institución de tercer nivel de atención, durante abril de 2017 a junio de 2018, una muestra de 100 pacientes seleccionados por conveniencia. El grupo 1 de pacientes con CVPC muestra sangre en el sitio de inserción, se encuentra funcional y se realiza LISI; el grupo 2 tiene las mismas condiciones pero éste se retira y se instala otro dispositivo. Los datos se obtuvieron de la base de datos Análisis CVPC 2017-2019 de la Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica. Resultados: el 58% de la muestra se integró con adultos mayores con una media de punciones de 2; el 25% duró más de cinco días y el 5% se retiró por aparición de alguna complicación, ninguna relacionada con la LISI. Con la LISI se obtiene un ahorro del 47.35% del costo total. Conclusión: la LISI puede evitar inserciones innecesarias, reduce costos hasta 50% y no aumenta la aparición de infecciones relacionas con el catéter.

Introduction: Ischemic heart diseases occupy the first places of morbidity and mortality, which requires the broad participation of the nursing professional in the care of patients with these conditions, infusion therapy (IT) being one of the main procedures performed, this includes the installation, maintenance and timely removal of vascular access devices (VADs), especially the short peripheral venous catheter (CVPC). Objective: To analyze the benefits of cleaning the insertion site (CIS) of the functional CVPC as an option in maintenance. Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional, comparative study of CIS in patients from a tertiary care institution, from April 2017 to June 2018, sample of 100 patients selected for convenience. Group 1 of patients with CVPC presents blood in the insertion site, it's functional, CIS is performed; Group 2 presents the same conditions but this is removed and another device installed. The data were obtained from the CVPC Analysis 2017-2019 database of the Epidemiological Surveillance Unit. Results: 58% of the sample was made up of older adults, mean number of punctures: 2, 25% lasted more than 5 days, 5% withdrew due to presenting some complication, none related to CIS. With the CIS there is a saving of 47.35% of the total cost. Conclusion: CIS might avoid unnecessary insertions, reduces costs by 50% and does not increase the presence of catheter-associated infections.

Efficacy of Topical Heparin in Prevention of Superficial Thrombophlebitis before Peripheral Venous Cannulation.

Thrombophlebitis can be very commonly associated with peripheral venous cannulation. Many a times, thrombophlebitis may go undiagnosed. With serious complications and uncertainty of the treatment, it is always better to prevent its development. Prophylactic topical heparin application can significantly reduce the incidence of thrombophlebitis and also the complications related like deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism which increase the hospital stay. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of topical heparin in prevention of development of superficial thrombophlebitis.METHODS150 patients in the age group of 20 - 60 years, were randomly allocated to group H (Heparin), group C (Control), with 75 patients in each group. Group C received placebo (normal saline) and group H received topical heparin QPS before the insertion of the cannula on the dorsum of the upper limb and were observed at an interval of 8 hours until 72 hours using Visual Infusion Phlebitis Scale.RESULTSAt the end of 72 hours, score of 0, I, II, and III was observed in 5.33%, 44.00%, 29.33% and 21.33% patients, respectively, in Group C; whereas score of 0, I, and II was observed in 60%, 25.33%, and 14.67% patients, respectively in Group H (P = 0.0001). In Group C, score up to III was observed, whereas maximum score was II in Group H and that too at 72 h in only 14.67% of patients which proves the efficacy of topical QPS of heparin [Table 2].CONCLUSIONSProphylactic topical application of QPS heparin was effective in preventing development of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Post-injection thrombophlebitis in patients undergoing peripheral IV catheterization in a tertiary care hospital: incidence and risk factors

Background:Intravenous catheters cause endothelial damage and trauma, which can predispose to venous thrombosis. Peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis occurs in 25-35% of hospitalized patients with intravenous catheters and has both patient-related implications (e.g., sepsis) and economic consequences (e.g., extra nursing time). This study is designed to address this issue, by assessing the potential risk factors in those who have developed phlebitis, and deriving conclusions based on the same.Methods:A total of 830 patients were observed over a period of 2 months. All details of the patient were collected. Thrombophlebitis was graded using visual infusion phlebitis score. Each case was compared with a matching control.Results:53 of 830 patients observed, developed thrombophlebitis giving an incidence of 6.4%. 92.5% had IV cannulation flushed after insertion. IV cannula had to be changed at least 2 times during the hospital stay. All had an average IV cannulation for 5 days. All had insertion of same size cannula (20G). Level 1 Phlebitis was identified in 64.15% patients, level 2 Phlebitis in 33.96% patients and Level 3 Phlebitis was seen 1.88% patients.Conclusions:Significant association was noted between the number of times the catheter was changed since admission and administration of Potassium chloride and Certain Medications such as Piperacillin through the cannula

Eventos adversos associados ao uso de cateteres venosos periféricos: estudo longitudinal prospectivo / Adverse events associated with the use of catheters peripheral venous: prospective longitudinal study

Introdução: A temática do estudo é segurança na terapia infusional, tendo como foco os eventos adversos locais associados ao manejo de cateteres venosos periféricos pela equipe de enfermagem. A equipe de enfermagem é uma das principais responsáveis pela prática da terapia infusional, compreendendo os cuidados pertinentes à prática de inserção e manutenção dos cateteres venosos periféricos, tendo também papel diferenciador no processo de prevenção e mitigação da ocorrência de incidentes e erros provenientes dessa assistência. Problema do estudo: existe relação entre a ocorrência de eventos adversos locais e o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos? Objetivo geral: Analisar a ocorrência de eventos adversos e a associação com o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos conforme recomenda às melhores evidências científicas; Objetivos específicos: descrever o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos em uma unidade de internação cirúrgica; identificar a ocorrência de eventos adversos associados ao uso dos cateteres venosos periféricos; e verificar a associação entre a ocorrência de eventos adversos com o manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, quantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo e analítico. Local da pesquisa foi um Hospital Universitário Federal localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. A população foram os pacientes internados em uma unidade de internação cirúrgica em uso de cateter venoso periférico, selecionados a partir dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos. Instrumento de coleta de dados foi um formulário do tipo Checklist como roteiro de observação sistematizada e estruturada, com variáveis que contemplam o manejo do cateter venoso periférico, conforme orienta as melhores evidências científicas. Foram observados diariamente o manejo de 114 cateteres inseridos em 58 pacientes. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, com a utilização do software Statistical Package for the Social Science®, e discutidos com base nas melhores evidências científicas. Os resultados evidenciados mostraram que a incidência acumulada global de evento adverso foi de 61,4%. Ocorrem no período médio de 15,4 até 70,6 horas após a inserção do cateter. A média global do tempo de sobrevivência do CVP até a ocorrência dos EA, estimadas pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, foi de 64,1 horas, ou seja, estima-se que o paciente permaneça esse tempo em média, sem apresentar qualquer EA. O principal motivo para a remoção dos cateteres foi eletivo (27,2%), seguido de eventos adversos. Obstrução do cateter e flebite são os eventos adversos mais incidentes, sendo a incidência acumulada global de obstrução do cateter de 26,3%; a de flebite, de 26,3%; e infiltração foi verificada em 16,7%. Dentre os fatores de risco identificados neste estudo que predizem o desfecho dos EA locais, destacaram-se flebite associada com o ato de tocar o local da punção após realizar a antissepsia (p-valor=0,009 do teste χ2; OR 3,5 IC 1,3- 9,1); não aspirar o cateter (p-valor=0,004 do teste χ2; OR 7,0 IC 1,6-31,5); não utilizar máscara na manutenção (p-valor=0,003 do teste χ2), dentre as manutenções que tiveram o uso de máscara em todas as manutenções a incidência de flebite foi 0,0%; e não realizar pressão positiva na lavagem do cateter (p-valor=0,002 do teste χ2; OR 4,2 IC 1,6-10,8). Obstrução se mostrou mais incidente em cateteres inseridos em veias no dorso da mão, com 35,3% dos CVP. A infiltração tem mais chances de ocorrer quando administrado o antimicrobiano Cefazolina (p-valor=0,029 do teste exato de Fisher; OR 4,4 IC 1,2-15,9) e quando o flushing foi forçado (quando havia resistência na permeabilidade do CVP) (p-valor<0,001 do teste χ2; OR 7,4 IC 2,4-22,5). Conclui-se que a prática assistencial dos profissionais de enfermagem no manejo dos cateteres venosos periféricos está fortemente associada com a ocorrência de eventos adversos, que são considerados fatores modificáveis e preveníveis com boas práticas de manejo.

Introduction: The theme of the study is safety in infusional therapy, focusing on local adverse events associated with the practice of handling peripheral venous catheters by the nursing team. The nursing team is one of the main responsible for the practice of infusional therapy, comprising the care pertinent to the practice of insertion and maintenance of peripheral venous catheters, also having a differentiating role in the process of preventing and mitigating the occurrence of incidents and errors arising from this assistance. Study problem: Is there an association between the occurrence of local adverse events and the handling of peripheral venous catheters? General objective: To analyze the occurrence of adverse events and the association with the management of peripheral venous catheters as recommended by the best scientific evidence; Specific objectives: to describe the handling of peripheral venous catheters in a surgical hospitalization unit; to identify the occurrence of adverse events associated with the use of peripheral venous catheters; and to verify the association between the occurrence of adverse events and the practice of handling peripheral venous catheters. Method: Observational, quantitative, longitudinal, prospective, and analytical study. The research site was a Federal University Hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The population consisted of patients admitted to a surgical inpatient unit using a peripheral venous catheter, selected from the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection instrument was a Checklist type form as a systematic and structured observation script, with variables that contemplate the practice of handling the peripheral venous catheter, as guided by the best scientific evidence. The handling of 114 catheters inserted in 58 patients was observed daily. The handling of 114 catheters inserted in 58 patients was observed daily. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through the Statistical Package for the Social Science® software and discussed based on the best scientific evidence. The evidenced results showed that the general accumulated incidence of adverse event was 61.4%. They occur in the average period of 15.4 to 70.6 hours after insertion of the catheter. The global average of the PVC survival time until the occurrence of the AE, estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, was 64.1 hours. Then, it is estimated that the patient remains for this time without presenting any AE. The main reason for removing the catheters was elective (27.2%), followed by adverse events. Catheter obstruction and phlebitis are the most incident adverse events, with the general cumulative incidence of catheter obstruction being 26.3%; of phlebitis, it was 26.3%; and the infiltration was observed in 16.7%. Among the risk factors identified in this study that predict the outcome of local AE, the following stand out: phlebitis associated with the act of touching the puncture site after performing antisepsis (p-value = 0.009 of the test χ2; OR 3.5 IC 1 , 3- 9,1); not performing catheter aspiration (p-value = 0.004 of the test χ2; OR 7.0 CI 1.6-31.5); not using a mask for maintenance (p-value = 0.003 of the test χ2), among the maintenance that had the use of a mask in all of them, the incidence of phlebitis was 0.0%; and when the positive pressure technique is not performed when washing the catheter (p-value = 0.002 of the test χ2; OR 4.2 CI 1.6-10.8). The obstruction was more prevalent in catheters inserted in veins on the back of the hand, with 35.3% of PVC. Infiltration is more likely to occur when the antimicrobial Cefazolin is administered (p-value = 0.029 of Fisher's exact test; OR 4.4 IC 1.2-15.9) and when flushing was forced (when there was resistance in the permeability of the PVC) (p-value <0.001 of the χ2 test; OR 7.4 CI 2.4-22.5). We conclude that the care practice of nursing professionals in the handling of peripheral venous catheters is strongly associated with the occurrence of adverse events, which are considered modifiable and preventable factors through good handling practices.

Introducción: El tema del estudio es la seguridad en la terapia de infusión, enfocándose en los eventos adversos locales asociados al manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos por parte del equipo de enfermería. El equipo de enfermería es uno de los principales responsables de la práctica de la terapia infusional, comprendiendo los cuidados pertinentes a la práctica de inserción y mantenimiento de catéteres venosos periféricos, teniendo además un papel diferenciador en el proceso de prevención y mitigación de la ocurrencia de incidencias y errores derivados de esta asistencia. Problema de estudio: ¿existe relación entre la aparición de eventos adversos locales y el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos? Objetivo general: Analizar la ocurrencia de eventos adversos y la asociación con el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos según lo recomendado por la mejor evidencia científica; Objetivos específicos: describir el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos en una unidad de hospitalización quirúrgica; identificar la ocurrencia de eventos adversos asociados con el uso de catéteres venosos periféricos; y verificar la asociación entre la ocurrencia de eventos adversos y el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos. Metodología: Estudio observacional, cuantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo y analítico. El sitio de investigación fue un Hospital Universitario Federal ubicado en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. La población estuvo constituida por pacientes ingresados en una unidad de internación quirúrgica mediante catéter venoso periférico, seleccionados a partir de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue un formulario tipo Lista de verificación como un guión de observación sistemático y estructurado, con variables que contemplan el manejo del catéter venoso periférico, guiado por la mejor evidencia científica. Se observó diariamente el manejo de 114 catéteres insertados en 58 pacientes. Los datos fueron analizados usando estadística descriptiva e inferencial, usando el software Statistical Package for the Social Science®, y discutidos con base en la mejor evidencia científica. Los resultados evidenciados mostraron que la incidencia global acumulada de eventos adversos fue del 61,4%. Ocurren en el período promedio de 15,4 a 70,6 horas después de la inserción del catéter. La media global del tiempo de supervivencia de la PVC hasta la ocurrencia del EA, estimado por el método de Kaplan-Meier, fue de 64,1 horas, es decir, se estima que el paciente permanece en promedio, sin presentar ningún EA. La principal razón para retirar los catéteres fue electiva (27,2%), seguida de los eventos adversos. La obstrucción del catéter y la flebitis son los eventos adversos más incidentes, con una incidencia acumulada global de obstrucción del catéter del 26,3%; el de flebitis, 26,3%; y se observó infiltración en el 16,7%. Entre los factores de riesgo identificados en este estudio que predicen el resultado de EA local, la flebitis asociada al acto de tocar el sitio de punción después de realizar la antisepsia (valor de p = 0,009 de la prueba de χ²; OR 3,5 IC 1 , 3-9,1); no aspirar el catéter (valor p = 0,004 de la prueba de χ²; OR 7,0 IC 1,6-31,5); no usar mascarilla para mantenimiento (valor p = 0,003 de la prueba de χ²), entre los mantenimientos que tuvieron el uso de mascarilla en todo mantenimiento, la incidencia de flebitis fue de 0,0%; y no realizar presión positiva al lavar el catéter (valor p = 0,002 de la prueba de χ²; OR 4,2 IC 1,6-10,8). La obstrucción fue más prevalente en los catéteres insertados en las venas del dorso de la mano, con un 35,3% de PVC. Es más probable que se produzca infiltración cuando se administra el antimicrobiano cefazolina (valor de p = 0,029 de la prueba exacta de Fisher; OR 4,4 IC 1,2-15,9) y cuando el enjuague fue forzado (cuando hubo resistencia en la permeabilidad del CVP) (valor de p <0,001 de la prueba de χ²; OR 7,4 IC 2,4-22,5). Se concluye que la práctica asistencial de los profesionales de enfermería en el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos está fuertemente asociada a la ocurrencia de eventos adversos, los cuales son considerados factores modificables y prevenibles con buenas prácticas de manejo.

Selection of perioperative venous access for simultaneous repair and reconstruction of oral cancer after radical resection / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To explore the characteristics of perioperative venous therapy in patients undergoing simultaneous repair and reconstruction of oral cancer after radical resection, and prevention of femoral vein catheterization complications, to provide clinical evidence for venous therapy.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was perfomed to assess the choice of venous access and its effects in 95 patients undergoing simultaneous reconstruction due to oral cancer during the perioperative period. @*Results @# In total, 95 patients underwent successful indwelling femoral vein catheterization with double lumens, and a midline catheter and peripheral intravenous indwelling needles were used to complete the intravenous therapy after surgery. Among the femoral vein complications, 1 case was complicated with lower extremity venous thrombosis (incidence was 1.1%), and 17 cases were complicated with puncture point bleeding (incidence was17.9%). Two cases of puncture site bleeding were noted among 28 cases using a midline catheter. Local phlebitis and infiltration were the most common complications of peripheral venous catheters. The difference in catheter-related complications among different types of catheters was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The complication rate of the midline catheter was lower than that noted with femoral vein catheterization and peripheral intravenous indwelling needles.@*Conclusion@#Based on the treatment characteristics of patients, proper venous catheters should be established during the perioperative period. The application of a femoral vein catheter during the operation combined with the use of a midline catheter and peripheral venous indwelling needles after the operation can satisfy intravenous therapy needs in patients undergoing simultaneous repair and reconstruction for oral cancer, and the midline catheter can effectively reduce venous catheter-related complications.

Do PaCO2 and peripheral venous PCO2 become comparable when the peripheral venous oxygen saturation is above a certain critical value? / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#Peripheral venous blood gas (VBG) analysis is increasingly used as an alternative to arterial sampling in Emergency Departments throughout the world.[1] There are multiple advantages using peripheral venous samples for blood gas analysis - technical ease, reduced pain and fewer complications. The difference in sample site chosen for blood gas analysis between European and Australian centres has been notable for members of our author group, prompting discussion and review of the literature.

Analysis and treatment of complications in peripheral totally implantable venous access port / 中国实用外科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical application of the peripheral totally implantable venous access port(TIVAP) in breast cancer chemotherapy patients,and to understand the clinical applicability and safety of peripheral TIVAP.METHODS: The clinical data of 201 cases using peripheral TIVAP of multi-course chemotherapy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from March 2017 to June 2018 were analyzed retrospectively.The difference of composition ratio of various complications,and difference between the conventional pressure bandaging method and the modified pressure bandaging method for incision hemorrhage,the conventional implantation method and the improved implantation method for catheter ectopic and the difference of the catheter ectopic after left/right peripheral vein TIVAP placement were compared.RESULTS: There were 50 cases(24.9%) of postoperative complications,15 cases(7.5%) of incision hemorrhage,4 cases(2.0%)of catheter-related thrombosis,3 cases(1.5%) of base exposure,4 cases(2.0%) of sack infection,15 cases(7.5%)of primary catheter ectopic,7 cases(3.5%) with no blood withdrawal,2 cases(1.0%) with catheter-related upper limb movement limitation.Using the goodness of fit test(equal ratio) to compare the composition ratio of various complications,χ~2=30.520,P<0.001,the proportion of complications was not obeyed,and the proportion of incision hemorrhage and catheter ectopic was the highest.The conventional pressure bandaging method(78 cases) and the modified pressure bandaging method(123 cases) showed incision bleeding,and the difference was statistically significant [11 cases(14.1%) vs.4 cases(3.3%),χ~2=6.642,P=0.010];the conventional implantation method(90 cases) and the modified implantation method(121 cases) were compared with catheter ectopic,and the difference was statistically significant [9 cases(10.0%) vs.3 cases(2.4%) χ~2=4.131,P=0.042];there was no statistically significant difference in catheter ectopic position after left(106 cases)/right(95 cases) peripheral TIVAP implantation [8 cases(7.5%) vs.7 cases(7.3%),χ~2=0.020,P=0.962].CONCLUSION: The complication of peripheral TIVAP can be effectively controlled through safe management,close observation and active treatment.TIVAP is still a safe and effective intravenous infusion channel for long-term clinical use if there is no contraindication.

Conhecimento de enfermeiros acerca do cateter central de inserção periférica: realidade local e desafios globais / Nurses' knowledge of the peripherally inserted central catheter: local realities and global challenges / Conocimiento de los enfermeros acerca del catéter central de inserción periférica: realidad local y desafíos globales

Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros quanto à utilização do cateter central de inserção periférica (PICC) como dispositivo intravenoso na prática assistencial, em três hospitais públicos do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: estudo descritivo seccional, através da análise univariada e bivariada, com cálculo das medidas de tendência central. Participaram do estudo 41 enfermeiros. Resultados: embora 38 (92,7%) enfermeiros informaram conhecer o PICC, 29 (70,8%) destes não possuíam habilitação para inserção do cateter; 23 (56,1%) desconheciam as vantagens do dispositivo; 26 (63,4 %) informaram que o cateter não é indicado nas instituições pesquisadas, prevalecendo a punção profunda. Conclusão: a maioria dos enfermeiros pesquisados não possui o título de e habilitação para a indicação e inserção do referido cateter. Do mesmo modo, as instituições pesquisadas não indicam o PICC como dispositivo intravenoso, apesar de suas inegáveis vantagens, como a qualidade e a segurança na prática clínica.

Objective: to examine nurses' knowledge of use of the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), as an intravenous device in practical care, at three public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro State. Method: this descriptive, cross-sectional study used univariate and bivariate analysis and calculated central tendency measures. Results: although 38 (92.7%) of the nurses reported knowing about the PICC, 29 (70.8%) had no qualification in inserting the catheter; 23 (56.1%) were unaware of the advantages of the device; and 26 (63.4%) stated that the catheter was not indicated at the institutions studied, but that deep puncture predominated. Conclusion: most of the nurses surveyed lacked the title or qualification enabling them to indicate and insert the PICC. Likewise, the institutions surveyed did not indicate the catheter as an intravenous device, despite its undeniable advantages, such as quality and safety in clinical practice.

Objetivo: analizar el conocimiento de los enfermeros en cuanto a la utilización del catéter central de inserción periférica (PICC) como dispositivo intravenoso en la práctica asistencial en tres hospitales públicos del estado de Río de Janeiro. Método: estudio descriptivo seccional, a través del análisis univariado y bivariado, con cálculo de las medidas de tendencia central. Participaron en el estudio 41 enfermeros. Resultados: aunque 38 (92,7%) enfermeros informaron conocer el PICC, 29 (70,8%) entre ellos no poseían habilitación para inserción del catéter; 23 (56,1%) desconocían las ventajas del dispositivo; 26 (63,4%) informaron que el catéter no está indicado en las instituciones investigadas, que dan preferencia a la punción profunda. Conclusión: gran parte de los enfermeros encuestados no posee el título de habilitación para la indicación y la inserción del PICC. De igual modo, las instituciones investigadas no indican el PICC como dispositivo intravenoso, a pesar de sus innegables ventajas como la calidad y la seguridad en la práctica clínica.

Peripheral venous catheter related blood stream infection in intensive care unit

Background: Peripheral venous catheter related blood stream infections (PVC-BSI) are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals. Most of the catheter related blood stream infections occurs due to lack of proper aseptic measures. This study points out the risk factors microbial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates associated with PVC-BSI. The common organisms causing Catheter related BSI are Staphylococcus aureus (41.1%), and Klebsiella species (17.6%) followed by CONS and Enterococcus species. Objective of present study was to isolate and identify the organisms causing PCV-BSI, perform antimicrobial sensitivity testing of isolated organisms and to identify the associated risk factors and preventive measures that should be used.Methods: The study was conducted over a period of one year from August 2015 to July 2016 in the Department of Microbiology. Study group comprised of all the patients with peripheral venous catheterization who developed signs and symptoms of septicemia after 48 hrs of insertion of PVC. These patients were followed up from the time of catheterization till discharge. Peripheral venous catheter tip was collected under aseptic condition along with peripheral blood samples from a site other than the catheterized one. Samples were collected from patients at any point of time who developed signs and symptoms of septicemia after 48 hrs of catheter insertion. The length of time for which the PVC was in place was recorded.Results: In total, 87 cases were included in the study with mean catheter duration of 4.8 days accounting for 418 catheter days. Out of these 87 cases, 17 cases developed PVC-BSI (19.5%) and 34 cases developed colonization (24.1%). Staphylococcus species (41.1%) was the most common isolate.

Prognostic value of difference between peripheral venous and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide in patients with septic shock: a pilot study / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the prognostic value of the difference between peripheral venous and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide in patients with septic shock following early resuscitation.@*METHODS@#This prospective study was conducted among the patients with septic shock treated in our department during the period from May, 2017 to May, 2018. Peripheral venous, peripheral arterial and central venous blood samples were collected simultaneously and analyzed immediately at bedside after 6-h bundle treatment. Arterial blood lactate concentration (Lac) and the arterial (PaCO), peripheral venous (PpvCO) and central venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PcvCO) were recorded. The differences between PpvCO and PaCO (Ppv-aCO) and between PcvCO and PaCO (Pcv-aCO) were calculated. Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the agreement between Pcv-aCO and Ppv-aCO. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the possible risk factors for 28-day mortality, and the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to assess the prognostic values of these factors for 28-day mortality.@*RESULTS@#A total of 62 patients were enrolled in this study, among who 35 survived and 27 died during the 28-day period. Compared with the survivor group, the patients died within 28 days showed significantly higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score (24.2±6.0 20.5±4.9, =0.011), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (14.9±4.7 12.2±4.5, =0.027), PcvaCO (5.5±1.6 7.1±1.7, < 0.001), PpvaCO (7.1±1.8 10.0±2.7, < 0.001), and arterial lactate level (3.3±1.2 4.2±1.3, =0.003) after 6-h bundle treatment. Pearson correlation analysis showed that Ppv-aCO was significantly correlated with Pcv-aCO (=0.897, R= 0.805, < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified Ppv-aCO (β=0.625, =0.001, OR=1.869, 95% CI: 1.311-2.664) and lactate level (β=0.584, =0.041, OR=1.794, 95%CI: 1.024-3.415) as the independent risk factors for 28-day mortality. The maximum area under the ROC (AUC) of Ppv-aCO was 0.814 (95%CI: 0.696- 0.931, < 0.001), and at the best cut- off value of 9.05 mmHg, Ppv-aCO had a sensitivity of 70.4% and a specificity of 88.6% for predicting 28-day mortality. The AUC of lactate level was 0.732 (95%CI: 0.607-0.858, =0.002), and its sensitivity for predicting 28-day mortality was 70.4% and the specificity was 74.3% at the best cut-off value of 3.45 mmol/L; The AUC of Pcv-aCO was 0.766 (95%CI: 0.642-0.891, < 0.001), and its sensitivity was 66.7% and the specificity was 80.0% at the best cut-off value of 7.05 mmHg.@*CONCLUSIONS@#A high Ppv-aCO after early resuscitation of septic shock is associated with poor outcomes. Ppv-aCO is well correlated with Pcv-aCO and can be used as an independent indicator for predicting 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock.

Effectiveness of pulsative flushing and continuous flushing for peripheral venous catheter: a Meta-analysis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of pulsative flushing and continuous flushing for peripheral venous catheter.Methods By retrieving Cochrane Library,ProQuest Research Library,PubMed,Web of science,Ovid,Embase and CINAHL complete(EESCO),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang,Weipu,and China Biology Medicine disc (CBMdisc) to find the randomized controlled trials (RCT) and clinical controlled trials(CCT) that been applied to compare pulsative flushing and continuous flushing for peripheral venous catheter,and using Revman5.3 soft for a Meta-analysis.Results There were thirteen studies which had involved 1 679 patients.The Meta-analysis' results as follows:The pulsative flushing was superior than continuous flushing indecreasing intravenous catheter's blockage (P ＜ 0.01),and had prolonged more time than continuous flushing in retaining catheter (P ＜ 0.01).The two flushing methods were similar in reducing phlebitis (P＞ 0.05).Conclusions The pulsative flushing was superior to the continuous one in reducing the intravenous catheter's blockage and prolonging the catheter's times.There were similar in decreasing phlebitis.The pulsative flushing method was used with caution in chronic diseases such as angiocardiopathy.

Prognostic value of differences between peripheral arterial and venous blood gas analysis in patients with septic shock / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To investigate the value of the difference between peripheral arterial and venous blood gas analysis for the prognosis of patients with septic shock after resuscitation.Methods Patients with septic shock aged 18 to 80 years admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine from May 2016 to December 2017 were enrolled. The peripheral arterial blood and peripheral venous blood gas analysis were measured simultaneously after the early 6 hours resuscitation, including pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), base excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and lactate (Lac) level, and the difference values between peripheral arterial and venous blood were calculated. According to the 28-day survival, the patients were divided into survival group and death group. Multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of death, and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze the prognostic value of blood gas analysis parameters for prognosis.Results A total of 65 patients with septic shock resuscitation were enrolled in the study, 35 survived while 30 died during the 28-day period. ① There was no significant difference in gender, age, and mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and norepinephrine (NE) dose between the two groups.② The arterial and venous Lac, the difference of Lac (ΔLac) and PCO2 (ΔPCO2) between arterial and venous blood in death group were significantly higher than those in survival group [arterial Lac (mmol/L): 7.40±3.10 vs. 4.82±2.91, venous Lac (mmol/L): 9.17±3.27 vs. 5.81±3.29, ΔLac (mmol/L): 1.77±0.54 vs. 0.99±0.60, ΔPCO2 (mmHg, 1 mmHg =0.133 kPa): 9.64±5.08 vs. 6.70±3.71, allP < 0.01], and there was no significant difference in the other arterial and venous blood gas analysis index and its corresponding differential difference between two groups. ③ Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that ΔPCO2 [β = 0.247, odd ratio (OR) = 1.280, 95％ confidential interval (95％CI) = 1.057-1.550,P = 0.011], and ΔLac (β = 2.696,OR = 14.820, 95％CI = 2.916-75.324,P = 0.001) were the independent risk factors for the prognosis of septic shock. ④ It was shown by ROC curve analysis that arterial blood Lac, ΔLac andΔPCO2 had predictive value on prognosis of septic shock, the area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.792, 0.857, 0.680, respectively (allP < 0.05). When the best cut-off value of arterial Lac was 4.00 mmol/L, the sensitivity was 100％, and the specificity was 62.86％ for predictor of death in 28-day; when the best cut-off value of ΔLac was 1.25 mmol/L, the sensitivity was 93.33％, and the specificity was 68.57％ for predictor of death in 28-day; when the best cut-off value of ΔPCO2 was 4.35 mmHg, the sensitivity was 83.33％, and the specificity was 37.14％ for predictor of death in 28-day.Conclusions Compared to other parameters, the difference between peripheral arterial and venous blood gas analysis, ΔPCO2 and ΔLac had the best correlation with the prognosis of septic shock. The ΔPCO2 and ΔLac are the independent prognostic predictors for 28-day survival.

A systematic review of the reduction of neonatal PICC catheter associated infection with the frequency of replacement dressing / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the effects on catheter related blood stream infection by different dressing frequency of peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC)with neonates. Methods A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from databases, Data were searched about the transparent dressing replacement frequency for neonatal PICC catheterization. The meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.2 software. Results Nine RCTs were included in a total of 1 730 patients. Meta analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of PICC puncture dressing, catheter-related infections (including puncture port infection, catheter-related blood flow infection, catheter bacterial colonization) at every 3, 5, and 7 days (P> 0.05). Conclusion the dressing of PICC catheter are replaced will not increase the incidence of catheter-related infections within 7 days, throughout the more appropriate frequency of dressing replacement is once every 7 days.

Comparison of hematocrit and platelet levels obtained from peripheral venous catheter vs venipuncture in patients admitted at Philippine Children’s Medical Center for dengue fever

OBJECTIVES@#To determine the statistical agreement between hematocrit and platelet counts obtained via peripheral venous catheters and venous puncture. It also aims to compare the success rate of obtaining samples via PVC and the hemolysis rate between different gauges of IV catheter.@*DESIGN@#Prospective Cross-sectional Study.@*PARTICIPANTS@#Clinically stable patients admitted for dengue aged 1 to 18 years old and are eligible to be enrolled in the study. Twenty-two patients were enrolled and completed the study.@*INTERVENTION@#Paired samples of venous blood collection using venipuncture and PVC on the contralateral arm was done during daily serial CBC monitoring. Hematocrit and platelet values between the two methods were analyzed using Bland-Altman Analysis.@*MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES@#Statistical agreement of platelet and hematocrit levels obtained using PVC and Venipuncture.@*RESULTS@#We had 22 patients and a total of 67 paired samples. Out of the 67 samples submitted, two samples each from PVC (2.9%) and venipuncture (2.9%) were clotted. There was100% success rate in both methods at the first attempt of collection. None on the samples had hemolysis. On the average, hematocrit measurements from venipuncture are increased by 1.17 (units) compared to PVC, while platelet measurements from PVC are increased by 4.83 (units) compared to venipuncture. There is no significant difference in both platelet count and hematocrit between the two methods, demonstrating agreement between the two methods.@*CONCLUSIONS@#There is statistical agreement between samples drawn from PVC and venipuncture in terms of hematocrit and platelet counts in dengue pediatric patients. Success rate and hemolysis rates between the two methods are the same. PVC is an acceptable alternative to venipuncture.

Flebitis infecciosa o no infecciosa: lecciones de un programa intervencional sobre flebitis asociada a catéter venoso periférico / Infectious or noninfectious phlebitis: lessons from a an interventional programm on phlebitis associated to peripheral venous catheter

Resumen Introducción: No hay criterios establecidos para distinguir las flebitis de causa infecciosa de las no infecciosas. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de un programa de intervención en la tasa de flebitis de tipo infecciosa (asociada a bacteriemia sin otro foco o pus local) y no infecciosa (el resto). Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio intervencional en tres etapas: diagnóstico de situación basal, intervención y evaluación. Resultados: Se detectaron 10 casos de flebitis infecciosa y 186 no infecciosas. Las flebitis infecciosas disminuyeron con la intervención (0,2 a 0,04 eventos por 1.000 días camas; p = 0,02) pero no las no infecciosas (2,3 a 2,3 por 1.000 días camas). Cinco casos con flebitis infecciosa tuvieron bacteriemia, uno de ellos con endocarditis y reemplazo valvular y otro con shock séptico y desenlace fatal. Ninguno de los casos en el grupo no infeccioso se complicó o falleció. Las flebitis infecciosas se presentaron más tarde que las otras (4,1 versus 2,4 días; p = 0,007) y se asociaron a fiebre (40% vs 5,9%, p = 0,004). Las flebitis no infecciosas se asociaron al uso de compuestos irritantes (OR 6,1; IC95 1,3-29, p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El programa demostró un impacto favorable para disminuir sólo las flebitis de tipo infecciosa. La distinción parece ser relevante porque las infecciosas se asocian a fiebre, complicaciones o letalidad, parecen responder a programas de prevención y son más tardías.

Background: There is no consensus definition to distinguish infectious from non-infectious phlebitis associated to peripheral venous catheter. Aims: To evaluate the impact of an intervention program on the rate of infectious (those associated to bacteremia or local purulent discharge) and non-infectious phlebitis (the rest) and identify differential features. Methods: Interventional study developed in three stages: basal measurement, intervention, and evaluation. Results: Ten infectious and 186 non-infectious phlebitis were registered. Infectious phlebitis diminished after intervention (0.2 to 0.04 events per 1,000 bed-days; p = 0.02) but not the rest (2.3 per 1,000 bed-days before and after). Five of 10 patients with infectious phlebitis had bacteremia, one with infectious endocarditis and valve replacement, and other with septic shock and a fatal outcome. None of the patients in the non-infectious group presented complications. Infectious phlebitis appeared later (mean 4.1 versus 2.4 days; p = 0.007) and were associated to fever (40% vs 5.9%, p = 0.004). Non-infectious phlebitis was associated to irritating compounds (OR 6.1; IC95 1.3-29, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The intervention program demonstrated a favorable impact only on the rate of infectious phlebitis. Distinction appears to be relevant because those of infectious origin are associated with fever, complications or death, respond to an intervention program, and emerge lately.