Pharmacotherapy plan for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer：a network meta-analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal therapeutic plan for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer （mHSPC）， and to provide reference for clinical decision-making. METHODS Retrieved from Medline， Embase， BIOSIS preview， the Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials. gov systematically， randomized controlled trials about mHSPC therapy， with overall survival （OS） and radiographic progression-free survival （rPFS） as efficacy outcomes and the incidence of serious adverse events （SAEs） as safety outcome， were collected during the inception-Mar. 2022. Two researchers independently screened the literature， extracted data， and evaluated the risk of bias for the included study before conducting a Bayesian network meta-analysis. RESULTS Eight studies with 9 437 patients were finally included. The effectiveness and safety of 7 therapy plans were compared [abiraterone acetate， apalutamide， darolutamide+docetaxel， docetaxel， enzalutamide， standard non-steroidal antiandrogen （SNA） in addition to ADT， and ADT alone]. In terms of efficacy index， the most beneficial regimen （except for ADT+SNA） for OS was ADT+darolutamide+docetaxel （HR＝0.54， 95%CI of 0.44-0.66）， followed by ADT+abiraterone acetate （HR＝0.64，95%CI of 0.57- 0.71）， apalutamide （HR＝0.65， 95%CI of 0.53-0.79）， enzalutamide （HR＝0.66， 95%CI of 0.53-0.82）； the least beneficial regimen for OS was ADT+docetaxel （HR＝0.79， 95%CI of 0.71-0.88）. The most beneficial regimen （except for ADT+SNA） for rPFS was ADT+enzalutamide （HR＝0.39， 95%CI of 0.30-0.50）， followed by ADT+apalutamide （HR＝0.48， 95%CI of 0.39- 0.60）， abiraterone acetate （HR＝0.57， 95%CI of 0.51-0.64）， docetaxel （HR＝0.62， 95%CI of 0.56-0.69）. The results of the tumor- loading subgroup analysis were the same. In terms of safety， ADT+darolutamide+docetaxel （OR＝25.86， 95%CI of 14.08-51.33）， and ADT+docetaxel （OR＝23.35， 95%CI of 13.26-44.81） were associated with markedly increased SAEs； the incidence of SAEs caused by ADT+abiraterone acetate （OR＝1.42，95%CI of 1.10-1.82） was slightly increased， and those of other therapy plans had no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Compared with ADT alone， ADT+ darolutamide+docetaxel may provide the most significant OS benefit， but the incidence of SAEs is increased greatly； compared with ADT+docetaxel， ADT+abiraterone acetate， apalutamide or enzalutamide provide more OS benefits. ADT+enzalutamide provide optimal rPFS benefits with no increased SAEs.

Validez y confiabilidad de un instrumento para identificar factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento en personas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular

Introducción: Es necesario contar con instrumentos válidos y confiables para identificar los factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento en personas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. En Colombia, Bonilla y Gutiérrez diseñaron un instrumento que cuenta con validez facial y de contenido. Sin embargo, no se ha demostrado la validez de constructo. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de constructo y confiabilidad del instrumento, factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico en personas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Metodología: Investigación metodológica. Participaron 694 personas con factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular residentes en tres ciudades de Colombia (Neiva, Espinal y Tunja). Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (extracción de componentes principales y rotación Varimax), análisis factorial confirmatorio (estimación de máxima verosimilitud) y una prueba de confiabilidad global y por dimensiones (alfa de Cronbach y Test-retest). Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio reportó un instrumento de 30 ítems con estructura de 4 factores (varianza total acumulada de 42,6 %). Los índices de ajuste del modelo propuesto indicaron ajuste absoluto excelente y ajuste incremental aceptable. El alfa de Cronbach global fue 0,86, lo que indica alta confiabilidad. Discusión: El estudio proporciona evidencia de un instrumento más robusto que otras versiones. Los instrumentos estandarizados para medir factores que influyen en la adherencia pueden ser muy útiles para la investigación y la práctica si cumplen con pruebas psicométricas de fiabilidad y validez. Conclusión: Se pone a disposición de los investigadores y del personal de salud un instrumento válido y confiable. Se recomienda su uso en poblaciones similares a la de este estudio.

Introduction: It is necessary to have valid and reliable instruments to identify the factors that influence adherence to treatment in people with cardiovascular risk factors. In Colombia, Bonilla y Gutierrez designed an instrument that has face and content validity. However, construct validity has not been demonstrated. Objective: To determine the construct validity and reliability of the instrument, factors that influence adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment in people with cardiovascular risk factors. Methodology: Methodological research. A total of 694 people with risk factors for cardiovascular disease residing in three Colombian cities (Neiva, Espinal and Tunja) participated. Exploratory factor analysis (extraction of principal components and Varimax rotation), confirmatory factor analysis (maximum likelihood estimation) and global and dimensional reliability test (Cronbach's alpha and Test-retest) were performed. Results: The exploratory factor analysis reported a 30-item instrument with a 4-factor structure (total cumulative variance of 42.6%). The fit indices of the proposed model indicated excellent absolute fit and acceptable incremental fit. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.86, indicating high reliability. Discussion: The study provides evidence of a more robust instrument than other versions. Standardized instruments to measure factors that influence adherence can be very useful for research and practice if they meet psychometric tests of reliability and validity. Conclusion: A valid and reliable instrument is made available to researchers and health personnel. Its use is recommended in populations similar to that of this study.

Conocimientos básicos para la preparación y uso de fórmulas magistrales en oftalmología

Los colirios fortificados o reforzados son fórmulas magistrales que reciben ese nombre por la vigorización que se les realiza a los colirios industriales con principios activos de antibióticos, antivirales, citostáticos y antimicóticos, en dependencia de los requerimientos individuales de los pacientes. Por tanto, la utilización de la formulación magistral es, por su capacidad y flexibilidad, un potencial para concebir nuevas pautas terapéuticas y posibilitar la creación de nuevas formulaciones o bien la actualización de antiguas fórmulas con principios activos más modernos, con el fin de lograr una alternativa a los colirios industriales de manera potente, eficaz y segura. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir los fundamentos teóricos, las tendencias nacionales e internacionales de la preparación y el uso oftalmológico de los colirios fortificados. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y documental actualizada, se utilizaron fuentes primarias, secundarias y terciarias y experiencias nacionales. La utilización de los colirios fortificados es cada día más frecuente en la especialidad de oftalmología, lo que obliga al farmacéutico hospitalario y al oftalmólogo a estar actualizado en temas como elaboración segura, composición, indicación y uso correctos.

Fortified or reinforced eye drops are masterful formulas that receive such name due to the industrial eye drops' invigoration with antibiotic, antiviral, cytostatic and antifungal active ingredients, depending on the patients' individual requirements. Therefore, the use of a masterful formulation is, due to its capacity and flexibility, a potential for conceiving new therapeutic guidelines and also for making possible the creation of new formulations or the updating of old formulations with more modern active ingredients, in order to achieve an alternative to industrial eye drops in a potent, effective and safe way. The objective of this work is to describe the theoretical foundations, the national and international trends in the preparation of fortified eye drops, as well as their ophthalmologic use. An updated bibliographic and documentary review was carried out, using primary, secondary and tertiary sources, together with national experiences. The use of fortified eye drops is becoming increasingly frequent in the ophthalmology specialty, which obliges the hospital pharmacist or the ophthalmologist to be updated on issues such as safe preparation, composition, prescription and correct use.

Empirical Study on Promotion of Appropriate Pharmacotherapy in Patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis / 社会薬学

The prevalence of seasonal allergic rhinitis (hereinafter “hay fever”) is increasing annually. While self-medication with over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is growing, some hay fever patients also use OTC drugs alongside medical visits. Issues arising from co-administration, such as excessive dosing and reduced quality of life (QOL) due to drowsiness, have been highlighted. However, no research has investigated the factors contributing to the concomitant use of prescribed and OTC drugs. Therefore, this study examined the following three patient groups: those using only prescribed drugs, those using only OTC drugs, and those using a combination of both. Initial analyses compared adherence, overuse extent, QOL (as measured by the Japanese Rhino-conjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire [JRQLQ]), treatment satisfaction, lifestyle habits, and health literacy (as measured by the Communicative and Critical Health Literacy Scale [CCHL]) among the groups. Subsequently, a multinomial logistic regression analysis focusing on combination users identified factors associated with co-administration. The results revealed that combination users exhibited lifestyle issues and lower QOL compared to those using prescribed or OTC drugs only, although differences in CCHL were not significant. Furthermore, co-administration was linked to social life-related JRQLQ and excessive usage during symptom onset. In conclusion, patients with hay fever should avoid the concurrent use of prescribed and OTC drugs. Co-administration may not necessarily improve symptoms and might even lead to overuse risks. Thus, patients should be guided to consult medical professionals before purchasing OTC drugs, and lifestyle improvements should be emphasized as well.

Study of Factors Affecting Patients’ Intention to Provide Information to Pharmacists: Publicizing the Contribution of Pharmacists to Pharmacotherapy through Animation Video / 社会薬学

Objectives: At the pharmacy, information obtained from patients by pharmacists is often inadequate. To motivate patients to provide information, we explored factors influencing their willingness to provide information and evaluated changes in their intention through informing of pharmacists’ contribution to pharmacotherapy. Methods: Four videos regarding pharmacists’ contribution to pharmacotherapy were created. A total of 600 participants who regularly visit pharmacies were targeted. One hundred and fifty participants watched one of the four videos and answered questions about their willingness to provide information to pharmacists before and after watching the videos. Key findings: The positive factors influencing the willingness to provide information were trust in the pharmacist and knowing pharmacists’ contribution to pharmacotherapy. After watching any of the videos, the willingness to provide information increased (P<0.001). In addition, when the participants were divided into two groups based on whether or not they had already known about the video content, the willingness of the participants in both aware and unaware groups to provide information improved (P<0.001). The factors that improved willingness in participants with low willingness were an explanation from their family pharmacist and trust in the pharmacist. On the contrary, having diabetes was a restraining factor. Conclusion: The study revealed that publicizing pharmacists’ contribution to pharmacotherapy increases the patients’ willingness to provide information to the pharmacist, regardless of their original level of awareness of the contribution. Furthermore, patient-pharmacist relationships based on trust in the pharmacist were influential.

Protocol based Pharmacotherapy Management to Support the Treatment of Constipation in Rehabilitation Hospitals / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

Introduction: We investigated a protocol to support the treatment of constipation that was developed in collaboration with physicians and the effectiveness of Protocol Based Pharmacotherapy Management (PBPM) performed by pharmacists in improving constipation.Methiod: Patients with constipation who underwent PBPM between August 2020 and May 2021 were included in this study. The results of the Constipation Scoring System (CSS) and the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) assessments by pharmacists on the first day of intervention and at discharge were collected retrospectively to evaluate the efficacy of PBPM. Wilcoxon's signed rank test was used for statistical analysis, and the threshold value for rejecting the null hypothesis was p < 0.05.Results: Of the 23 eligible patients, three were excluded according to the criteria, and 20 patients were included. Median CSS improved significantly from 11.5 points [8.25-16.75] at the first intervention to 5.5 points [2.75-10.25] at discharge. The median BSFS improved significantly from Type 2 [2-3] to Type 3.5 [3-4]. Conclusion: PBPM by pharmacists to support the treatment of constipation resulted in improvement of constipation.

Investigation of Medical Device Program Defects Affecting Pharmacotherapy / 医薬品情報学

Objective:Medical device malfunctions can significantly impact pharmacotherapy. With advances in digital technology, smartphone applications for the treatment of nicotine addiction have recently been released in Japan. However, it cannot be denied that the malfunction of medical devices related to such programs may affect drug treatment. Therefore, we investigated malfunctioning medical devices related to the program.Methods: We investigated reports on malfunctions from FY 2006 to 2021, using the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency database.Results: A total of 94 cases of program-related medical device failures were reported in Japan. The malfunction of medical devices (such as infusion pumps and dialysis machines) associated with drug treatment were confirmed. The events included a rapid infusion of the drug and an inability to ascertain the total dose, both of which were caused by bugs in the program. Although the specifics are unknown, there was a malfunction in the contrast medium injection device as well.Conclusion: When issues arise with the dosage setting of medical devices, it is necessary to consider both human errors by medical staff as well as program bugs. Additionally, to provide safe drug therapy to patients, pharmacists must inspect the medical devices used in drug therapy when visiting hospital wards and patients' homes.

Current treatment landscape for obesity in Singapore

The rising prevalence of obesity in Singapore is a harbinger for a corresponding increase in obesity-related complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary heart disease. Obesity is a complex disease driven by multiple factors, and hence, treatment cannot follow a 'one-size-fits-all' approach. Lifestyle modifications involving dietary interventions, physical activity and behavioural changes remain the cornerstone of obesity management. However, similar to other chronic diseases such as T2DM and hypertension, lifestyle modifications are often insufficient on their own, hence the importance of other treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy, endoscopic bariatric therapy and metabolic-bariatric surgery. Weight loss medications currently approved in Singapore include phentermine, orlistat, liraglutide and naltrexone-bupropion. In recent years, endoscopic bariatric therapies have evolved as an effective, minimally invasive and durable therapeutic option for obesity. Metabolic-bariatric surgery remains the most effective and durable treatment for patients with severe obesity, with an average weight loss of 25%-30% after one year.

Research progress in pharmacotherapy of insomnia / 中国中药杂志

Insomnia is extremely common and is a risk factor for a variety of physical and psychological disorders in addition to contributing to the reduced quality of life of patients and the burden of healthcare costs. Although cognitive behavioral therapy is the first-line treatment for insomnia, its difficulty of access and high cost have hindered its application. Therefore, pharmacotherapy remains the common treatment choice for patients and clinicians. Existing chemical drugs including benzodiazepine receptor agonists, dual orexin receptor antagonists, melatonin and its receptor agonists, histamine antagonists, antidepressants, and antipsychotics are able to induce and/or maintain sleep and have good therapeutic effects on acute insomnia, but their efficacy on chronic insomnia is indefinite. Furthermore, they have several side effects and affect sleep structure and physiological function. Under the guiding principle of holistic view and treatment based on syndrome differentiation, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has shown a good effect in clinical practice, but with little high-grade clinical evidence. The mechanism, dose, half-life period, adjustment of sleep structure, and side effects of hypnotic drugs are key factors to be considered for clinical use. This paper analyzed and summarized the drugs for insomnia from the above aspects, and is expected to provide references for the application and development of sedative and hypnotic drugs.

Advancements in pharmacological therapy for transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis and its comorbidities / 中国药房

Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis myocardiopathy （ATTR-CM） is an infiltrative cardiomyopathy characterized by the deposition of amyloidogenic material in the myocardial interstitium due to the misfolding of monomers following the dissociation of unstable transthyretin （TTR） tetramers. Previous treatments for ATTR-CM lacked specificity，primarily targeting symptomatic management of heart failure and arrhythmias. In recent years，researchers have developed two major classes of drugs addressing the pathogenesis of ATTR-CM. The first class stabilizes TTR tetramer structure （such as tafamidis and acoramidis）， while the second class interferes with TTR synthesis （such as patisiran）. Among these，tafamidis has been confirmed as the only currently effective treatment for ATTR-CM，while other drugs are still in clinical trial stages with limited clinical evidence. Concerning the management of comorbidities in ATTR-CM，treatment mainly focuses on common cardiac comorbidities （such as heart failure and arrhythmias）. Traditional drugs used to improve heart failure prognosis （such as β-blockers and renin-angiotensin- receptor blocker），have not demonstrated prognosis improvement in ATTR-CM patients and may even lead to adverse reactions. For ATTR-CM patients with concurrent atrial fibrillation，anticoagulation therapy is recommended to prevent thrombus formation，and amiodarone can be used for rhythm control. Despite significant advancements in pharmaceutical treatments for ATTR-CM，the overall prognosis remains poor，necessitating further research into the pathogenesis and target development to enhance the prognosis of ATTR-CM patients.

Pharmacotherapy of patients with left ventricular assist devices / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are increasingly used in patients with end-stage heart failure. Devices significantly affect patient physiology, leading to unique complications and different drug treatment strategies. The pharmacist is an integral part of a multidisciplinary team and has the responsibility to help patients use their medicines safely and appropriately. It is important to anticipate common postoperative complications and prepare appropriate treatments for them. This article reviews the current guidelines and research literature on the management of pharmacotherapy in patients with LVAD, integrates clinical research practice, summarizes the medication relevant experience and presents a review.

Atenção farmacêutica e farmacoterapia do idoso: uma revisão integrativa / Pharmaceutical care and pharmacotherapy for the elderly: an integrative review / Atención farmacéutica y farmacoterapia de las personas mayores: una revisión integradora

Este trabalho tem como objetivo selecionar e sintetizar as evidências da literatura sobre o contexto atual da atenção farmacêutica e farmacoterapia do idoso, considerando os aspectos clínicos e sociais envolvidos. A revisão foi conduzida de acordo com as diretrizes do protocolo PRISMA, que consiste na busca, seleção, avaliação e síntese de estudos relevantes sobre o tema. Foram selecionados 15 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos. A análise dos artigos permitiu identificar que a atenção farmacêutica é um serviço que visa otimizar o uso racional de medicamentos e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, especialmente dos idosos, que apresentam maior risco de polifarmácia, interações medicamentosas e reações adversas. A farmacoterapia do idoso envolve aspectos fisiológicos, psicológicos, sociais e econômicos que devem ser considerados na prescrição, dispensação e acompanhamento dos medicamentos. No entanto, ainda há precariedade na integração do farmacêutico nas equipes de saúde. Conclui-se que a atenção farmacêutica é uma estratégia importante a ser implementada em todas as equipes de saúde públicas e privadas, para promover o uso seguro e efetivo dos medicamentos pelos idosos, contribuindo para um envelhecimento saudável e digno.

This paper aims to select and synthesize evidence from the literature on the current context of pharmaceutical care and pharmacotherapy of the elderly, considering the clinical and social aspects involved. The review was conducted according to the guidelines of the PRISMA protocol, which consists of the search, selection, evaluation and synthesis of relevant studies on the topic. Fifteen articles that have met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. The analysis of the articles allowed the identification that pharmaceutical care is a service that aims to optimize the rational use of medicines and improve the quality of life of patients, especially the elderly, who present a higher risk of polypharmacy, drug interactions, and adverse reactions. The pharmacotherapy of the elderly involves physiological, psychological, social, and economic aspects that must be considered when prescribing, dispensing, and monitoring medications. However, there is still a precariousness in the integration of the pharmacist in health teams. It is concluded that pharmaceutical care is an important strategy to be implemented in all public and private health teams, to promote the safe and effective use of medicines by the elderly, contributing to a healthy and dignified aging.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo seleccionar y sintetizar la evidencia de la literatura sobre el contexto actual de la atención farmacéutica y la farmacoterapia de las personas mayores, considerando los aspectos clínicos y sociales implicados. La revisión se ha realizado siguiendo las directrices del protocolo PRISMA, que consiste en la búsqueda, selección, evaluación y síntesis de estudios relevantes sobre el tema. Se seleccionaron 15 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. El análisis de los artículos permitió identificar que la atención farmacéutica es un servicio que tiene como objetivo optimizar el uso racional de los medicamentos y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes, especialmente de los ancianos, que presentan un mayor riesgo de polifarmacia, interacciones medicamentosas y reacciones adversas. La farmacoterapia del anciano implica aspectos fisiológicos, psicológicos, sociales y económicos que deben ser considerados a la hora de prescribir, dispensar y monitorizar los medicamentos. Sin embargo, todavía existe una precariedad en la integración del farmacéutico en los equipos de salud. Se concluye que la atención farmacéutica es una estrategia importante a ser implementada en todos los equipos de salud públicos y privados, para promover el uso seguro y eficaz de los medicamentos por los ancianos, contribuyendo para un envejecimiento saludable y digno.

Revisiting secondary prevention in coronary heart disease

Secondary prevention in coronary heart disease is the prevention of occurrence of recurrent coronary events after clinical diagnosis. High level of adherence to secondary prevention interventions, especially aggressive lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy can lead to significant decline in recurrent coronary events. Both international and Indian studies have reported low adherence to such therapies. Evidencebased useful interventions include regular physical activity, yoga, intake of healthy diet, smoking and tobacco use cessation and weight management. Pharmacotherapeutic interventions useful are antiplatelet therapy, target oriented lipid lowering therapy with statins, beta blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Hypertension and diabetes management with control to targets is important. Novel strategies include use of anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and triglyceride lowering for residual risk. Physician and patient level interventions using multifaceted educational, socioeconomic and technological innovations are important to promote life-long adherence to these strategies

Choosing Glucose-lowering Therapy: A Collaborative Choice Model

Diabetes care is challenging, and the increasing number of available therapeutic options has made it even more complex. Moreover, with an increasing prevalence across the world, it needs to be managed right from the primary care level to a quaternary care hospital. This calls for an easy-to-use algorithm that can be used by a general practitioner, who is often the first contact of a patient to manage diabetes in many countries. There are multiple models to assist in choice of pharmacotherapy, and these have evolved over time. We propose a user-friendly collaborative choice, as an aid to clinical decision-making. This alliterative framework supplements and strengthens existing guidance, by creating a comprehensive, yet simple, thought process for the diabetes care professional.

Dolor de espalda. Generalidades en su diagnóstico y tratamiento / Generalities of Back Pain in Diagnosis And Treatment

Introducción: El dolor de espalda es un síntoma frecuente y de distribución universal que afecta a personas de cualquier edad y de ambos sexos. El 80 % de la población presentará un dolor de espalda en algún momento de su vida. Los procesos agudos son autolimitados y se resuelven en el plazo de unas semanas, excepto algunos casos que se cronifican y requieren asistencia médica continuada. Los cuadros crónicos son más frecuentes en edades comprendidas entre 45 y 65 años y en el sexo femenino. Objetivo: Actualizar los elementos generales relacionados con el diagnóstico y tratamiento del dolor de espalda. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión detallada en la literatura en relación al dolor de espalda en cuanto a su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se obtuvo literatura actualizada en las bases de datos Cumed, Ibec, Lilac, Pubmed/Medline, Scopus y Wholis. Se hizo una revisión del tema fundamentalmente de los últimos 5 años. Conclusiones: El dolor de espalda es un síntoma frecuente y de distribución universal que afecta a personas de cualquier edad y de ambos sexos. Las recomendaciones presentadas están basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible, con la intención de estandarizarlas para el tratamiento del dolor de espalda en la Atención Primaria de Salud y para el tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico(AU)

Introduction: Back pain is a frequent and universally distributed symptom that affects people of any age and of both sexes. 80% of the population will experience back pain at some point in their lives. Acute processes are self-limiting and resolve within a few weeks, except for some cases that become chronic and require continued medical care. Chronic symptoms are more frequent in ages between 45 and 65 years and in the female sex. Objective: To update the general elements related to the diagnosis and treatment of back pain. Methods: A detailed review of the literature was carried out in relation to back pain in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Updated literature was retrieved from Cumed, Ibec, Lilac, Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Wholis databases. A review of the subject was made fundamentally of the last 5 years. Conclusions: Back pain is a frequent and universally distributed symptom that affects persons of any age and both sexes. The recommendations are based on the best available evidence, with the intention of standardizing them for treating back pain in Primary Health Care and for pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment(AU)

Efectos de los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos en las tendinopatías / Effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Tendinopathies

Introducción: Los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos son comúnmente usados para el tratamiento de las tendinopatías, pero la evidencia sobre este tratamiento es escasa. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática acerca de los efectos de los en las tendinopatías. Métodos: Se desarrolló una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, WOS, PEDro, Medline, Cinahl y SPORTDiscus. Se incluyeron un total de 13 ensayos clínicos con una calidad metodológica media de 7,15/10 en la escala PEDro. Conclusiones: En la mayoría de los artículos se observó una mejoría corto plazo en el dolor y la funcionalidad con el uso de AINEs. Los ensayos clínicos incluidos no analizaron la presencia de inflamación en esta patología. Se necesitan más estudios que determinen la función de la inflamación en la tendinopatía que justifique el uso de los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos(AU)

Introduction: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used for the treatment of tendinopathies, but the evidence on this treatment is scarce. Objective: To carry out a systematic review about the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in tendinopathies. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, WOS, PEDro, Medline, Cinahl and SPORTDiscus. A total of 13 clinical trials with a mean methodological quality of 7.15/10 on the PEDro scale were included. Conclusions: In most of the articles, a short-term improvement in pain and functionality was observed with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The clinical trials included did not analyze the presence of inflammation in this pathology. More studies are needed to determine the role of inflammation in tendinopathy that justifies the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(AU)

Deprescripción de medicamentos en pacientes adultos mayores: una revisión de la literatura / Deprescribing medications for elderly patients: a narrative review

Dado el envejecimiento poblacional que vive Chile, se hace cada vez más importante evaluar la seguridad y uso de medicamentos en adultos mayores. Una de las estrategias propuestas a nivel internacional es la deprescripción, que consiste en la disminución o eliminación de fármacos utilizados como tratamiento habitual. Para ello se diseñó esta revisión narrativa que pretendeofrecer un análisis de la literatura de la deprescripción de medicamentos en adultos mayores, con el fin de promover su práctica. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados entre los años 2003 al 2021, en bases de datos como Science Direct, MEDLINE, TripdataBase y Web of Science, seleccionando aquellos con mayor nivel de evidencia. Según la revisión la deprescripción, en general, se define como un proceso de retirada de la medicación inapropiada, bajo la supervisión de un profesional; siendo su principal causa la presencia de polifarmacia, y la prescripción de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados. Los principales fármacos deprescritos con éxito (sin necesidad de ser reincorporados) corresponden a benzodiazepinas, antipsicóticos atípicos, corticoides, antidepresivos tricíclicos, estatinas e inhibidores de la bomba de protones. En conclusión: la deprescripción es un proceso poco estudiado, especialmente a nivel local; sin embargo, existe suficiente evidencia que avala la disminución los problemas de salud, en especial los referidos a la seguridad de la farmacoterapia en los adultos mayores.

It is becoming increasingly important to evaluate the safety and use of medications in older people in Chile, given the ageing of its population. Deprescription, which is defined as the reduction or elimination of drugs used by a given patient, is one of the strategies, proposed at the international level, to improve the safety of the pharmacotherapy. For this reason, this narrative review was designed, which aims to offer an analysis of the literature on medication deprescription in older adults, to promote its practice. For this, a search of articles published between 2003 and 2021 was performed in databases such as Science Direct, MEDLINE, TripdataBase, and Web of Science. The articles with the highest level of evidence were selected. It was found that deprescription, in general, is defined as a process of withdrawal of inappropriate drugs under the supervision of a healthcare professional; its leading cause is the presence of polypharmacy and the prescription of potentially problematic medications. The main medicines successfully deprescribed (without reincorporation) were benzodiazepines, atypical antipsychotics, corticosteroids, tricyclic antidepressants, statins, and proton pump inhibitors. In conclusion: deprescription is a poorly studied process, especially at the local level; however, there is sufficient evidence to support the reduction in health problems, especially those related to the safety of pharmacotherapy in the elderly.

Toolkit for delivering the 3Es and 6As tobacco interventions in dental care

Tobacco use is one of the major public health problems in India and also the single most important remediable public health problem. Tobacco cessation is the need of the hour. The dentists have a unique opportunity and professional obligation to be a positive influence in reducing the economic and social burden inflicted by tobacco use on dental and general health. However, dentists, in general, have not widely embraced tobacco cessation in practice. In this article, an evidence-based model (an adaptation of the World Health Organization “5As” tobacco cessation model) is presented for the dentist to help patients avoid tobacco initiation, to encourage and assist patients in tobacco cessation

Farmacoterapia da atrofia muscular espinhal / Pharmacotherapy of spinal muscular atrophy

Realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os medicamentos específicos empregados no tratamento da Atrofia Muscular Espinhal (AME), uma doença genética neurodegenerativa caracterizada por fraqueza nos membros e atrofia muscular. Revisão narrativa de literatura, realizada por meio de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, baseada em estudos por meio de uma seleção classificatória de pesquisas sobre a farmacoterapia da AME. Os fármacos aprovados para o tratamento da AME fazem parte do arsenal da terapia gênica: nusinersena, onasemnogeno abeparvoveque e risdiplam. Com exceção do onasemnogeno abeparvoveque, utilizado em dose única, os demais devem ser utilizados pelo resto da vida. Todos eles, de maneiras distintas, elevam os níveis da proteína SMN (sobrevivência do neurônio motor), cuja deficiência leva à morte dos neurônios motores, causando aos sintomas progressivos da AME. Estes medicamentos apresentam custo elevado e são pouco acessíveis, sendo que apenas o nusinersena é disponibilizado pelo SUS. No momento as alternativas de tratamento farmacológico são escassas e de difícil acesso e a cura, apesar dos esforços da ciência, ainda está distante da realidade. No entanto, a terapia gênica se mostra como um diferencial para o tratamento e controle da AME, representando uma inovação e esperança para os pacientes com esta doença

Treatment of optic neuromyelitis with acupuncture and medicine: one case report and literature review / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of Shugan Mingmu Decoction plus Rehmannia Decoction combined with acupuncture in the treatment of optic neuromyelitis. Methods:The data of one case of optic neuromyelitis cured by Chinese medicine combined with acupuncture and related literature were analyzed. Shugan Mingmu Decoction was used to clear the liver, nourish blood, brighten the eyes and relieve blindness. Rehmannia Decoction was used to nourish the kidney, invigorate the Yin and Yang, soften the liver, strengthen the tendons, and vibrate the withering. The combination of Shu acupoints and extraordinary acupoints was used flexibly and skillfully. Penetration of acupoints was performed to activate the meridians and Qi. Results:The patient's vision quickly recovered, and his lower limb motor function was gradually improved until complete recovery, which help improve patient's ability to live and work.Conclusion:The use of Qinggan Mingmu Decoction and Rehmannia Decoction combined with acupuncture at meridians and extraordinary acupoints for treatment of optic neuromyelitis show clinical advantages including improving curative effects, avoiding the deterioration of the disease and the risk of hormone therapy, and improving the prognosis. It has a good application prospect.