Physical Fitness Parameters of Elite Chinese Wheelchair Curlers / Parámetros de Aptitud Física de Curlers en Silla de Ruedas Chinos de Élite

SUMMARY: Few international studies have analyzed the characteristics of elite wheelchair curlers competing on the international stage. This study aims to investigate the physical fitness parameters of elite Chinese wheelchair curlers and explore the corresponding training enlightenment. Sixteen wheelchair curlers from the Chinese national team, including six male and two female Winter Paralympic gold medalists, were selected as research participants. The following parameters were measured: age, training age, height, weight, body fat percentage, grip strength, absolute bench press strength, and 5-km wheelchair push-timing test. Compared with ordinary curlers of the Chinese wheelchair curling team, elite curlers were older in age and training age; male curlers were shorter, whereas female curlers were taller. However, their weight and body fat percentage were lower, and their grip strength, absolute strength in the bench press, and 5-k wheelchair push-timing test were better. From an athlete development and physical training perspective, wheelchair curlers should increase training years in order to accumulate competition experience. Additionally, these athletes should manage their body weight and fat percentage, and improve their upper limb strength and aerobic capacity.

Pocos estudios internacionales han analizado las características de los curlers en silla de ruedas de élite que compiten en el escenario internacional. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar los parámetros de aptitud física de los bigudíes chinos en silla de ruedas de élite y explorar la iluminación del entrenamiento correspondiente. Se seleccionaron como participantes de la investigación dieciséis curlers en silla de ruedas del equipo nacional chino, incluidos seis medallistas de oro masculinos y dos femeninos de los Juegos Paralímpicos de Invierno. Se midieron los siguientes parámetros: edad, edad de entrenamiento, altura, peso, porcentaje de grasa corporal, fuerza de agarre, fuerza absoluta en press de banca y prueba de sincronización de empuje en silla de ruedas de 5 km. En comparación con los curlers ordinarios del equipo chino de curling en silla de ruedas, los curlers de élite eran mayores en edad y tiempo de entrenamiento; Los curlers masculinos eran más bajos, mientras que las mujeres eran más altas. Sin embargo, su peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal fueron menores, y su fuerza de agarre, fuerza absoluta en press de banca y prueba de sincronización de empuje en silla de ruedas de 5-k fueron mejores. Desde la perspectiva del desarrollo del atleta y del entrenamiento físico, los curlers en silla de ruedas deberían aumentar los años de entrenamiento para acumular experiencia en competencia. Además, estos deportistas deben controlar su peso corporal y porcentaje de grasa, y mejorar la fuerza de sus miembros superiores y su capacidad aeróbica.

High-intensity interval training in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review / Entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad en personas con lesiones medulares: una revisión sistemática / Treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade em pessoas com lesão da medula espinhal: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiometabolic parameters, and cardiorespiratory fitness to compile the most used HIIT training types in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: This is a systematic review of searches performed in the electronic databases PubMed / Medline, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Studies included I) needed to apply HIIT training II) adults with SCI to analyze III) cardiometabolic aspects and cardiorespiratory fitness. Two independent reviewers selected the articles for inclusion, extracted their data, and assessed their methodological quality. Results: 654 studies were found. Thus, 12 studies, 11 pre- and post-intervention, and one control group (CG) with 106 participants were analyzed. Pre- and post-HIITT intervention results revealed significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic aspects (VO2peak, LDH, HDL, insulin resistance). In addition, GC results revealed significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness observed in the intervention group (HIIT) compared to the moderate-low intensity (GC) group. Seven studies used the arm ergometer as the primary exercise modality. Two studies described functional electrical stimulation (FES) performed with the arm ergometer plus electrical stimulation in the lower limbs. None reported heart rate dynamics during the study period. Conclusion: High-intensity interval training improves physical fitness and cardiometabolic health in adults with SCI. Evidence level II; Systematic Review of level II studies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT) sobre los parámetros cardiometabólicos, fitness cardiorrespiratorio y recopilar los tipos de HIIT más utilizados en el entrenamiento en adultos con lesión medular (LME). Métodos: Se trata de una revisión sistemática, para lo cual se realizaron búsquedas en bases de datos electrónicas PubMed/Medline, Science Direct y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron estudios que I) necesitaban aplicar entrenamiento HIIT en II) adultos con SCI y analizar III) aspectos cardiometabólicos y aptitud cardiorrespiratoria. Dos revisores independientes seleccionaron los artículos para su inclusión, extrajeron sus datos y evaluaron su calidad metodológica. Resultados: De los 654 estudios encontrados, se analizaron 12 estudios, 11 pre y post intervención y 1 grupo control (GC) con un total de 106 participantes. Los resultados previos y posteriores a la intervención HIIT revelaron una mejora significativa en la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y los aspectos cardiometabólicos (VO2pico, LDH, HDL, resistencia a la insulina). Los resultados de GC revelaron una mejora significativa en la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria observada del grupo de intervención (HIIT) en comparación con el grupo de intensidad moderada-baja (GC). Siete estudios utilizaron el ergómetro de brazo como la modalidad principal de ejercicio. Dos estudios describieron la estimulación eléctrica funcional (EEF) realizada con el ergómetro de brazo más la estimulación eléctrica en los miembros inferiores. Ninguno informó la dinámica de la frecuencia cardíaca durante el período de estudio. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento intervalos de alta intensidad mejora la condición física y la salud cardiometabólica en adultos con LME. Evidencia de nivel II; Revisión sistemática de estudios de nivel II.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) nos parâmetros cardiometabólicos, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e compilar os tipos de HIIT mais utilizados no treinamento em adultos com lesão da medula espinhal (LME). Métodos: Trata-se de revisão sistemática, para a qual foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed / Medline, Science Direct e Google Scholar. Foram incluídos estudos em que I) o treinamento HIIT era aplicado em II) adultos com LME e analisaram III) os aspectos cardiometabólicos e aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Dois revisores independentes selecionaram os artigos para a inclusão, extraindo seus dados e avaliarando a sua qualidade metodológica. Resultados: 654 estudos foram encontrados. Desses, 12 estudos, 11 pré e pós intervenção e 1 grupo controle (GC) com um total de 106 participantes foram analisados. Resultados pré e pós intervenção de HIIT revelaram significante melhora na aptidão cardiorrespiratória e aspectos cardiometabólicos (VO2pico, LDH, HDL, resistência à insulina). Resultados do GC revelaram uma significativa melhoria na aptidão cardiorrespiratória observada no grupo de intervenção (HIIT) em relação ao grupo de intensidade moderada-baixa (GC). Sete estudos usaram o ergômetro de braço como modalidade de exercício primária. Dois estudos descreveram a estimulação elétrica funcional (EEF) realizada com o ergômetro de braço adicionando estimulação elétrica nos membros inferiores. Nenhum relatou a dinâmica da frequência cardíaca durante o período do estudo. Conclusão: O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade melhora a aptidão física e a saúde cardiometabólica em adultos com LME. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemática de Estudos de Nível II.

Gold score athletics: talent detection model for track and field / Gold score athletics: modelo de detección de talentos para el atletismo / Gold score athletics: modelo de detecção de talentos para o atletismo

ABSTRACT Introduction: Talent detection is a dynamic and multifactorial process that must start at school. Objective: Create a mathematical model for evaluating the sporting potential of schoolchildren for athletics in speed, throwing, and endurance events and to test its psychometric properties. Methods: 2871 schoolchildren of both sexes, from 11 to 17 years old, from a military school participated. Between 2015 and 2019, students were submitted to a multidimensional battery of tests containing anthropometric, physical-motor, psychological, socio-environmental, maturational, and performance indicators. In addition, ten teachers evaluated the students regarding the intangibles aspects of their sporting potential and the expectation of future success during this period. Adopting analytical and heuristic procedures, the Gold Score Athletics was created - linear, hybrid (tests + coaches´ eye), and weighted index, according to each indicator's importance, depending on the event type. Results: In the model validation sample (n = 1384), 13.9%, 16.6%, and 11.7% of boys and 10.9%, 10.1%, and 9.1% of girls were classified as high potential (Gold Score ≥ 60) for speed, throwing and endurance events, respectively. Internal consistency (r = 0.76 to 0.82) and diagnostic stability were high (r = 0.72 to 0.81). The Gold Score Athletics for sprinters, throwers, and long-distance runners, both for boys and girls, was higher in students selected for a national competition when compared to those not selected (p < 0.001; d: 0.95 a 1.44) - construct validity - and higher in medalists in an athletics competition, held two years after diagnosis, when compared to non-medalists (p < 0.05; d: 0.62 a 1.87) - predictive validity. Conclusion: The Gold Score Athletics is a valid and reliable scientific model for evaluating the sport's potential of schoolchildren, being useful in the talents detection for Athletics. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic study.

RESUMEN Introducción: La detección de talentos es un proceso dinámico y multifactorial que debe iniciarse en la escuela. Objetivo: Crear un modelo matemático para evaluar el potencial deportivo de escolares para pruebas de velocidad, lanzamiento y resistencia en atletismo, y probar sus propiedades psicométricas. Métodos: Participaron 2871 escolares de ambos sexos de 11 a 17 años de una escuela militar. Los estudiantes fueron sometidos a una batería de pruebas multidimensionales, que contenían indicadores antropométricos, físico-motores, psicológicos, socioambientales, madurativos y de desempeño. 10 docentes evaluaron a los alumnos sobre los aspectos intangibles del potencial deportivo y la expectativa de éxito futuro. Adoptando procedimientos analíticos y heurísticos, se creó el Gold Score Athletics, índice lineal, híbrido (pruebas + mirada del profesor) y ponderado, según la importancia de cada indicador según el tipo de prueba. Resultados: En la muestra de validación del modelo (n = 1384), el 13,9%, 16,6% y 11,7% de los niños y el 10,9%, 10,1% y 9,1% de las niñas fueron clasificados como de alto potencial (Gold Score ≥ 60) en velocidad, lanzamiento y eventos de resistencia. La consistencia interna (r = 0,76 a 0,82) y la estabilidad diagnóstica fueron altas (r = 0,72 a 0,81). El Gold Score Athletics para velocistas, lanzadores y corredores de fondo, para ambos sexos, fue mayor en los estudiantes seleccionados para una competición nacional en comparación con los no seleccionados (p < 0.001; d: 0,95 a 1,44) - validez del constructo - y mayor en medallistas en una competición de atletismo, realizada dos años después del diagnóstico, en comparación con los no medallistas (p < 0,05; d: 0,62 a 1,87) - validez predictiva. Conclusión: El Gold Score Athletics es un modelo científico válido y fiable para evaluar el potencial deportivo de los escolares, siendo útil en la detección de talentos para el Atletismo. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio diagnóstico.

RESUMO Introdução: A detecção de talentos é um processo dinâmico e multifatorial que deve começar pela escola. Objetivo: Criar um modelo matemático de avaliação do potencial esportivo de escolares para as provas de velocidade, lançamentos e resistência no atletismo, e testar as suas propriedades psicométricas. Métodos: Participaram 2871 escolares de ambos os sexos de 11 a 17 anos de um colégio militar. Os alunos foram submetidos a uma bateria de testes multidimensionais, contendo indicadores antropométricos, físico-motores, psicológicos, socioambientais, maturacionais e de desempenho. 10 professores avaliaram os alunos quanto aos aspectos intangíveis do potencial esportivo e a expectativa de sucesso futuro. Adotando procedimentos analíticos e heurísticos, criou-se o Gold Score Athletics - índice linear, híbrido (testes + olho do treinador) e ponderado, de acordo com a importância de cada indicador em função do tipo de prova. Resultados: Na amostra de validação do modelo (n = 1384), 13,9%, 16,6% e 11,7% dos meninos e 10,9%, 10,1% e 9,1% das meninas foram classificados como elevado potencial (Gold Score ≥ 60) para provas de velocidade, lançamentos e resistência respectivamente. A consistência interna (r = 0,76 a 0,82) e estabilidade do diagnóstico foram elevadas (r = 0,72 a 0,81). O Gold Score Athletics para velocistas, lançadores e corredores de longa distância, para ambos os sexos, foi maior nos estudantes selecionados para uma competição nacional quando comparados aos não selecionados (p < 0,001; d: 0,95 a 1,44) - validade de construto - e maior nos medalhistas em uma competição de Atletismo, realizada dois anos após o diagnóstico, quando comparados aos não medalhistas (p < 0,05; d: 0,62 a 1,87) - validade preditiva. Conclusão: O Gold Score Athletics é um modelo científico válido e fidedigno de avaliação do potencial esportivo de escolares, sendo útil na detecção de talentos para o Atletismo. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo diagnóstico.

Effects of after school exercise service on physical fitness in primary school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the effects of after school exercise service (referred to as the "after school ES") on physical health, so as to provide evidence for possible beneficial effect of after school ES.@*Methods@#Students in the fourth grade of primary school were recruited from September 2021 to July 2022 in Changsha City and divided into the control group ( n =220) and the after school ES group ( n =220). The control group only participated in the regular physical education activities of the school. The after school ES group received after school ES for one academic year, 4 times a week, 40-50 minutes per time, for a total of 32 weeks. Body shape indicators such as height, weight and percentage of body fat, as well as physical fitness indicators such as 50 meter running, grip strength and progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) were measured in September to October 2021 and June to July 2022, respectively. Independent sample t-test, Chi square test and two factors repeated measurement analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis of the data.@*Results@#After one academic year, compared with the control group [(13.52±2.30)kg], muscle mass of primary school students in the after school ES group [(13.76±2.32)kg] significantly increased, while waist to hip ratio [(0.95±0.16)] and percentage of body fat [(20.17±7.43)%] significantly decreased compared to the control group [(1.01±0.21), (22.02±12.34)%]( F=330.70, 6.85, 4.33, P <0.05). The proportion of overweight and obesity in after school ES group decreased significantly from 19.5% to 12.3% ( χ 2=4.35, P <0.05). Compared with the control group, the scores of 50 meter running [(10.00±1.06, 10.21±0.83)s], 1 minute sit up [(33.25±8.24, 30.76±9.34)times], sitting and flexion [(14.53±7.50, 8.59±6.32)cm], 1 minute rope skipping [(125.01±30.50, 115.97±32.09)times], eyes closed and single legged standing [(30.00±34.72, 25.72±23.82)s], selective response time [(635.66±91.72, 652.79±120.42)ms] and VO 2max [(45.31± 1.02 , 43.67±0.85)mL/(kg〖 ·min)] in the after school ES group were significantly improved, with statistical significance ( F= 5.32 , 443.14, 97.23, 814.07, 36.49, 6.11, 396.91, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#After school ES can improve body shape of primary school students, reduce the risk of overweight and obesity and enhance physical fitness. It is recommended that schools should appropriately increase after school ES to promote physical fitness of students.

The effect of mini basketball on upper limb strength performance in children aged 4-6 years: a Meta analysis / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To systematically evaluate the effect of mini basketball on children s upper limb strength in China, and to provide basis for the development of kindergarten mini basketball and the improvement of children s upper limb strength performance.@*Methods@#CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched from the establishment of the database to July 26, 2023. The PICOST model was used for literature screening, and 13 literature with a total of 20 studies were finally included. The Cochrane System Evaluation Criteria was used for literature quality evaluation. Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 17 were used for statistical analysis and publication bias test.@*Results@#A total of 939 children were included in 20 studies, including 470 in the experimental group and 469 in the control group. Meta analysis showed that mini basketball had an extremely significant effect on the improvement of children s upper limb strength ( SMD=0.83, 95%CI=0.53-1.13, Z=5.40, P < 0.01 ). The results of subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant gender difference in the improvement of children s upper limb strength by mini basketball ( P >0.05), mini basketball exercise with an intervention time of less than or equal to 30 minutes ( SMD=0.49, 95%CI=0.29-0.70, Z=4.70, P <0.01) and an exercise cycle of more than 12 weeks ( SMD=1.25, 95%CI=0.54-1.96, Z= 3.45 , P<0.01) can achieve a better intervention effect on the upper limb strength of children. Meta regression results showed that the exercise intervention time was the main source of heterogeneity ( t=2.71, 95%CI= 1.38-22.93, P <0.05). Egger s test showed that the publication bias of the included studies was not statistically significant ( t=0.78, P >0.05).@*Conclusions@#Mini basketball training can improve the upper limb strength of children, but there is no significant gender difference. The upper limb strength is affected by the restriction of intervention time and exercise cycle. Schools can appropriately add small basketball in physical education classes to improve children s upper limb strength.

Efetividade de um programa multiprofissional de tratamento da obesidade durante a pandemia de COVID-19: aplicação do monitoramento remoto da enfermagem / Efectividad de un programa multidisciplinario de tratamiento de la obesidad durante la pandemia de COVID-19: aplicación de monitoreo remoto de enfermería / Effectiveness of a multidisciplinary obesity treatment program during the COVID-19 pandemic: application of remote nursing monitoring

Objetivo: Verificar a efetividade do monitoramento remoto da enfermagem associada a um programa multi-profissional de tratamento de obesidade na melhora dos biomarcadores cardiometabólicos e indicadores da aptidão física relacionada à saúde de adultos com obesidade acompanhados durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo caracterizado como um Ensaio Clínico Pragmático, realizado em um município do Sul do Brasil, com 22 mulheres, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos, portadores de telefone celular com acesso ao aplicativo WhatsApp® durante 16 semanas. Foram realizadas avaliações pré e pós intervenção por meio de exames labo-ratoriais, capazes de determinar os biomarcadores cardiometabólicos: HDL, triglicerídeos, LDL, colesterol total, glicemia, hemoglobina glicada, insulina, Homa-IR, Homa-β, PCR-us; e de testes capazes de avaliar os níveis da aptidão física relacionada à saúde: composição corporal, aptidão cardiorrespiratória, força muscular e flexibili-dade. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do teste t para amostras pareadas e correlacionados a partir do valor de delta absoluto de cada variável por meio da correlação de Pearson. Os resultados foram considerados significantes quando o valor de p foi < 0,05. Este estudo possui parecer favorável do Comitê Nacional de Ética em Pesquisas. Resultados: Foram observadas melhoras significativas nos níveis de glicemia, insulina, Homa-IR e HDL, bem como nos indicadores de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e força muscular. Conclusão: O monitoramento remoto da enfermagem associado a um programa multiprofissional de tratamento de obesidade é uma inter-venção efetiva na melhoria dos biomarcadores cardiometabólicos e dos indicadores da AFRS.

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del monitoreo remoto de enfermería, en asociación con un programa multiprofesional de tratamiento de la obesidad, para mejorar los biomarcadores cardiometabólicos y los indicadores de aptitud física relacionados con la salud en adultos obesos durante la pandemia de COVID-19.Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un Ensayo Clínico Pragmático en un municipio del sur de Brasil, con la participación de 22 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 50 años, que contaban con teléfonos móviles con acceso a la aplicación WhatsApp® durante un período de 16 semanas. Se realizaron evaluaciones pre y postintervención mediante exámenes de laboratorio, que permitieron determinar los biomarcadores cardiometabólicos: HDL, triglicéridos, LDL, colesterol total, glucemia, hemoglobina glucosilada, insulinemia, Homa-IR, Homa-β, hs-CRP; y pruebas para evaluar los niveles de aptitud física relacionados con la salud: composición corporal, aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, fuerza muscular y flexibilidad. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron utilizando la prueba t para muestras pareadas y se correlacionaron mediante la correlación de Pearson, a partir del valor delta absoluto de cada variable. Se consideraron resultados significativos cuando el valor de p fue < 0,05. Este estudio recibió la aprobación del Comité Nacional de Ética en Investigación.Resultados: Se observaron mejoras significativas en los niveles de glucosa en sangre, insulina, Homa-IR y HDL, así como en los indicadores de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y fuerza muscular.Conclusión: El monitoreo remoto de enfermería, en asociación con un programa multidisciplinario de tratamiento de la obesidad, resulta en una intervención eficaz para mejorar los biomarcadores cardiometabólicos y los indicadores de aptitud física relacionados con la salud.

Objective: To verify the effectiveness of remote nursing monitoring associated with a multi-professional obesity treatment program to improve cardiometabolic biomarkers and health-related physical fitness indicators in obese adults followed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study was characterized as a Pragmatic Clinical Trial, carried out in a municipality in the south of Brazil. It involved 22 women aged between 18 and 50 years, who had cell phones with access to the WhatsApp® application for 16 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention evaluations were carried out through laboratory tests capable of determining cardiometabolic biomarkers: HDL, triglycerides, LDL, total cholesterol, glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, insulinemia, Homa-IR, Homa-β, hs-CRP. As well as tests capable of assessing the levels of physical fitness related to health: body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and flexibility. The data obtained were analyzed using the t-test for paired samples and correlated from the absolute delta value of each variable using Pearson's correlation. Results were considered significant when the p value was <0.05. This study received a favorable opinion from the National Research Ethics Committee. Results: The study observed significant improvements in blood glucose, insulin, Homa-IR and HDL levels, as well as in indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength. Conclusion: Remote nursing monitoring associated with a multidisciplinary obesity treatment program is an effective intervention for improving cardiometabolic biomarkers and AFRS indicators.

Physical Fitness Parameters of Elite Chinese Male Canoe Slalom Paddlers / Parámetros de Aptitud Física de los Remeros Masculinos Chinos de Élite en Canoa Slalom

SUMMARY: This study aimed to investigate the physical fitness parameters of elite Chinese male canoe slalom athletes and explore the corresponding training strategies. Eight elite male slalom kayakers from the Chinese national team were selected as research subjects. The following parameters were measured: age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), arm span, upper arm circumference, body fat percentage, maximum oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood lactic acid level, upper limb strength, and 300-m linear speed in flat water. Compared with elite international male slalom athletes, elite Chinese male slalom athletes had lower values for age, height, weight, BMI, arm span, and upper arm circumference, while body fat percentage, bench push, and bench pull values were greater, and the 300 m straight-line speed in flat water was slower. From an athlete development and physical training perspective, elite Chinese male slalom athletes should prioritize the accumulation of competitive experience instead of increasing training years in order to swiftly reach top international standards. Additionally, these athletes should manage their body fat percentage and improve their aerobic capacity, paddling skills, mechanical work, and linear speed in flat water.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los parámetros de aptitud física de los atletas masculinos chinos de élite de canoa slalom y explorar las estrategias de entrenamiento correspondientes. Ocho hombres kayakistas de élite de slalom del equipo nacional chino fueron seleccionados como sujetos de investigación. Se midieron los siguientes parámetros: edad, talla, peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), envergadura, perímetro braquial, porcentaje de grasa corporal, consumo máximo de oxígeno, frecuencia cardiaca, nivel de ácido láctico en sangre, fuerza de los miembros superiores y carrera de 300 m y velocidad lineal en agua plana. En comparación con los atletas internacionales masculinos de slalom de élite, los atletas chinos de slalom masculinos de élite tenían valores más bajos para la edad, la altura, el peso, el IMC, la envergadura del brazo y la circunferencia del brazo superior, mientras que los valores de porcentaje de grasa corporal, empuje de banco y tirón de banco eran mayores y la velocidad en línea recta de 300 m en aguas planas fue más lenta. Desde la perspectiva del desarrollo del atleta y el entrenamiento físico, los atletas de slalom masculinos chinos de élite deberían priorizar la acumulación de experiencia competitiva en lugar de aumentar los años de entrenamiento para alcanzar rápidamente los más altos estándares internacionales. Además, estos atletas deben controlar su porcentaje de grasa corporal y mejorar su capacidad aeróbica, habilidades de remo, trabajo mecánico y velocidad lineal en aguas tranquilas.

Análisis de la condición física, composición corporal y somatotipo en deportistas colombianos / Analysis of the physical condition, body composition and somatotype in colombian athletes / Análise da condição física, composição corporal e somatotipo em atletas colombianos

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la condición física, composición corporal y el somatotipo en deportistas colombianos. Participaron 618 deportistas (Mujeres 25,89%), con edad de 14 a 22 años. Se tomaron medidas cinantropométricas y se realizaron pruebas de resistencia cardiovascular en tapiz rodante, salto squat jump y contramovimiento, flexibilidad sit and reach y abdominales en 1min. Los deportistas del grupo de deportes de marca y precisión obtuvieron el porcentaje de grasa y porcentaje de masa ósea más altos, mientras el grupo de deportes de combate fue el índice de masa corporal, la capacidad aeróbica, la fuerza de resistencia abdominal y los saltos; en el grupo de deportes de pelota fue el porcentaje de recuperación, y en el grupo de tiempo y marca, sobresalió el porcentaje de masa muscular y la flexibilidad. El somatotipo predominante fue mesomórfico. Los resultados más altos en cada variable dependieron de la disciplina deportiva practicada.

The objective of this study was to determine the physical condition, body composition, and somatotype in Colombian athletes. 618 athletes participated (Women 25.89%), from 14 to 22 years old. Cynanthropometric measurements were taken, and cardiovascular endurance tests were performed on treadmill, as well as squat jumps and counter movements, the sit and reach flexibility test and the amount of sit ups in 1 min. The athletes in the brand and precision sports group had the highest percentage of fat and bone mass, while the combat sports group had the highest body mass index, aerobic capacity, abdominal resistance strength, and jumping; in the ball sports group the highest percentage was the recovery time; and in the time and brand group, the percentage of muscle mass and flexibility stood out. The predominant somatotype was mesomorphic. The highest results in each variable depended on the sports discipline they practiced.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a condição física, composição corporal e somatotipo em atletas colombianos. Participaram 618 atletas (Mulheres 25,89%), com idades entre 14 e 22 anos. Vinte medidas cineantropométricas foram realizadas e testes de resistência cardiovascular foram realizados em esteira, agachamento salto e contramovimento, sentar e alcançar flexibilidade e abdominais em 1 min. Atletas do grupo de esportes de marca e de precisão tiveram o maior percentual de gordura e massa óssea, enquanto o grupo de esportes de combate apresentou o maior índice de massa corporal, capacidade aeróbica, força de resistência abdominal e saltos; no grupo de esportes com bola foi o percentual de recuperação, e no grupo tempo e marca, o percentual de massa muscular e flexibilidade se destacaram. O somatotipo predominante foi o mesomórfico. Os maiores resultados em cada variável dependeram do esporte praticado.

High Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point Values Are Related to Cardiovascular Mortality in Men Aged 46 to 70 Years: a Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract Background: Several hemodynamic and respiratory variables measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) have been shown to predict survival. One such measure is the cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) that reflects the best possible circulation-respiration interaction, but there are still limited data on its relationship with adverse outcomes. Objective: To assess the association between COP and cardiovascular mortality in men aged 46 to 70 years. Methods: A sample of 2201 men who had anthropometric, clinical, and COP data obtained during cycling CPX between 1995 and 2022 was extracted from the CLINIMEX Exercise cohort. COP was identified as the minimal minute-to-minute VE/VO2 during CPX. Vital data were censored on October 31, 2022 for ICD-10-identified cardiovascular deaths. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: The mean ± standard deviation age was 57 ± 6 years and the median COP value was 24 (interquartile range = 21.2 to 27.4). During a mean follow-up of 4688 ± 2416 days, 129 (5.6%) patients died from cardiovascular causes. The death rates for low (< 28), high (28 to 30), and very high (> 30) categories of COP were 3.2%, 9.6%, and 18.7%, respectively. Following adjustment for age, history of myocardial infarction, diagnosis of coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus, the HR (95% CI) for cardiovascular mortality comparing very high versus low COP was 2.76 (1.87 to 4.07; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our data indicate that, for a general population-based sample of men, COP > 30 represents a considerably higher risk for cardiovascular death. Information on COP could assist cardiovascular risk assessment in men.

Variação da pressão arterial não se associa com a aptidão física e mobilidade funcional de idosas hipertensas / Blood pressure variation is not associated with physical fitness and functional mobility in hypertensive elderly women

Objetivo: associar a variação da pressão arterial (PA) com alguns componentes da aptidão física relacionada à saúde e a mobilidade funcional em mulheres idosas hipertensas. Metodologia: foram avaliadas 37 voluntárias com idade entre 61 e 80 anos no Laboratório de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão sobre Envelhecimento (LEPEEn). A PA foi aferida em repouso e 15 minutos após a realização dos testes, na posição sentada. Realizou-se a composição corporal, os testes de força de preensão manual (FPM), sentar-se e levantar da cadeira (SLC), marcha estacionaria (ME), time up and go (TUG), e velocidade da caminhada (VC). Foi utilizada a correlação linear de Pearson para verificar as possíveis associações entre as variáveis. Resultados: a variação (Δ) da PA entre o repouso e a recuperação não apresentou diferença significativa (p > 0,05). A FPM do membro dominante e os desempenhos nos testes TUG e VC foram satisfatórios. Porém, os resultados obtidos nos testes de SLC e ME ficaram ligeiramente abaixo do indicado. Observou-se que o percentual de músculo esquelético foi considerado normal, porém o percentual de gordura e o índice de massa corporal ficaram acima dos valores de referência. Conclusão: é provável que o excesso de gordura tenha influenciado na resposta hipotensora após os testes, corroborando assim, para que não houvesse associação entre as variáveis do estudo.

Objective: to analyse the association of variations in blood pressure (BP) with some components of physical fitness related to health and functional mobility in elderly hypertensive women. Methodology: 37 volunteers aged between 61 and 80 years were evaluated at the Laboratory of Teaching, Research and Extension on Aging (LEPEEn). BP was measured at rest and 15 minutes after the tests were performed, in a sitting position. Body composition, handgrip strength (HGS), sitting and standing from a chair (SGC), stationary gait (SG), time up and go (TUG), and walking speed (WS) tests were performed. Pearson's linear correlation was used to verify possible associations between variables. Results: the BP variation (Δ) between rest and recovery did not show a significant difference (p > 0.05). The HGS of the dominant limb and the performance in the TUG and WS tests were satisfactory. However, the results obtained in the SGC and SG tests were slightly below the expected. It was observed that the percentage of skeletal muscle was considered normal, but the percentage of fat and the body mass index were above the normal range. Conclusion: it is likely that excess fat may have influenced the hypotensive response after the tests, thus corroborating the lack of association between the study variables.

Clasificación de los medios y métodos empleados en el entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad: una reflexión crítica

El entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad representa un nuevo paradigma del fitness, además es un tipo de ejercicio que crece a nivel mundial en cuanto a practicantes y centros de acondicionamiento físico que lo ofertan; no obstante, la documentación respecto a la forma de realizar este tipo de entrenamientos es escasa, por lo que se puede presentar diferentes problemáticas en este ámbito de la actividad física, el deporte y la salud por desconocimiento de cómo efectuar este tipo de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad. El objetivo estudio de este artículo es hacer una reflexión crítica sobre los medios y métodos aplicados en el entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad. Posterior a la consulta de literatura se propone la siguiente clasificación para los medios (calisténicos/gimnásticos, cardiometabólico y levantamiento), mientras que los métodos obtuvieron dos clasificaciones, una basada en la modalidad (medios) y otra en la organización (estructura de la sesión). En conclusión, esta nueva propuesta se ajusta más a la realidad del entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad desde las bases del entrenamiento deportivo.

High-intensity functional training represents a new fitness paradigm, it is also a type of exercise that is growing worldwide in terms of practitioners and fitness centers that offer it, despite the documentation regarding how to perform this type of exercise is scarce, so different problems can arise in this area of physical activity, sports and health due to a lack of knowledge of how to carry out this type of high-intensity physical exercise. The study objective of this article is to make a critical reflection on the means and methods applied in high intensity functional training. After consulting the literature, the following classification is proposed for the means (calisthenics/gymnastics, cardiometabolic and lifting), while the methods obtained two classifications, one based on the modality (means) and the other on the organizational (structure of the session). In conclusion, this new proposal is more in line with the reality of high-intensity functional training from the bases of sports training.

Effect of 12-week sports intervention programme on physical fitness and sports performance in individuals with spinal cord injury

Objectives: Inactivity in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) results in low physical fitness, cardiopulmonary endurance and poor quality of life. Sports participation is known to enhance physical fitness. Therefore, the present study evaluated effect of a structured, 12-week MGM Sports Intervention for Sports Intervention Program for SCI (SPISI) on physical fitness and throw-ball performance in individuals with SCI. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at MGM School of Physiotherapy and Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation centre in Navi Mumbai, India. Following ethical approval, 15 individuals with SCI (80% males and 20% females mean age 33.1 ± 7.2 years) were recruited. Upper-extremity explosive power (medicine-ball-throw), agility (t-test), cardiorespiratory endurance (incremental shuttle wheelchair propulsion test) and ball-throwing capacity (maximal-pass test) were evaluated pre- and post-12-week sports intervention programme (SPISI). The protocol involved strength training of upper extremity training at 50% 1 repetition maximum and participation in throw-ball sport. Results: Following training, increase in upper extremity explosive power (11%), cardiopulmonary endurance (5%), agility (8%) and ball-throwing capacity in distance (7%) (P < 0.05) was observed. The large effect size was observed for sports performance (maximal-pass test distance-Cohen’s d 1.261), moderate for cardiorespiratory endurance (incremental wheelchair propulsion test distance Cohen’s d 0.517) and upper extremity explosive power (medicine-ball throw distance 0.593). Increment in all outcome variables was greater than minimal clinically important difference. Conclusion: Sports intervention programme (SPISI) for 12 weeks brought about minimal clinically important difference in upper-extremity explosive power, agility, cardiorespiratory endurance and sport-specific performance and should be included as an integral component of rehabilitation of individuals with SCI.

Atuação da Educação Física em um hospital universitário da rede pública: uso do método AMPARO / Proceeding of Physical Education in the public university hospital: use of the AMPARO method

A atuação do Profissional de Educação Física (PEF) na "Atenção intra-hospitalar" ainda é recente, não havendo evidências e informações padronizadas na assistência aos pacientes. Objetivou-se apresentar e promover o método "AMPARO" no Programa de Recondicionamento Físico (PRF) do Hospital de Clínicas das Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. AMPARO significa Avaliação Multidimensional, Planejamento, Atuação, Reavaliação e Orientação de atividades e exercícios físicos, visando aprimoramento das capacidades físicas relacionadas à saúde. Mais de 1600 atendimentos (avaliações e exercícios físicos) foram realizados. Completaram as 36 sessões do PRF, 31 pacientes, média de idade de 46,12 ± 13,58, sendo 25 (80,6%) do sexo feminino. Houve melhora na aptidão cardiovascular (p < 0,001), aumento da massa magra (p = 0,025) e aumento do tempo de atividade física moderada (p = 0,030). Conclui-se que o "PRF-Método AMPARO" vem se mostrando eficiente na assistência integral à saúde de pacientes atendidos por PEF em um hospital universitário da rede pública

The performance of the Physical Education Professional (PEP) in "Intra-hospital care" is still recent, with no evidence and standardized information on patient care. The objective was to present and promote the "AMPARO-method" in the Physical Reconditioning Program (PRP) of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro. AMPARO means Multidimensional As-sessment, Planning, Performance, Reassessment, and Orientation of activities and physical exercises, aiming at improving physical capacities related to health. More than 1600 consultations (assessments and physical exercises) were carried out. Completed the 36 PRP sessions, 31 patients, average age 46.12 ± 13.58, 25 (80.6%) female. There was an improvement in cardiovascular fitness (p < 0.001), an increase in lean mass (p = 0.025), and an increase in moderate physical activity time (p = 0.030). It is concluded that the "PRP-AMPARO Method" has been proven to be efficient in the comprehensive health care of patients assisted by PE professionals in the public university hospital

Valores de referencia y factores de riesgo de la condición física en personas mayores chilenas físicamente activas / Reference values and risk factors in the deterioration of the physical fitness of physically active older chilean adults

BACKGROUND: Physical fitness assessment of older adults is essential because it is a key component of functional independence and healthy aging. AIM: To establish physical fitness reference values for physically active older Chilean adults of both sexes and identify the variables associated with the deterioration of their physical condition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 342 older adults aged 60 and over. Their physical fitness was assessed with the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). The timed up and go (TUG), chair stand (CS), arm curl (AC), and aerobic resistance (2 min) tests were evaluated. RESULTS: Performance in the physical fitness tests by age group decreased in all tests as older adults advanced in age. Scores for men were more evenly distributed across the different age groups. The main risk factors for the deterioration of physical fitness were age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) (p-value < 0.05). The primary risk factor for men was age and for women age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Performance of both men and women in the different SFT tests decreased as older adults aged. Age, sex, and BMI were the main risk factors for the deterioration of the physical fitness of physically active older adults.

Efeito do treinamento pliométrico de curta duração no salto vertical e velocidade de sprint em jogadores de vôlei / Effect of short duration plyometric training on vertical jump and sprint speed in volleyball players

INTRODUÇÃO: O voleibol é um esporte de ritmo acelerado que envolve projeções verticais e horizontais da bola por parte do jogador. O uso de treinamento pliométrico é um método popular para melhorar o desempenho dos jogadores. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo visa verificar o efeito de quatro semanas de treinamento pliométrico em jogadores de voleibol. MÉTODO: Estudo randomizado, controlado, de grupos paralelos. Foram triados 39 participantes para participação no estudo, dos quais 30 foram selecionados seguindo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão da pesquisa. Os critérios de inclusão foram: jogadores de voleibol na faixa etária de 18 a 24 anos, de ambos os sexos, experiência de jogo de no mínimo um ano e disponibilidade para participar. Os critérios de exclusão compreendiam jogadores com histórico de lesão nos últimos seis meses, qualquer distúrbio neurológico ou musculoesquelético e qualquer condição psicológica. Os participantes selecionados foram alocados aleatoriamente no Grupo A e Grupo B usando o método de sorteio. O Grupo A recebeu treinamento pliométrico por três dias em uma semana, e o Grupo B foi solicitado a continuar seus exercícios regulares de rotina. A duração total da intervenção foi de quatro semanas. A medida de resultado para o estudo foi a velocidade do sprint e a altura do salto vertical. A velocidade de sprint foi medida pelo teste de sprint de 20 m e a altura do salto vertical foi medida pelo teste sargent jump. A avaliação foi feita no início e no final de quatro semanas. O teste t não pareado foi usado para analisar as diferenças entre os grupos e o teste t pareado foi usado para analisar as diferenças dentro do grupo nas variáveis de resultado. RESULTADOS: O resultado do estudo mostrou uma melhora significativa na altura do salto vertical (MD= -7,133, IC 95% (-12,657,- 1,609) e nenhuma melhora significativa na velocidade do sprint quando comparações entre grupos foram feitas (MD=0,084, 95% IC (-0,177,-,345) com um tamanho de efeito de 0,75 para a altura do salto vertical. A comparação dentro do grupo foi considerada significativa apenas para a altura do salto vertical no Grupo A, e não houve melhora significativa na velocidade de sprint para ambos Grupo A e B. CONCLUSÃO: Quatro semanas de programa pliométrico é eficaz em melhorar a altura do salto vertical e não a velocidade de sprint em jogadores de voleibol.

INTRODUCTION: Volleyball is a fast-paced sport that involves vertical and horizontal projections of the ball by the player. The use of plyometric training is a popular method to enhance performance in players. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to see the effect of short-duration plyometric training on vertical jump and sprint speed in volleyball players. METHOD: This study is a parallel group randomized controlled trial. Thirtynine participants were screened for participation in the study, of which 30 were selected following the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study. The inclusion criteria for the study comprised of volleyball players of age group 18 to 24 years, both males and females, with playing experience of at least one year, and willing to participate. The exclusion criteria for the study included players with a history of injury in the last six months, any reported neurological or musculoskeletal disorder, and any psychological condition. The selected participants were randomly allocated to Group A and Group B using the lottery method. Group A was given plyometric training for three days a week and Group B was asked to continue their regular routine exercises and playing schedule. The total duration of the intervention was four weeks. The outcome measure for the study was sprint speed and vertical jump height. Sprint speed was measured by the 20 m sprint test, and the vertical jump height was measured by the Sargent jump test. The assessment was done at the baseline and at the end of four weeks. An unpaired t-test was used to analyze between-group differences, and paired t-test was used to analyze the within-group differences in the outcome variables. The significance level was set as p<0.05. RESULTS: The result of the study showed a significant improvement in vertical jump height (MD= -7.133, 95% CI-12.657, -1.609) and no significant improvement in sprint speed when between-group comparisons were made (MD=0.084, 95%CI -0.177,-.345) with an effect size of 0.75 for vertical jump height. The within-group comparison was found significant only for vertical jump height in Group A, and there was no significant improvement was found in sprint speed for both Group A and B. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The short-duration plyometric training is effective in improving the vertical jump height and not the sprint speed in volleyball players. The specificity of plyometric training is important for optimal improvement in sports performance.

Assessment of physical activity and physical fitness among undergraduate medical students

Background: In a nationwide survey conducted in the Indian Council of Medical Research- INdia DIABetes study (Phase-1) 2014 on physical activity and inactivity patterns, overall, 392 million individuals in India are physically inactive. Physically active medical students tend to recommend physical activity for patients or at-risk individuals in their future practice. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive which helps in achieving physical fitness. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of physical activity (PA) and physical fitness among medical students and to correlate both. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, in which physical activity level was assessed using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Physical fitness using Harvard step test, hand grip dynamometer, sit-up and push-up test, shoulder – flexibility test, body mass index, and body adiposity index was assessed among 150 medical students in a tertiary care hospital. Results: Physical activity level when analyzed, 16% of students performed low PA, 74% belonged to moderate PA Group, and 10% in high PA group. When mean metabolic equivalent of task min/week attained by study population in three domains of physical activity (work/travel/recreation) was analyzed, results showed no significant difference between males and females in different domains of physical activity. Conclusion: Although the students met the recommended physical activity as per the World Health Organization, physical fitness was not achieved up to the desired level. No correlation was noted between physical activity and physical fitness among medical students.

Fat-free mass and maturity status are determinants of physical fitness performance in schoolchildren and adolescents

Abstract Objectives: The objective of the study was to verify whether (FFM), maturity status (MS) and chronological age (CA) are determinants of physical fitness performance, and to analyze FFM and physical performance aligned by CA and MS in children and adolescents. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was carried out in 863 schoolchildren. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), FFM, fat mass (FM), MS (Age at peak height velocity, APHV) were calculated. The physical tests of velocity 20 m, agility 5 m × 10rep, and horizontal jump (HJ) were evaluated. Results: The APHV was estimated in boys at 14.0 ± 0.36APHV and in girls at 11.96 ± 0.49APHV. The relationships between CA and APHV with FFM was r = 0.80 in boys and r = 0.44 to 0.45 in girls. The relationships between FFM and physical tests in boys were [HJ (r = 0.70), agility 5m × 10rep (r = -0.68), velocity (r = -0.61)] and in girls [HJ (r = 0.42), agility 5m × 10rep (r = -0.52), velocity (r = -0.20)]. The differences in FFM and physical fitness tests were more pronounced when aligned by APHV than by CA. Conclusion: It was verified that both FFM, CA, and APHV are determinants of physical fitness performance. In addition, the APHV should be introduced in physical education as a means of ranking physical performance among schoolchildren.

Physical and motor profile of children between 6 and 10 years old according to levels of cardiorespiratory fitness / Perfil físico e motor de crianças entre os 6 e os 10 anos de idade em função dos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória

Abstract This study aimed to compare the physical profile and motor profile of children from 6 to 10 years old, according to their level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Participated 2036 children from 6 to 10 years old from São José dos Pinhais - PR. Assessed variables were stature, corporal mass, Body mass index (BMI), physical fitness (PF), and gross motor coordination (GMC). The CRF was assessed by the total distance during the 6 minutes walking test. A battery of tests KTK evaluated the GCM. The children were classified according to their levels of CRF (low-moderate-elevated). Differences between groups were tested using ANOVA one way. Data analysis was made in the SPSS software, with a meaningfulness of 5%. Children with low levels of CRF showed higher values of adiposity. On the PF tests, children with low levels of CRF showed higher values of prehension and worse performance in the other tests. Regarding GMC, children with low levels of CRF had lower coordinative performance. Meaningful differences were found in the comparisons between different groups (low-moderate, low-elevated) with an advantage in the results in moderate levels of CRF. Obtaining average levels of CRF can bring protective benefits in other variables in children's growth process and development during infancy. Evaluating the CRF doesn't only get a momentary evaluation. Still, it can also do the monitoring of an essential variable of health, as well as indicate a predisposition about other physical-motor variables.

Resumo Comparar o perfil físico e motor de crianças dos 6 aos 10 anos, conforme os seus níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória (AptC). Participaram do estudo 2036 crianças de seis a 10 anos de idade de São José dos Pinhais-PR. Foram avaliados estatura, massa corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), aptidão física (AptF) e coordenação motora (CMG). A AptC foi avaliada pela distância total percorrida no teste de seis minutos. A CMG foi avaliada por meio da bateria de testes KTK. As crianças foram classificadas em função dos níveis de AptC (baixo-moderado-elevado). Diferenças entre grupos foram testadas utilizando da ANOVA one way. As análises dos dados foram realizadas no software SPSS, com nível de significância em 5%. Crianças com menor nível de AptC apresentam maiores valores médios adiposidade. Nos testes de AptF, crianças com níveis baixos de AptC apresentaram maiores valores de preensão e pior desempenho nos demais testes. Relativamente à CMG, crianças com baixos níveis de AptC apresentaram piores desempenho coordenativo. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas para as comparações entre os outros grupos (baixo-moderado; baixo-elevado) com vantagem nos resultados nos níveis moderados a elevados de AptC. Obter níveis moderados de AptC pode trazer benefícios protetores em diferentes variáveis do processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento de crianças durante a segunda infância. Avaliar a AptC não traz somente uma avaliação momentânea, como pode ser feito o monitoramento de uma importante variável de saúde bem como indicar uma predisposição sobre outras variáveis físico-motoras.

Psychophysiology of basketball players submitted to high intensity exercise / Psicofisiologia dos jogadores de basquetebol submetidos ao exercício de alta intensidade / Psicofisiología de los jugadores de baloncesto sometidos a ejercicios de alta intensidad

ABSTRACT Introduction: The improvement of basketball performance results from the global impact of several factors such as physical complexion, function, quality, technology, tactics, psychology, intelligence, among others. The athlete's mental index has a high degree of importance in game performance. Objective: Analyze the influence of high-intensity exercise on the psychophysiological quality in basketball players by checking the correlation of the factors that affect basketball performance. Methods: Volunteer basketball players were randomly selected for the research. A comprehensive analysis and evaluation of physical function, physical quality and psychological characteristics of the athletes was performed. Results: There is a close relationship between physical quality, fundamental skills and psychological characteristics of basketball players. These factors showed a positive correlation trend. Physical fitness is most closely related to the basic techniques of the game. Conclusion: Basketball players must possess excellent physical and psychological qualities. Only in this way can athletes perform better on the sports field. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A melhoria do desempenho do basquete resulta do impacto global de vários fatores como compleição física, função, qualidade, tecnologia, tática, psicologia, inteligência, entre outros. O índice mental do atleta tem um elevado grau de importância no desempenho do jogo. Objetivo: Analisar a influência do exercício de alta intensidade sobre a qualidade psicofisiológica nos jogadores de basquetebol verificando a correlação dos fatores que afetam o desempenho do basquetebol. Métodos: Jogadores de basquetebol voluntários foram selecionados aleatoriamente para a pesquisa. Efetuou-se análise e avaliação abrangente da função física, qualidade física e características psicológicas dos atletas. Resultados: Existe uma estreita relação entre a qualidade física, as habilidades fundamentais e as características psicológicas dos jogadores de basquetebol. Estes fatores mostraram uma tendência positiva de correlação. A aptidão física está mais intimamente relacionada com as técnicas básicas do jogo. Conclusão: Os jogadores de basquetebol devem possuir excelentes qualidades físicas e psicológicas. Somente desta forma os atletas podem ter um melhor desempenho no campo esportivo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La mejora del rendimiento del baloncesto es el resultado del impacto global de varios factores como la complexión física, la función, la calidad, la tecnología, la táctica, la psicología y la inteligencia, entre otros. El índice mental del deportista tiene un alto grado de importancia en el rendimiento del juego. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia del ejercicio de alta intensidad sobre la calidad psicofisiológica en jugadores de baloncesto, verificando la correlación de los factores que afectan al rendimiento en baloncesto. Métodos: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente jugadores de baloncesto voluntarios para la investigación. Se realizó un análisis y una evaluación exhaustivos de la función física, la calidad física y las características psicológicas de los atletas. Resultados: Existe una estrecha relación entre la calidad física, las habilidades fundamentales y las características psicológicas de los jugadores de baloncesto. Estos factores mostraron una tendencia de correlación positiva. La aptitud física está más relacionada con las técnicas básicas del juego. Conclusión: Los jugadores de baloncesto deben poseer excelentes cualidades físicas y psicológicas. Sólo así los atletas pueden rendir más en el campo deportivo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Fitness activities based on the physical fitness of sports athletes / Atividades de aptidão física baseadas na condição física dos atletas esportivos / Actividades de aptitud física basadas en la condición física de los deportistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays, physical activities have become an important way for people to improve their physical fitness. Running is considered to be an exercise option with low investment, low consumption, and no space restrictions. It can play a role in physical fitness, entertainment, and communication. Objective: Analyze the impact of running activities on athletes' physical fitness. Methods: Volunteer athletes were randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). The experimental group performed running activities for eight weeks while the control group did not participate in running. Key physiological and biochemical indicators such as height, weight, blood pressure, blood lipids, etc. were recorded. The data were collected and processed according to the mathematical statistics method to analyze the data. Results: There is no significant difference in height after the experiment (P>0.05). The value of body weight curve was changed after the increment of running exercise (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in bust size between the two tests (P>0.05). Waist circumference, hip circumference and upper limb circumference were significantly different after the test (P<0.05). The subjects' blood pressure and heart rate before and after the test were significantly different, proportional to the changes in mean vital capacity (P<0.01). Conclusion: Long-term running training impacts athletes' physical and mental health. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Atualmente, as atividades físicas tornaram-se uma importante forma das pessoas aperfeiçoarem seu condicionamento físico. A corrida é considerada uma opção de exercício com baixo investimento, baixo consumo e sem restrições de espaço. Ela pode desempenhar um papel na aptidão física, no entretenimento e na comunicação. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto das atividades de corrida sobre a aptidão física dos atletas. Métodos: Atletas voluntários foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (grupos experimentais e grupos de controle). O grupo experimental realizou atividades de corrida durante oito semanas enquanto o grupo de controle não participava da corrida. Foram registrados os indicadores fisiológicos e bioquímicos fundamentais, tais como altura, peso, pressão arterial, lipídios no sangue, etc. Os dados foram coletados e processados segundo o método de estatística matemática para analisar os dados. Resultados: Não há diferença significativa em altura após o experimento (P>0,05). O valor da curva de peso corporal foi alterado após o incremento do exercício de corrida (P<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa no tamanho do busto entre os dois testes (P>0,05). A circunferência da cintura, circunferência do quadril e circunferência dos membros superiores foram significativamente diferentes depois do teste (P<0,05). A pressão arterial e a frequência cardíaca dos sujeitos antes e depois do teste foram significativamente diferentes, proporcional às alterações da capacidade vital média (P<0,01). Conclusão: O treinamento de corrida de longo prazo gera impactos sobre a saúde física e mental dos atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: En la actualidad, las actividades físicas se han convertido en un medio importante para que las personas mejoren su estado físico. Correr se considera una opción de ejercicio con baja inversión, bajo consumo y sin restricciones de espacio. Puede desempeñar un papel en la forma física, el entretenimiento y la comunicación. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de las actividades de carrera en la condición física de los atletas. Métodos: Los atletas voluntarios fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos (grupo experimental y grupo de control). El grupo experimental realizó actividades de carrera durante ocho semanas, mientras que el grupo de control no participó en la carrera. Se registraron indicadores fisiológicos y bioquímicos clave como la altura, el peso, la presión arterial, los lípidos en sangre, etc. Los datos se recogieron y se procesaron según el método estadístico matemático para analizarlos. Resultados: No hay diferencias significativas en la altura después del experimento (P>0,05). El valor de la curva de peso corporal se modificó tras el incremento del ejercicio de carrera (P<0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas en el tamaño del busto entre las dos pruebas (P>0,05). La circunferencia de la cintura, la circunferencia de la cadera y la circunferencia de los miembros superiores fueron significativamente diferentes después de la prueba (P<0,05). La presión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca de los sujetos antes y después de la prueba fueron significativamente diferentes, proporcionales a los cambios en la capacidad vital media (P<0,01). Conclusión: El entrenamiento de carrera a largo plazo genera impactos en la salud física y mental de los atletas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.