Integración de Inputs Positivos y Negativos en Juicios Psicofísicos de Equidad / Integration of Positive and Negative Inputs in Equity Psychophysical Judgements

Resumen Los modelos de equidad han predicho adecuadamente las ganancias monetarias entre dos empleados hipotéticos que difieren en méritos, sin embargo, han sido incapaces de predecir pérdidas monetarias y condiciones de n>2; se propone la Ecuación General de Distribución de Recursos En Equidad (Función de Equidad) para superar dichas limitantes por lo que el objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en evaluar la generalidad de la Función de Equidad en contextos de pérdidas y ganancias. Participaron voluntariamente 30 estudiantes universitarios de los cuales el 65% fueron mujeres tenían 19.87 años (DE=1.23). En 18 escenarios hipotéticos de acuerdo con un diseño de medidas repetidas (3 niveles de mérito de A) X 3 (niveles de mérito de B) x 2 (Ganancias y Pérdidas) los participantes asignaron montos en ganancias y pérdidas monetarias. Se encontraron reglas de integración aditiva en el campo de las ganancias e indicios de reglas de integración multiplicativa en el campo de las pérdidas. La Ecuación General de Distribución de Recursos en Equidad predice adecuadamente los montos en ganancias y pérdidas. Los datos se discuten a la luz de la Teoría de Integración de Información y las Ciencias Cognitivas y del Comportamiento.

Abstract Equity models properly predict monetary outcomes between two hypothetical employees who differ in inputs; however, they have been unable to predict monetary losses and conditions of n> 2; General Equation of Equity Resource Allocation (Equity Function) is proposed to overcome these limitations, so the aim of this work was to evaluate the generality of the Equity Function in gains and losses contexts. A non-probabilistic factorial design with convenience sampling was used. Sample size was calculated from the desired effect size, the final sample was made up of 30 university students of which 65% were women who were 19.87 years old (SD = 1.23). A hypothetical task of resource allocation was proposed to employees who differ in their levels of merits, in which throughout 18 scenarios according to a repeated measures design (3 levels of merits of A) X 3 (levels of merits of B) x 2 (Gains and Losses) the participants assigned amounts in monetary gains and losses. Data was analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA, the effect size calculation using the Partial Square Eta parameter and the simple linear regression analysis of each curve were performed to obtain the slope of each line. In the context of gains, main effects of employee A and B were found, no interaction effects were found. In the context of losses, main effects of employee A and B were contrasted, as well as interaction effects. Robust effect sizes were found for all factors. Analysis of regression equations slopes shows that the loss amounts were larger than the gains amounts. Additive integration rules were found in the field of gains and indications of multiplicative integration rules in the field of losses. The General Equation of Equity Resource Allocation adequately predicts the amounts of gains and losses, being more precise in the field of gains compared to losses. According from these results, it is proposed that cognitive process of assigning a gain is different from those of assigning a loss. Limitations and alternative courses of action were raised.

Effect of the Psychophysical Approach in Slipping Incident Among Workers at The Commercial Kitchen Activity

@#Introduction: The occurrence of slips can be disruptive in workers’ life, causing various types of injuries. Working with prolonged standing and walking postures in a commercial kitchen contributes to worker fatigue. A psychophysical approach can be used in identifying the extent to which workers’ fatigue contributes to the occurrence of slipping. Method: Electromyography (EMG) was used to record and analyze the data of three values of muscle activity obtained from the study. Twelve participants aged 23 to 60 years old with a Body Mass Index (BMI) mean of 27.82 ± 4.01 kg/m2. The participants were selected based on the experience of at least three years and above in commercial kitchen activity. The testing procedures were explained in detail upon agreement. They had to walk with four different types of walking speeds with water and oil as the contaminants on the floors. Results: The slip occurred high frequency for obese participants compared to overweight participants when increasing their speeds of walking on oily floor surfaces. Female participants experience slips more than male participants. The muscle Soleus and Tibialis frequently produce higher muscle activity during slip occurrence compared to muscle Peroneus. Conclusion: The results of the study show that the psychophysical approach is significant in the occurrence of slipping during work activities in commercial kitchens when the muscle of Soleus and Tibialis produces higher muscle activity during slip occurrence. There was no significant factor of age during the slip occurrence.

Vocal Pedagogy and the Alexander Technique: a reflection / La pedagogía vocal y la Técnica Alexander: una reflexión

This article is a reflection about the role of the Alexander Technique and its appli-cation and influence in vocal pedagogy. It is based on more than seventeen years of active teaching as a qualified Alexander Technique Teacher and as a professional singer, working alongside vocal pedagogues, teachers, students and professionals. Its objective is to reflect upon the role of body awareness, psychophysical and emotional consciousness, and wellbeing in the realms of vocal pedagogy and singing.

El presente artículo corresponde a una reflexión sobre la Técnica Alexander, su aplicación e influencia dentro del ámbito de la pedagogía vocal. Está basado en los últimos diecisiete años de carrera activa como profesora de Técnica Alexander y cantante profesional, trabajando con cantantes y profesores de canto con el objetivo de lograr una buena reflexión de la importancia del proceso de consciencia corporal, conexión sicofísica y bienestar en la pedagogía vocal

Desenvolvimento e validação de medidas psicofísicas de sensibilidade ao contraste de segunda-ordem / Development and validation of second-order psychophysical contrast sensitivity measures / Desarrollo y validación de medidas de sensibilidad al contraste psicofísico de segundo-orden

A medida de Sensibilidade ao Contraste (SC) de primeira ordem é frequentemente utilizada para avaliação da percepção espacial. Nosso objetivo foi desenvolver e validar um teste de SC de segunda ordem para aplicação clínica. Modificações metodológicas foram realizadas na rotina psicofísica para redução do tempo de testagem em um primeiro experimento, validamos a nova metodologia. Em um segundo experimento, valores de normalidade foram derivados do resultado de 16 participantes e foram testados nas mesmas condições do primeiro experimento. As medidas de validade foram obtidas por meio do Spearman-Brown Split-Half Reliability Coefficient para todas as frequências espaciais testadas (r> 0,90). O desenvolvimento e a validação deste novo experimento para as medidas de SC de segunda ordem permitirão avançar nos estudos dos mecanismos básicos da percepção de espaço para estímulos complexos, assim como a aplicação clínica em diversas doenças.

The first-order Contrast Sensitivity (SC) measure is often used to assess spatial perception. Our goal was to develop and validate a second-order SC test for clinical application. Methodological changes were made in the psychophysical routine to reduce testing time and in the first experiment we validated the new methodology. In a second experiment, normal values were derived from the result of sixteen participants who were tested under the same conditions as the first experiment. Validity measures were obtained using Spearman-Brown Split-Half Reliability Coefficient for all tested spatial frequencies (r> 0.90). The development and validation of this new experiment for second-order SC measures will allow to advance in the studies of the basic mechanisms of the perception of space for complex stimuli, as well as the clinical application in several diseases.

La medida de sensibilidad al contraste (SC) de primer orden se utiliza a menudo para evaluar la percepción espacial. Nuestro objetivo era desarrollar y validar una prueba SC de segundo orden para aplicación clínica. Se realizaron cambios metodológicos en la rutina psicofísica para reducir el tiempo de prueba y en el primer experimento validamos la nueva metodología. En un segundo experimento, los valores normales se derivaron del resultado de dieciséis participantes que fueron evaluados en las mismas condiciones que el primer experimento. Las medidas de validez se obtuvieron utilizando el coeficiente de confiabilidad de la mitad dividida de Spear-man-Brown para todas las frecuencias espaciales probadas (r> 0.90). El desarrollo y validación de este nuevo experimento para medidas CS de segundo orden permitirá avanzar en los estudios de los mecanismos básicos de percepción del espacio para estímulos complejos, así como la aplicación clínica en diversas enfermedades.

A Study Of Psychophysical Factor (Heart Rate) For Driver Fatigue Using Regression Model

@#Driving activity has become more important as this medium being practical, it is also cheaper and faster in connecting human from one to another place. However, in some occurrence, it can cause accidents as they become fatigued while driving. Driver fatigue is one of the top contributors to the road accidents and can be dangerous as other road safety issues such as drink driving. Worst is, there are no laws regulating driver fatigue. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to develop the regression model of apsychophysical factor for drivers’ fatigue which can predict the relationship between the process input parameters and output responses. The study was participated by ten subjects. The heart rate was taken and recorded using heart rate monitor. Design Expert 8.0.6 software was used for the regression analysis. The modeling validation runs werewithin the 90% prediction intervals of the developed model and the residual errors were less than 10%. The R 2 value is 0.9400 whichmeans that the linear regression line passed exactly through all points. The significant parameters that influenced the heart rate were also identified.The parameters are time exposure, type of road, and gender.

The Mental Health and Affecting Factors on Cochlear Implanted Children / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To investigate the mental health and the affecting factors on children cochlear implants and to provide the reference of comprehensive rehabilitation for them.Methods We used the Psychological Ques-tionnaire for 3~6 Years Children to evaluate the mental health status of 1 6 6 children of 3~4 years old with cochlear implants,and compare those with the standard values of children with normal hearing.We studied the affecting fac-tors on their psychological development.Results The pass rates in action,emotion and will,cognitive ability,sociali-ty,living habits and speech ability of children with cochlear implants decreased as their age increased.The scores of action,emotion and will,cognitive ability,sociality,living habits and speech ability of children with cochlear im-plants increased as the use time increased.The affecting factors on the psychological development of children with cochlear implants were the time length of usage and their residences before operation.Conclusion There were differ-ences between the children with cochlear implants and normal hearing in psychological development.We should fo-cus on their development of hearing and speech ability,and the psychological development.

Psychophysical and physiological study of asymmetric lifting and lowering task for Malaysian males

Extensive research has been carried out over the years to determine the maximum acceptable weight that a worker is capable of lifting in a given situation among the Occidental populations in the Europe and US. At present, there is a scarcity of studies in which lifting frequency is used as the measuring variable, especially in developing countries such as Malaysia. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effects of lifting loads on the maximum acceptable frequency limit (MAFL), physiological response (muscle activity) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for asymmetric lifting and lowering tasks of Malaysian males.Ten male subjects are recruited in this study and they perform asymmetric lifting and lowering tasks repetitively for 30 minutes. Two lifting loads are considered (1) 1 kg and (2) 5 kg. Each of the subjects adjusts his frequency of lifting using a psychophysical approach. The subjects are instructed to perform the lifting and lowering task as fast as they could over duration of 30 minutes without exhausting themselves or becoming overheated. Electromyography (EMG) signals are recorded from four muscles (Right Erector Spinae (RES), Left Erector Spinae (LES), Right Trapezius p Descendenz (RTD) and Left Trapezius p Descendenz (LTD) and analysed in terms of the normalized MVC during asymmetric lifting and lowering tasks. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) for four body parts (arms, lower back, shoulders and entire body) are also collected after the subjects have completed the lifting and lowering task. The mean frequency of the lifting and lowering task obtained from the experiment is 13.41 and 9.66 times/minute for a lifting load of 1 and 5 kg, respectively. The results of the independent sample t-test show that load has a statistically significant effect on the maximum acceptable frequency limit (p 0.05). The percentage decrease in the maximum acceptable frequency for Malaysian males is higher than the Occidental populations for both of the loads investigated in this study.

Efeitos do envelhecimento no contraste visual de grades senoidais / Effects of aging on visual contrast of sinusoidal gratings / Efectos del envejecimiento en el contraste visual de rejillas sinusoidales

O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar as curvas de sensibilidade ao contraste de adultos e idosos. Foi medida a FSC para grades senoidais verticais utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada (2AFC). Participaram desse estudo 18 adultos com idade entre 20 e 29 anos e 18 idosos com idade entre 60 a 69 anos, de ambos os sexos. A ANOVA mostrou efeito principal entre os grupos [F(1, 156) = 173,160; p < 0,001] e de interação entre as frequências espaciais e a idade [F(3,427) = 163,365; p < 0,001]. Já o teste Bonferroni mostrou diferenças significantes em todas as frequências testadas (p < 0,001). Verificou-se que o padrão da curva de SC se mantém com o envelhecimento, com a menor sensibilidade localizada nos extremos da curva e a maior sensibilidade localizada próxima ao centro da curva. Além disso, sugere-se alterações no processo senso perceptivo visual ao longo da vida.

The aim of this study was to compare the behavior of the contrast sensitivity curve and older adults. We measured the CFS for vertical sinusoidal gratings using the psychophysical forced-choice method (2AFC). Participants were 18 volunteers aged 20-29 years old (M = 23.94, SD = 2.57), and 18 elderly aged 60-69 years old (M = 66.05, SD = 3.65) of both sexes. The ANOVA showed main effects between groups [F(1, 156) = 173.160; p < 0.001] and interaction between the frequencies and age [F(3,427) = 163.365; p < 0.001]. But the Bonferroni showed significant differences in all tested frequencies (p < 0.001). It was found that the standard curve CS is maintained with aging, with the lowest sensitivity is located at the extreme bow and greater sensitivity is near the center of the curve. Furthermore, is suggested changes in visual sense perceptual process throughout life.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las curvas de sensibilidad al contraste (SC) en adultos y ancianos. La FSC se midió por rejillas sinusoidales verticales utilizando el método psicofísico de elección forzada (2AFC). Los participantes fueron 18 adultos de edades comprendidas entre 20 y 29 años y 18 ancianos de 60 a 69 años, de ambos sexos. La ANOVA mostró diferencias significativas en los efectos principales de los grupos [F(1, 156) = 173.160; p < 0.001] y una interacción entre las frecuencias y la edad [F(3,427) = 163.365; p < 0,001]. En el test de Bonferroni fueron encontradas diferencias significativas en todas las frecuencias analizadas (p < 0,001). Se encontró que el estándar de la SC se mantiene con el envejecimiento, teniendo la zona de menor sensibilidad situada en el extremo de la curva y una mayor sensibilidad cerca del centro de la curva. Además, se sugiere cambios en el sentido visual y perceptual a lo largo de la vida.

An Analysis on the Mental Health of Adolescent with Cochlear Implants / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To analyse the mental health of adolescents with cochlear implants and provide the ref‐erence for programming the personalize rehabilitation schedule of audio - speech -psychological .Methods The mental health test(MHT) was used to evaluate the mental health status of 60 adolescent with cochlear implants ,and compared with those of adolescent with normal hearing .Results The incidence of psychological problems was 3 .33% in adolescent with cochlear implants .The hypersusceptilility scores of the group of cochlear implants (5 .63 ± 2 .22) was higher than that of in normal hearing group(4 .05) in ,which was significantly different(P<0 .01) . The body syndrome scores in the cochlear implants group (4 .03 ± 2 .72) was lower than that of in normal hearing group(4 .99) ,which was significantly different(P<0 .01) .The phobic tendency scores in cochlear implants group (1 .95 ± 2 .01)was significantly lower than that of in normal hearing group (3 .06)(P<0 .01) .Conclusion The over‐all mental health of adolescent with cochlear implants is good .Cochlear implants can help them improve hearing and speech function ,and improve quality of life ,but they still need parents ,teachers and the community to pay more at‐tention and care to help them get through adolescence ,and return to mainstream society .

Acute effect of alcohol intake on sine-wave Cartesian and polar contrast sensitivity functions

The aim of this study was to assess contrast sensitivity for angular frequency stimuli as well as for sine-wave gratings in adults under the effect of acute ingestion of alcohol. We measured the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for gratings of 0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 4, 10, and 20 cycles per degree of visual angle (cpd) as well as for angular frequency stimuli of 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 96 cycles/360°. Twenty adults free of ocular diseases, with normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity, and no history of alcoholism were enrolled in two experimental groups: 1) no alcohol intake (control group) and 2) alcohol ingestion (experimental group). The average concentration of alcohol in the experimental group was set to about 0.08%. We used a paradigm involving a forced-choice method. Maximum sensitivity to contrast for sine-wave gratings in the two groups occurred at 4 cpd sine-wave gratings and at 24 and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Significant changes in contrast sensitivity were observed after alcohol intake compared with the control condition at spatial frequency of 4 cpd and 1, 24, and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Alcohol intake seems to affect the processing of sine-wave gratings at maximum sensitivity and at the low and high frequency ends for angular frequency stimuli, both under photopic luminance conditions.

Skin conductance as pain indicator in newborns: a comparison study with heart rate, oxygen saturation and pain behavioral scales / Condutancia da pele como indicador de dor em recem-nascidos: um estudo comparativo com frequencia cardiaca, saturacao de oxigenio e escalas comportamentais de dor

Introduction Heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (OS) and skin conductance activity (SCA) are physiological markers of acute pain. Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS), Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and modified COMFORT are validated pain behavioral scales. Objective It was to compare whether the scores of these measures fit the psychophysical parameters for a pain marker (intensity, reactivity, direction, regulation and slope). Method Observational prospective study including 41 newborns, in which it were compared the maximum HR, the minimum OS, the SCA variables number of waves per second (NWps) and relative area under the curve of waves (AUC), and the scores of behavioral pain scales in the periods before, during and after heel prick. Results The parameters intensity and regulation were significant for the NWps (p<0.01), AUC (p<0.05), HR (p<0.01), OS (p<0.01), NFCS (p<0.01), NIPS (p<0.01) and modified COMFORT (p<0.01). The reactivity and direction parameters were significant for all variables (all p<0.01), except to AUC (p>0.05). The slope was significant for the minimum OS and NIPS and modified COMFORT scales (p<0.05). Conclusion The responses of SCA, HR, OS and behavioral pain scales are similarly in acute painful events. They fit the psychophysical parameters of a pain marker and serve as measures for pain diagnostic. .

Visual contrast sensitivity in adults with schizophrenia and relatives not affected / Medidas de sensibilidade ao contraste visual em adultos com esquizofrenia e parentes não acometidos

The aim of this study was to measure visual contrast sensitivity (CS) for vertical sine-wave gratings with spatial frequencies of 0,6; 5 and 10 in adults with medicated schizophrenic and no-affected relatives in the range of 20-30 years old. We measured the visual CS for ten volunteers without schizophrenia, nine schizophrenia patients and five no-affected relatives, all volunteers were free from identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity, except the condition schizophrenia. We use a temporal two-alternative forced-choice psychophysical method with mean luminance of 40.1 cd/m². The results showed maximum contrast sensitivity occurred in the range of 5.0 cpd for both groups and that the visual CS for participants with schizophrenia was lower than those of adults without schizophrenia and the non-affected relatives. These results showed changes in the visual mechanisms that process vertical sine-wave gratings related the schizophrenia.

O objetivo do estudo foi medir a sensibilidade ao contraste (SC) visual de grades senoidais verticais com frequências espaciais de 0,6; 5 e 10 cpg em adultos com esquizofrenia medicados e parentes não acometidos na faixa de 20-30 anos. Foram estimadas a SC visual de 10 voluntários saudáveis, nove pacientes com esquizofrenia medicados e cinco parentes não acometidos. Todos com acuidade visual normal ou corrigida e estavam livres de doenças identificáveis, exceto a condição esquizofrenia. Foi utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada temporal entre duas alternativas e luminância média de 40,1 cd/m². Os resultados mostraram que a SC visual máxima ocorreu na faixa de 5 cpg para os três grupos, que a SC visual dos participantes com esquizofrenia foi mais baixa do que a dos participantes saudáveis e do que os parentes não acometidos. Estes resultados sugerem alterações nos mecanismos visuais que processam grades senoidais verticais associadas à esquizofrenia.

Pacientes com depressão maior têm menor sensibilidade a contraste visual que indivíduos saudáveis / Patients with major depression have visual contrast sensitivity less than healthy subjects

O objetivo foi medir a sensibilidade ao contraste, SC, visual de grades senoidais circulares concêntricas com frequências espaciais de 0,25; 4 e 8 cpg, ciclos por grau de ângulo visual, em adultos saudáveis e com depressão maior. Foram estimadas a SC de 20 participantes, 10 saudáveis e 10 participantes com depressão maior, utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada e luminância média de 0,7 cd/m². Todos os participantes apresentavam acuidade visual normal ou corrigida e estavam livres de doenças identificáveis. Os resultados mostraram que a SC visual máxima ocorreu na faixa de 0,25 cpg para os dois grupos. Os resultados demonstraram ainda que a SC visual dos participantes com depressão maior foi mais baixa do que a dos participantes saudáveis (p < 0,05), pois os participantes com transtorno precisaram de mais contraste para detectar as frequências espaciais testadas. Estes resultados sugerem alterações na percepção visual relacionadas à depressão maior.

The aim of this study was to measure visual contrast sensitivity, CS, for concentric circular sine-wave gratings with spatial frequencies of 0.25, 4 and 8 cpd, cycles per degree of visual angle, in adults without and with major depression disorder. We measured the visual CS for 20 participants, ten without and ten with major depression disorder medicated, using a temporal two-alternative forced-choice psychophysical method with mean luminance of 0.7 cd/m². All volunteers were free from identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. The results showed maximum contrast sensitivity to spatial frequency occurred in the range of 0.25 cpd for both groups. The results also showed that the visual CS for major depression was lower than those of adults without depression (p < 0.05). These results showed alterations in the visual perception related the major depression.

Sensibilidade ao contraste espacial de adultos jovens para grades senoidais verticais em condições diferentes de luminância / Spatial contrast sensitivity of young adults for vertical sine-wave gratings in different conditions of luminance / La sensibilidad al contraste espacial de los adultos jóvenes a la verticales redes sinusoidales en condiciones diferentes de luminancia

O objetivo deste estudo foi medir a função de sensibilidade ao contraste (FSC) de adultos jovens para frequências espaciais de grades senoidais verticais em condições de luminância fotópica e escotópica. Utilizou-se o método psicofísico da escolha forçada para estimativa da sensibilidade ao contraste para as frequências de 0,6, 2,5 e 5,0 cpg. Todos os participantes apresentavam acuidade visual normal ou corrigida e estavam livres de doenças oculares identificáveis. As análises estatísticas mostraram que houve diferenças entre as condições de luminância e que os adultos foram mais sensíveis às frequências média e alta na condição de luminância fotópica. Esses resultados indicam que as características do sistema visual humano para detectar frequências espaciais em condições de luminância fotópica e escotópica passam por mecanismos distintos que tornam possível a diferenciação de contraste.

The aim of this study was to measure the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) of young adults for spatial frequencies of vertical sine-wave gratings in terms of photopic and scotopic luminance. We used the forced-choice psychophysical method to estimate contrast sensitivity for frequencies of 0.6, 2.5 and 5.0 cpd. All participants had normal or corrected acuity and they were free of ocular pathologies. Statistical analysis showed that there were differences between the conditions of luminance, where adults were more sensitive to middle and high frequencies in the photopic luminance condition. These results indicate that the characteristics of human visual system to detect spatial frequencies in photopic conditions of luminance and scotopic pass through distinct mechanisms that make possible the differentiation of contrast.

El objetivo de este estudio fue medir la función de sensibilidad al contraste (FSC) de los adultos jóvenes para frecuencias espaciales de las verticales redes sinusoidales en condiciones de luminosidad fotópica y escotópica. Se utilizó el método psicofísico de elección forzada para estimar la sensibilidad al contraste para las frecuencias de 0,6, 2,5 y 5,0 cpg. Todos los participantes presentaban acuidad visual normal o corigida y estaban libres de patología ocular. El análisis estadístico mostró que hay diferencias entre las condiciones de luminancia, y que los adultos son más sensibles a las frecuencias medias y altas en la condición de luminancia fotópica. Estos resultados indican que las características del sistema visual humano para la detección de frecuencias espaciales en condiciones de luminancia fotópica y escotópica pasan por diferentes mecanismos que hacen posible la diferenciación de contraste.

A identidade corpo-psique na psicologia analítica / The body-psyche identity in the analytical psychology

O presente trabalho disserta sobre a identidade corpo-psique através das contribuições que a teoria junguiana traz para a compreensão do tema. Este artigo foi produzido com a intenção de se tornar um material de cunho introdutório para aqueles que desejarem uma iniciação sobre este. Utiliza conceitos fundamentais da psicologia analítica, tais como arquétipo psicóide, complexo e instinto psiquificado. Versa sobre a atualidade dessa teoria, um século após suas fundação, procurando demonstrar seu caminho de acordo com a mudança paradigmática que começava a ser exposta na passagem do século XIX para o XX. Na verdade, entre outros saberes, mostrou ser um dos expoentes - como a psicanálise - dessa mudança através dos métodos de investigação pelos quais produziram seus conteúdos. A passagem do paradigma da modernidade para o da complexidade - assistido desde então - e o conceito de transdisciplinaridade, apontado por Edgar Morin, foram aqui sublinhados para futuras complementações desse estudo

The present paper examines the body-psyche identity through the contribution brought to the theme by the jungian theory. It was produced with the intention of becoming an introductory material for those who wish an initiation on the subject. The article works with fundamental concepts from analytical psychology as psychoid archetype, complex and psychophysical instinct. The author ponders on the actuality of this theory, one century after its foundation, looking to demonstrate that - based in its own references - it has delineated its path accordingly to the change in paradigms that was beginning to be projected in the passage of the XIX century to the XX century. As a matter of fact, among other fields of knowledge - like psychoanalysis - it came to be an exponent of these changes through the investigation methods with which they came to create their contents. The passage of the modern paradigm to the complexity one - seen since then - and the concept of transdisciplinarity, pointed by Edgar Morin, were here underlined to permit future complements for this study

Sensibilidade ao contraste acromático para grades senoidais verticais em adolescentes e adultos / Achromatic contrast sensitivity for vertical sine-wave gratings in adolescents and adults / Sensibilidad al contraste acromático para redes sinusoidais vertical en adolescentes y adultos

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a função de sensibilidade ao contraste (FSC) de adolescentes e adultos jovens. Mediu-se a FSC para estímulos de grade senoidal linear com frequências espaciais de 0,25, 1,0, 2,0 e 8,0 cpg, utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada com duas alternativas temporais. As medidas foram obtidas com visão binocular e luminância média de 42,6 cd/m². Todos os participantes apresentavam acuidade visual normal e estavam livres de doenças oculares identificáveis. As análises apontaram diferenças significantes entre os dois grupos nas frequências baixas, médias e altas. Os adultos foram mais sensíveis que os adolescentes nas frequências baixas (0,25 cpg), e os adolescentes foram mais sensíveis que os adultos nas frequências médias e altas (2,0 e 8,0 cpg). Esses resultados sugerem que o processo de desenvolvimento e maturação da percepção visual de contraste interage de maneira distinta com os mecanismos que processam frequências espaciais.

The aim of this study was to characterize the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) of adolescents and young adults. Was measured FSC for linear sine-wave grating stimuli with spatial frequencies of 0.25, 1.0, 2.0 and 8.0 cpd, using the forced-choice psychophysic method with two alternatives temporal. The measurements were performed with binocular vision and the medium luminance of 42.6 cd/m². All participants had normal acuity and were free of ocular pathology. The analysis showed significant differences between the two groups in the low medium and high frequencies. The adults were more sensitive than adolescents in low frequencies (0.25 cpd) and adolescents were more sensitive than adults in middle and high frequencies (2.0 and 8.0 cpd). These results suggest that the process of development and maturation of the visual perception of contrast interacts differently with the mechanisms that process spatial frequencies.

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la función de sensibilidad al contraste (FSC) de los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Se midió la FSC para estímulos de onda senoidal con frecuencias espaciales lineal de 0,25, 1,0, 2,0 y 8,0 cpg, utilizando el método psicofísico de la elección forzada con dos alternativas. Las mediciones se realizaron con la visión binocular y la luminancia media del 42,6 cd/m². Todos los participantes presentaban acuidad visual normal y estaban libres de enfermedades oculares identificables. El análisis mostró diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en las frecuencias de bajo, medio y alto. Los adultos eran más sensibles que los adolescentes en las frecuencias bajas (0,25 cpg) y los adolescentes eran más sensibles que los adultos en las frecuencias medias y altas (2,0 y 8,0 cpg). Estos resultados sugieren que el proceso de desarrollo y maduración de la percepción visual de contraste interactúa de manera diferente con los mecanismos que las frecuencias de proceso espacial.

Contrast sensitivity function of sine-wave gratings in children with acute malnutrition

The aim of this study was to determine the contrast sensitivity curves of sine-wave gratings with spatial frequencies of 0.25, 1.0, 2.0 and 8.0 cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle in 16 female subjects aged 7 to 9 years old, eight well-nourished and eight with acute protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). All participants had normal visual acuity and were free of identifiable ocular illness. Contrast threshold was measured using a temporal two-alternative forced-choice psychophysical method, at a distance of 150 cm of the stimuli, binocularly, with mean luminance of 40.1 cd/m2. We detected a general decline in contrast sensitivity for children with acute malnutrition at all spatial frequencies compared to well-nourished children. The malnourished group needed in average 1.37 times more contrast to detect the stimulus in comparison with the well-nourished one. Differences between the groups were statistically significant at all spatial frequencies (p < .001). These results suggest that acute PEM changes the visual perception for sine-wave gratings.

Sensibilidade ao contraste de crianças surdas e ouvintes para grades senoidais em condições mesópicas / Contrast sensitivity of deaf and hearing children for sine-wave gratings in mesopic conditions

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a sensibilidade ao contraste (FSC) de crianças surdas e crianças ouvintes para freqüências espaciais de 0,25 a 2,0 cpg (ciclos por grau de ângulo visual) em nível de luminância mesópica (0,7 cd/m²), utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada. Vinte crianças (7-12 anos) participaram desta pesquisa, dez com surdez pré-lingual e dez ouvintes. Todos os participantes apresentavam acuidade visual normal ou corrigida. A ANOVA mostrou diferença significante entre os grupos [F(1, 238) = 15,487; p < 0,001], porém a análise com o teste post-hoc Tukey HSD não revelou diferença significante na comparação freqüência a freqüência entre os dois grupos (p > 0,05). Os resultados sugerem alterações na FSC para estímulos de grade senoidal das crianças surdas em níveis de luminância mesópica.

The aim of this study was to compare the contrast sensitivity (CSF) of deaf children and hearing children to spatial frequency of 0.25 to 2.0 cpd (cycles per degree of visual angle) at mesopic luminance level (0.7 cd/m²), using the psychophysical forced-choice method. Twenty children (7-12 years old) participated in this research, ten with prelingual deafness and ten with normal hearing. All participants had normal or corrected visual acuity. The ANOVA showed significant difference between the two groups [F(1, 238) = 15.487; p < 0.001], but the post-hoc Tukey HSD test analysis did not reveal significant difference in frequency to frequency comparison between the two groups (p > 0.05). The results suggest alterations in CSF to sine-wave gratings stimuli of deaf children at mesopic luminance level.

Alterações na sensibilidade ao contraste relacionadas à ingestão de álcool / Changes in the contrast sensitivity related to the alcohol ingestion

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a função de sensibilidade ao contraste (FSC) para freqüências espaciais de 0,25, 1,0 e 4,0 cpg (ciclos por grau de ângulo visual) na ausência (Grupo Controle-GC) e após a ingestão moderada de álcool (Grupo Experimental-GE). Para tanto, foi utilizado o método psicofísico da escolha forçada. Participaram do estudo quatro mulheres, de 21 a 30 anos, com acuidade visual normal ou corrigida. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos na freqüência de 4,0 cpg (p = 0,039), sendo o GE mais sensível ao contraste do que o GC. Estes resultados sugerem alterações na FSC relacionadas à ingestão moderada de álcool.

The purpose of this paper was to characterize the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for spatial frequencies equal to 0.25, 1.0 and 4.0 cpd (cycles per degree) in the absence (Control Group-CG) and after moderate alcohol ingestion (Experimental Group-EG). For such, the forced choice psychophysical method was used. The participants were four 21 to 30 year-old-women with normal or corrected visual acuity. The results showed a significant difference between groups at the spatial frequency of 4.0 cpd (p= 0.039), such that the EG was more sensitive to contrast than the CG. These results suggest alcohol-related alterations in the CSF.

Study on Stochastic Resonance of Electrical Sense based on Psychophysical Experiments / 航天医学与医学工程

Objective To investigate the change of threshold of electrical sense through experiments in the presence of electrical noise according to stochastic resonance phenomenon that has been observed in somatosensory system.Method Psychophysical experiments were carried out using both single stimulus method based on random-gradient method and one-interval-forced-choice method.The glabrous skin of human fingers was choosed as the experimental objects,which was stimulated by square wave electrical signal mixed with electrical noise.Result The corresponding threshold of electrical sense can be reduced by the effect of external electrical noises.Conclusion Although electrical sense is not natural sense,stochastic resonance can occur in it, and effect of noise on enhancing this sense can be implemented by controlling external noises.