Linguagem e comunicação na perspectiva do sujeito com esquizofrenia / Language and communication from the perspective of people with schizophrenia / Lenguaje y comunicación desde la perspectiva del sujeto con esquizofrenia

Introdução: a esquizofrenia apresenta um conjunto de sintomas cognitivos, psicóticos, afetivos e emocionais que influenciam a linguagem e o processo comunicativo. Objetivo: refletir sobre o impacto das manifestações linguístico-discursivas da esquizofrenia na comunicação, a partir da perspectiva de sujeitos com esse transtorno mental, além de descrever as principais manifestações linguísticas presentes no discurso desses indivíduos. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo e qualitativo, com modelo de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência, realizado em um Centro de Atendimento Psicossocial. Realizou-se análise de prontuários e entrevista semiestruturada com usuários do serviço de saúde diagnosticados com esquizofrenia. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, sendo que as entrevistas foram exploradas de forma qualitativa por meio da "Análise Temática do Conteúdo", após transcrição das falas na íntegra. Resultados: metade dos participantes relatou satisfação e conforto comunicativo, enquanto a outra metade informou dificuldade de comunicação associada a sentimentos de frustração, má disposição, nervosismo e receio de falar em público. Tais sentimentos parecem estar relacionados à postura de desvalorização e estigma do interlocutor perante o discurso de pessoas com esquizofrenia. Observaram-se as seguintes manifestações linguístico-discursivas: descarrilamento e alogia. Não é possível afirmar que uma das manifestações linguístico-discursivas observadas nos participantes, a alogia, esteja associada, exclusivamente, à sintomatologia do transtorno mental, visto que a condição de segregação e estigma social pode ser um fator determinante na redução da produção do discurso. Conclusão: os sintomas de linguagem característicos da esquizofrenia impactam as relações de comunicação dos sujeitos diagnosticados com esse transtorno mental.

Introduction: schizophrenia has a set of cognitive, psychotic, affective and emotional symptoms that influence language and the communicative process. Objective: to reflect on the impact of linguistic-discursive manifestations of schizophrenia on communication, from the perspective of individuals with this mental disorder, in addition to describing the main manifestations present in the speech of these individuals. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive and qualitative study, with a non-probabilistic sampling model for convenience, carried out in a Psychosocial Service Center. Analyses of medical records and semi-structured interviews with users of the health service, diagnosed with schizophrenia, were performed. The results were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, and the interviews were explored in a qualitative way through the "Thematic Content Analysis", after transcribing the speeches. Results: half of the participants reported satisfaction and communicative comfort, while the other half reported communication difficulties, associated with feelings of frustration, nervousness and fear of speaking in public. Such feelings seem to be related to the attitude of devaluation and stigma of the interlocutor regarding the speech of people with schizophrenia. The following discursive linguistic manifestations were observed: derailment and allogy. It is not possible to state that one of the linguistic-discursive manifestations observed in the participants, the allogy, is associated exclusively with the symptoms of mental disorder, since the condition of segregation and social stigma can be a determining factor in reducing the production of speech. Conclusion: the language symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia impact the communication relationships of subjects diagnosed with this mental disorder.

Introducción: la esquizofrenia tiene un conjunto de síntomas cognitivos, psicóticos, afectivos y emocionales que influyen en el lenguaje y el proceso comunicativo. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre el impacto de las manifestaciones lingüístico-discursivas de la esquizofrenia en la comunicación, desde la perspectiva de sujetos con este trastorno mental, además de describir las principales manifestaciones presentes en el discurso de estos individuos. Método: estudio transversal, descriptivo y cualitativo, con un modelo de muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, realizado en un Centro de Servicios Psicosociales. Se realizaron análisis de historias clínicas y entrevistas semiestructuradas a usuarios del servicio de salud, diagnosticados de esquizofrenia. Los resultados fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivo, y las entrevistas fueron exploradas de manera cualitativa a través del "Análisis de contenido temático", luego de transcribir los discursos en forma íntegra. Resultados: la mitad de los participantes reportó satisfacción y comodidad comunicativa, mientras que la otra mitad reportó dificultades de comunicación, asociadas con sentimientos de frustración, nerviosismo y miedo a hablar en público.Tales sentimientos parecen estar relacionados con la actitud de desvalorización y estigma del interlocutor con respecto al discurso de las personas con esquizofrenia. Se observaron las siguientes manifestaciones lingüísticas discursivas: descarrilamiento y alogía. No es posible afirmar que una de las manifestaciones lingüístico-discursivas observadas en los participantes, la alología, esté asociada exclusivamente a los síntomas del trastorno mental, ya que la condición de segregación y estigma social puede ser un factor determinante en la reducción de la producción del habla. Conclusión: los síntomas del lenguaje característicos de la esquizofrenia impactan las relaciones de comunicación de los sujetos diagnosticados con este trastorno mental.

Study of suicides in Mangalore region of South Karnataka, India

Background: To evaluate the various causes of suicides and mental illness of different age groups which enables the patients to commit suicide in both sexes.Methods: The data of suicides was collected from medical records of the different Hospital in Mangalore region of South Karnataka.Results: Total 32 cases of suicides in adults were studied at Mangalore city and district as a whole. The history of suicide was 6(18.7%) was alcoholic, 4(12.5%) were drug addicted (dependent), 5(15.6%) were HIV infected, 3(9.37%) had infertility 4(12.5%) had loss of job, 2(6.25%) had sudden loss of property, 8(25%) had failure in love affair. The clinical manifestations of suicides were (8.25%) had major depression 5(15.6%) had multiple personality disorder. 11(34.3%) were schizophrenic, 6(18.7%) had mood disorders, 2(6.25%) were epileptic.Conclusions: This study of suicides of young adults will be quite helpful to psychiatrist and medico-social workers to take preventive measures to prevents such suicides because suicide is not only social problem, but it is due to abnormal mental state too.

Estados clínicos de alto riesgo para esquizofrenia y otras formas de psicosis: una breve revisión / High risk clinical states for schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis: A brief review

La esquizofrenia y cuadros psicóticos relacionados son trastornos complejos que generalmente emergen en el período de transición de la adolescencia hacia la adultez, por lo que sus consecuencias pueden ser deletéreas y producir un alto número de años de vida perdidos por discapacidad. Un importante factor pronóstico es el tiempo transcurrido entre el inicio de la enfermedad y el inicio del tratamiento farmacológico, por lo que la detección temprana de la enfermedad es factor imprescindible. En esta revisión se examinan aspectos históricos, neurobiológicos y concepciones acerca de los estadios clínicos de alto riesgo para el desarrollo de esquizofrenia. En el ámbito de predicción clínica se presentan el modelo de los "síntomas básicos" de Huber y Gross, y el modelo de "criterios de riesgo ultra alto para esquizofrenia" de Mc Gorry y colaboradores. Se revisan los debates y resultados de abordajes tanto farmacológicos como psicoterapéuticos y se subraya claramente la necesidad de utilizar protocolos de detección de las fases preclínicas de esquizofrenia y otras psicosis en nuestro país.

Schizophrenia and related psychotic conditions are complex disorders that generally emerge during the transition from adolescence to adulthood, so that their consequences may be deleterious and produce a high number of years of life lost due to disability. An important prognostic factor is the time elapsed between the onset of the disease and the beginning of pharmacological treatment, reason for which the early detection of the disease is an essential factor. This review examines historical aspects, neurobiological findings and conceptions about the high risk clinical stages for the development of schizophrenia. . In the field of clinical prediction, Huber and Gross' "basic symptoms" model, and Mc Gorry et al's "ultrahigh risk criteria for schizophrenia" model are presented. Debates about and results of both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches are examined and the need to utilize detection protocols of the preclinical phases of schizophrenia and other psychoses in our country is strongly emphasized.

Therapeutic Progress of Mental Diseases ( First):Schizophrenia / 医药导报

The high incidence of schizophrenia causes a greater burden on society and family. In the past of half century, with the widespread use of schizophrenic drugs,the prognosis of clinical schizophrenia has been substantially improved after following the principles of early, effective and maintenance therapy.In this overview,the clinical characteristics at different stages of disease progression with the recent advances in drug therapy of schizophrenia was combined, to introduce clinical selection of schizophrenic drugs.

Effect of Valpar occupational assessment training system on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of Valpar occupational assessment training system on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Methods Sixty patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned into Valpar therapy group ( experiment group, n=30) and traditional rehabilitation therapy group ( control group, n=30) according to the order number. The duration of the treatment was six weeks. The brief assess?ment of cognition in schizophrenia ( BACS) and Wisconsin card sorting test ( WCST) were conducted as pre?and post?treatment assessment. Results There were significant differences between scores of BASC in pre?and post?treatment assessment in experiment group. More specifically, the BASC scores in symbol coding (37.50±6.50, t=-4.60, P<0.01),token movement(60.80±8.72, t=-2.54, P=0.017),verbal memory (44.40±11.29, t=-2.19, P=0.037)),and word fluency(14.23±4.35, t=-3.39, P=0.002) were signifi?cantly different when comparing pre?and post?treatment assessment outcomes. In control group,the only sig?nificant difference was found in word fluency (14.23±4.35, t=-3.39, P=0.002).In addition,response errors (57.80±10.35, t=-3.06, P=0.005) and repeat errors (34.67±6.96, t=3.41, P=0.002) in WCST in exper?iment group were significantly different in pre?and post?treatment assessment while only repeat errors (34.30 ±7.01, t=4.36, P=0.000) was different in control group. It was further discovered that scores in in symbol cod?ing( t=2.010, P=0.048),token movement ( t=2.124, P=0.038),response errors ( t=2.413, P=0.020) and repeat errors( t=2.009, P=0.047) in WCST were different between two groups. Conclusion Valpar professional evaluation train?ing system can significantly improve the cognitive function of people with schizophrenia.

Therapeutic Progress of Mental Diseases ( First):Schizophrenia / 医药导报

The high incidence of schizophrenia causes a greater burden on society and family. In the past of half century, with the widespread use of schizophrenic drugs,the prognosis of clinical schizophrenia has been substantially improved after following the principles of early, effective and maintenance therapy.In this overview,the clinical characteristics at different stages of disease progression with the recent advances in drug therapy of schizophrenia was combined, to introduce clinical selection of schizophrenic drugs.

Faux Pas Test in schizophrenic patients / Teste de Faux Pas em pacientes com esquizofrenia

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study is to validate the adult version of “Faux Pas Recognition Test” created by Stone and colleagues (1998) as a reliable instrument assess and discriminate social cognition among schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with a total of 196 participants (mean age = 26.45; CI (95%) [25.10; 27.83]) 51% male. From those, 44 (22.4%) patients with schizophrenia and 152 (77.6%) healthy controls. The participants answered a short version of the Faux Pas Recognition Test, composed by 10 stories. Results Significant differences were found between both groups regarding their scores on Faux Pas Recognition Test (p = 0.003). Patients with schizophrenia had lower score, compared to healthy controls. Story 14 was the best to distinguish both groups, and Story 16, the worst. Among the questions of Faux Pas stories, the one related to intuition presented the most significant difference between the groups (p = 0.001), followed by the one related to understanding (p = 0.003). Conclusion The Brazilian version of the Faux Pas Recognition Test is a valid test to assess social cognition in schizophrenia and can be an important instrument to be used on the clinical practice.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo é validar a versão brasileira da versão adulta do Teste de Reconhecimento de Faux pas criado por Stone e colaboradores (1998) como um instrumento confiável para avaliar e discriminar a cognição social entre pessoas com esquizofrenia e controles saudáveis. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal com um total de 196 participantes (idade média = 26,45; IC (95%) [25,10; 27,83]), sendo 51% homens; destes, 44 (22,4%) eram pessoas com esquizofrenia e 152 (77,6%), controles saudáveis. Os participantes responderam a uma versão reduzida do Teste de Reconhecimento de Faux Pas, contendo 10 histórias. Resultados Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre grupos no Teste de Reconhecimento de Faux Pas (p = 0,003). Pessoas com esquizofrenia obtiveram menor pontuação comparadas com o grupo controle. A história 14 foi a mais eficiente para distinguir os grupos, ao passo que a história 16 foi a pior. Quanto às questões das histórias Faux Pas, aquela referente à intuição foi a que apresentou maior diferença entre grupos (p = 0,001) seguida por compreensão (p = 0,003). Conclusão A versão brasileira do Teste de Reconhecimento de Faux Pas é um instrumento válido para avaliar a cognição social em esquizofrenia e pode ser um instrumento importante a ser usado na prática clínica.

A Study on Stress, Coping Skill, Suicide Risk and Suicidal Ideation according to Treatment Phases of Hospitalized Patients with Schizophrenia / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate the relationship of stress, coping skill, suicide risk, and suicidal ideation according to treatment phases in patients hospitalized with schizophrenia. METHODS: Participants, 111 patients hospitalized with schizophrenia, were selected from three psychiatric hospitals in G province. Data were collected from March 5 to April 15, 2016 and analyzed using t-test, χ² test, Fisher's exact test, Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffé's test analysis with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: Based on NOSIE-30, the treatment phases were divided into Beginning, Intermediate, and Completion stages. Patients in the Intermediate stage showed a higher stress level (F=5.13, p=.007) and active coping skills (F=6.70, p=.002) than patients in other stages. They also showed the highest suicide risk (F=7.42, p=.001), and the patients in the beginning stage had the highest suicidal ideation (F=20.20, p<.001. There were significant relationships between study variables at each stage. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study show differences in levels of stress, coping skill, suicide risk, and suicidal ideation according to treatment phases and indicate the need to develop suitable nursing intervention programs according to patients' treatment phases.

El término «locuras discordantes¼ de Ph. Chaslin y el concepto de «escisión esquizofrénica¼ de E. Bleuler / Ph. Chaslin's term \"discordant follies\" and E. Bleuler's concep of \"schizofphrenic splitting\"

En este artículo se consideran tres puntos. En primer lugar, se esquematiza el libro sobre semiología mental de Phillipe Chaslin basada en el análisis de los signos de los casos clínicos concretos y de los «tipos clínicos¼, entre los cuales describe las «locuras discordantes¼. En segundo lugar,se analiza el concepto de «escisión¼ (Spaltung) esquizofrénica de Eugen Bleuler como uno de sus «síntomas fundamentales¼ mediante el cual se describió el orden psíquico infraestructural, cuya naturaleza exige un método semiológico específico. Finalmente, se analiza la afirmación hecha por Bleuler de que podía haber utilizado el término «discordancia¼ para su concepto de «escisión esquizofrénica¼ y lo que esto significa.

How semantic deficits in schizotypy help understand language and thought disorders in schizophrenia: a systematic and integrative review / Como déficits semânticos na esquizotipia auxiliam a compreender transtornos da linguagem e do pensamento na esquizofrenia: uma revisão sistemática e integrativa

Introduction: Disorders of thought are psychopathological phenomena commonly present in schizophrenia and seem to result from deficits of semantic processing. Schizotypal personality traits consist of tendencies to think and behave that are qualitatively similar to schizophrenia, with greater vulnerability to such disorder. This study reviewed the literature about semantic processing deficits in samples of individuals with schizotypal traits and discussed the impact of current knowledge upon the comprehension of schizophrenic thought disorders. Studies about the cognitive performance of healthy individuals with schizotypal traits help understand the semantic deficits underlying psychotic thought disorders with the advantage of avoiding confounding factors usually found in samples of individuals with schizophrenia, such as the use of antipsychotics and hospitalizations. Methods: A search for articles published in Portuguese or English within the last 10 years on the databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycInfo, LILACS and Biological Abstracts was conducted, using the keywords semantic processing, schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder. Results: The search retrieved 44 manuscripts, out of which 11 were firstly chosen. Seven manuscripts were additionally included after reading these papers. Conclusion: The great majority of the included studies showed that schizotypal subjects might exhibit semantic processing deficits. They help clarify about the interfaces between cognitive, neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms underlying not only thought disorders, but also healthy human mind's creativity (AU)

Introdução: Transtornos do pensamento são fenômenos psicopatológicos comumente presentes na esquizofrenia e parecem resultar de déficits do processamento semântico. Traços esquizotípicos de personalidade consistem de tendências de pensamento e comportamento qualitativamente semelhantes às observadas na esquizofrenia, além de uma maior vulnerabilidade para esse transtorno. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a literatura sobre déficits de processamento semântico em amostras de indivíduos com traços esquizotípicos, discutindo o impacto desse conjunto de conhecimentos sobre a compreensão dos transtornos de pensamento na esquizofrenia. Estudos sobre o desempenho cognitivo de indivíduos saudáveis que apresentam traços esquizotípicos são úteis na elucidação dos déficits semânticos subjacentes aos transtornos psicóticos do pensamento, com a vantagem adicional de evitar fatores confundidores normalmente presentes em amostras clínicas de indivíduos esquizofrênicos, tais como uso de antipsicóticos e hospitalizações. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca por artigos publicados em português ou inglês nos últimos 10 anos nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, LILACS e Biological Abstracts, utilizando-se as palavras-chave semantic processing, schizotypy e schizotypal personality disorder. Resultados: A pesquisa resultou em 44 manuscritos, dos quais 11 foram inicialmente selecionados. A partir da leitura desses artigos, outros sete foram adicionalmente incluídos. Conclusão: A grande maioria dos estudos incluídos mostrou que indivíduos esquizotípicos podem apresentar déficits de processamento semântico, auxiliando a compreender as interfaces cognitiva, neurofisiológica e neuroquímica subjacentes não só aos distúrbios pensamento, mas também à criatividade na mente humana saudável (AU)

Study on Relationship between Dopamine D1 Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Clozapine Efficacy in Male Schizophrenic Patients / 中国药师

Objective:To investigate the relationship between dopamine D1 receptor ( DRD1 ) gene polymorphisms and clozapine efficacy in male schizophrenic patients. Methods:Totally 46 male schizophrenic patients were treated by clozapine for 6-8 weeks. The clinical response was determined by the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). DRD1 gene rs265981, rs5326, rs4532, rs1799914, rs686 and rs4867798 polymorphisms were detected by the gene sequencing, while plasma clozapine levels were monitored during the treatment. Results:The total clinical efficacy of clozapine response group and the non-response group was compared, the distribution of rs265981 genotype TT, TC and CC and allele T and C had statistically significant differences (P=0. 025;P=0. 005), and the distribution of rs686 genotype CC, CT and TC and allele C and T had statistically significant differences ( P=0. 044;P=0. 010). The negative symptom of the response group was compared with that of the non-response group, the distribution of rs4532 gen-otype GG, GA and AA and allele G and A had statistically significant differences (P=0. 034; P=0. 013). Conclusion: The poly-morphisms of DRD1 gene rs265981 and rs686 may have influence on the clinical efficacy of clozapine, and rs4532 may have influence on the negative symptom.

Analysis on effect of psychological behavior intervention to parents of inpatients with schizophrenia / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the effect of psychological behavioral intervention for the parents of the inpatients with schizo-phrenia .Methods 76 firstly hospitalized cases of schizophrenia were randomly divided into the psychological behavior intervention group and the routine group with 38 cases in each group .The parents in the intervention group were implemented the psychological behavior intervention .All patients were assessed with the Family Concern Index Questionnaire (APGAR) ,the Brief Psychiatric Rat-ing Scale(BPRS) and Inpatient Psychiatric Rehabilitation Outcome Scale (IPROS) .Results The obtained family support level in the intervention group was significant higher than that in the routine group (P<0 .01);the scores of BPRS and IPROS in the interven-tion group were significantly lower than those in the routine group(P<0 .01);the total APGAR scores were negatively correlated with the total BPRS scores(r= -0 .496 ,P<0 .01) and the total IPROS scores(r= -0 .453 ,P<0 .01) .Conclusion The psycho-logical behavior intervention conduces to guide the parents of firstly hospitalized inpatients with schizophrenia to provide the effec-tive family support to the patients for promoting their rehabilitation .

Neurobiologia e neuropsicologia na esquizofrenia e no uso de cocaína / Neurobiology and neuropsychology in schizophrenia and in cocaine use

A associação de sintomas psicóticos no uso e abuso da cocaína é dado frequente e muito estudado. Pesquisas no campo da neurobiologia comparada entre usuários de cocaína e portadores de esquizofrenia indicam similaridade quanto ao substrato neuropatológico. A proposição deste relato é estabelecer paralelo entre os avanços da neurociência no entendimento dessas doenças, enfatizando a contribuição da neurobiologia e neuropsicologia no diagnóstico diferencial.

The combination of psychotic symptoms and the use and abuse of cocaine is a very studied subject. Researches in the compared neurobiology between users of cocaine and schizophrenics indicate similarity in relation to the neuropathological substrate. The proposition of this report is to establish a parallel between the Neuroscience?s progress in understanding these pathologies, focusing on the contribution of neurobiology and neuropsychology in the differential diagnosis.

Cuestiones existenciales en la esquizofrenia: percepción de portadores y cuidadores / Questões existenciais em esquizofrenia: percepção de portadores e cuidadores / Existential questions in schizophrenia: perception of patients and caregivers

OBJETIVO: Examinar los temas y cuestiones existenciales del cotidiano de personas con esquizofrenia y de sus cuidadores. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo con grupos focales. Fueron incluidos 146 sujetos con esquizofrenia (55 por ciento hombres) y 80 cuidadores (75 por ciento mujeres) que provenían de servicios primarios y secundarios de salud de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, España, Inglaterra y Venezuela. Cada grupo tenía de 6 a 10 participantes. Los datos fueron explorados por el proceso de análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS: Fueron identificadas cuatro cuestiones existenciales omnipresentes en los discursos: la necesidad de realización como persona y de encontrar un sentido en la vida; la necesidad de ser respetado y no sufrir discriminación; el conflicto decurrente de la pérdida de autonomía; la importancia de comprender la enfermedad y de reconocerse como enfermo. Las cuestiones existenciales aparecieron fuertemente conectadas a necesidades objetivas, como la falta de ocupación y trabajo, que generalmente resultan en una vida sin propósito y sentido. CONCLUSIONES: Hace falta desarrollar un nuevo tipo de cuidado en salud, en que la consideración por la persona con esquizofrenia y la valoración de su subjetividad sean tan importantes cuanto el tratamiento biológico, así como crear estrategias de promoción de la salud que comprendan mecanismos de inclusión laboral y combato al estigma.

OBJETIVO: Examinar os temas e questões existenciais do cotidiano de pessoas com esquizofrenia e de seus cuidadores. MÉTODOS: Estudo qualitativo com grupos focais. Foram incluídos 146 sujeitos com esquizofrenia (55% homens) e 80 cuidadores (75% mulheres) que procediam predominantemente de serviços primários e secundários de saúde de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Espanha, Inglaterra e Venezuela. Cada grupo tinha de seis a dez participantes. Os dados foram explorados em processo de análise de conteúdo.RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas quatro questões existenciais onipresentes nos discursos: a necessidade de realização pessoal e de se encontrar um sentido para a vida; a necessidade de ser respeitado, não sofrer discriminação e preconceito; o conflito decorrente da perda de autonomia; a importância de compreender a doença e se reconhecer como enfermo. As questões existenciais apareceram fortemente vinculadas a necessidades objetivas, como a falta de ocupação e trabalho, que geralmente resultam em uma vida sem finalidade e sentido. CONCLUSÕES: É necessário desenvolver um novo tipo de cuidado em saúde, em que a consideração pela pessoa com esquizofrenia e a valorização de sua subjetividade sejam tão importantes quanto o tratamento biológico, além de criar estratégias de promoção de saúde que compreendam mecanismos de inclusão laboral e combate ao estigma.

Progress of dopamine D3 receptors / 国际儿科学杂志

The role of dopamine D3 receptors playing in drug dependence has attracted a lot of attention.Pharmacological experiments suggest that dopamine D3 receptors be involved in mechanism of drug addiction and affect the movement and behavior of rodents. Dopamine D3 receptor gene is considered as a candidate gene related to dopaminergic system dysfunction including schizophrenic disorders and essential tremor.

Situation survey of use of the antipsychotic in schizophrenic inpatients / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the present situation of use of the antipsychotic in schizophrenic inpatients,To find out factors of using the antipsychotic.Methods The prescriptions of schizophrenic inpatients was investigated in cross-sectional survey.Results The 47 remedy in 465 schizophrenic inpatients were investigated.The remedy of use of single antipsychotic had 175 patients(37.6%),the remedy of use of combined 2 kinds of antipsychotic had 262 patients(56.3%),the remedy of use of combination 3 kinds of drugs had 28 patients(6.0%),combined more than two drugs therapy was very common;Using rate and constituting rate of clozapine in prescription were No.1,non-classical antipsychotics was playing a leading role in the antipsychotic;Inpatients with public health services used non-classical antipsychotics more than inpatients of non-public health services.Conclusion Non-classical antipsychotics is replacing classical antipsychotics in curing schizophrenic.Paying way of patient influences the antipsychotic choice.

Toxocara Seroprevalence in Schizophrenic Patients in Turkey

PURPOSE: To investigate the seroprevalence of toxocariasis in patients diagnosed as schizophrenia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight schizophrenic patients hospitalized at The Elazig Psychiatric Hospital were included in the study. Anti-Toxocara IgG and/or IgM antibodies were determined by using commercial Toxocara canis IgG and/or IgM ELISA kit. RESULTS: Seropositivity for T. canis was detected in 45 (45.9%) of 98 patients and 2 (2.0%) of 100 control subjects the difference was statistically significant (p 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the schizophrenic state seems to present a high risk for Toxocara infection in Turkey.

Effect of Low-dose Reboxitine on Post-schizophrenic Depression:30 Cases Report / 中国康复理论与实践

@# ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy and side-effects of reboxitine on post-schizophrenic depression.Methods30 patients with post-schizophrenic depression according CCMD-Ⅲ accepted reboxitine 4～8 mg/d in addition to antipsychotic drugs for 6 weeks. Efficacy and side-effects were determined with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) before and 2, 4, 6 weeks after treatment. ResultsThe score of HAMD were obviously improved after the treatment(P<0.01), as well as that of negative psychotic symptoms in BPRS and TESS. Slight symptoms that may be associated to the Reboxitine were obvioused seldom, and all recovered without any treating. ConclusionLow-dose rebositine is effective on post-schizophrenic depression with few side-effects and good compliance.

The Effects of Solution-focused Group Counseling Program for the Families with Schizophrenic Patients / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the effects of a solution-focused group counseling program on the family burden, active coping, expressed emotion, and family support in schizophrenic patients and their families. METHOD: The subjects consisted of 48 schizophrenic patients and 56 families. Twenty-four schizophrenic patients and 28 families were assigned to both the experimental and control groups. The solution-focused group counseling program was conducted for the families of the experimental group, but not for the control group or the patients of the experimental group. RESULT: There was a significant greater decrease in scores of family burden and expressed emotion in the experimental groups than the control groups. There was a larger increase in active coping scores in the experimental groups than the control groups, but it was not significant. There was no significant difference between the two groups in family support scores. CONCLUSION: This program may be an effective nursing intervention program for families with schizophrenic members.

Risperidone: the Korean Experience in the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenic Disorder / 대한정신약물학회지

Since the introduction in 1996 of the novel antipsychotic risperidone in Korea, clinical experiences with this agent for the treatment of schizophrenia have been accumulated. This article attempts to review the published literature on clinical effects of risperidone in Korean patients with schizophrenic disorder. All available clinical articles by Korean authors or involving Korean patients were searched through electronic databases (KISEP and KMBASE) or manually. Retrieved articles were primarily written in Korean and were of several types (original article, case report, review and tutorial), and addressed various issues:efficacy, safety and tolerance, quality of life and subjective well-being, pharmacoeconomics, optimal dose and titration rate, etc. The main results are as follows. Many clinical trials to date have shown that risperidone is an effective antipsychotic agent in the treatment of positive and negative symptoms, with a milder side effect profile, in particular much less EPS than haloperidol. The effects were favorable even in chronic or treatment-resistent patients. It appears to have additional effects on quality of life and subjective well-being. Preliminary evidence suggested that risperidone may improve some types of cognitive function. Weight gain was a major problem although the weight increase was less severe than that seen with clozapine and olanzapine. Some experimental studies demonstrated prolactin elevation in patients treated with risperidone;however, clinical significance of hyperprolactinemia was unclear. Various specific cases of adverse events were reported during risperidone therapy, including new onset of manic symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, stuttering, premature ventricular contraction and hepatotoxicity;however, the numbers of cases were very few, the causal relationship was not clear in some cases, and there were no fatalities or life threatening events. At present the medication costs for risperidone are much greater than those for conventional drugs. However, risperidone therapy may be associated with substantial cost benefits, when total health service costs and quality of life were taken together into account. The target dose found to be effective was lower than the originally proposed target dose of 6 mg/day. A slower titration was also found to be preferable. Taken together, in spite of lacking in randomized controlled clinical trials and long term studies, Korean literature on risperidone use for schizophrenia provides valuable information to clinicans regarding the effective use of risperidone. Risperidone should be a first line drug for the treatment of Korean patients with schizophrenic disorder.