Participación del transporte simplástico de las auxinas durante el desarrollo de las plantas / Symplastic transport participation of auxins during plant development

Resumen: La apropiada organogénesis de las plantas, durante su ciclo de vida, propicia su desarrollo y la adaptación a diferentes condiciones am bientales. Diversas fitohormonas regulan el desarrollo vegetal, pero la auxina denominada ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) es una de las más importantes. El AIA se sintetiza en la parte aérea de la planta y se moviliza a los tejidos demandantes por un transporte rápido que utiliza el floema y por el transporte polar de auxinas (TPA). Recientemente, se ha demostrado que las auxinas también se movilizan mediante el transporte simplástico (TS) a través de los plasmodesmos (PD), cuya apertura o cierre está regulada respectivamente por la degradación o la deposición de la callosa. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue profundizar en los avances sobre la participación del transporte simplástico de las auxinas durante el desarrollo vegetal, así como la degradación o deposición de la callosa, en el cierre o apertura de los PD, para regular el desarrollo de algunos órganos de Arabidopsis thaliana. La intervención de las proteínas PDLP5 es determinante para la deposición de la callosa en los PD, lo que regula la distribución de la auxina e impacta en la formación radicular, especialmente en las raíces laterales. La participación del TS es importante para desarrollar la actividad de las auxinas, lo cual favorece la formación radicular, necesaria en la mejora de absorción de nutrientes de las plantas. Este conocimiento puede ser utilizado para mejorar las plantas de interés agronómico.

Abstract: The appropriate organogenesis of plants during their life cycle promotes their development and adaptation to different environmental conditions. Various phytohormones regulate plant development but auxin, called Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), is one of the most important. IAA is synthesized in the aerial part of plant and is mobilized to the demanding tissues by a rapid transport using the phloem and by the polar auxin transport (PAT). Recently, it has been shown that auxins also are mobilized by a symplastic transport (ST) through plasmodesmata (PD), which opening or closing is regulated by the callose degradation or deposition respectively. The objective of the present work was to deepen the analysis on the participation of symplastic transport of auxins during plant development, as well in the callose degradation or deposition, in the closing or opening of the PD, that regulates the development of some organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. The intervention of PDLP5 proteins is decisive for the callose deposition in the PD, which regulates the auxin distribution and impacts root formation, especially at the lateral roots. The participation of TS is important to develop the auxin activity, which favors root formation, necessary for the improvement plant nutrient absorption. This knowledge can be used to improve development plants of agronomic interest.

Research progress on the regulation of intestinal flora and effect on intestinal absorption and transport by TCM components / 药学实践与服务

The domestic and international research progress on the regulation of gut microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ingredients and their impact on intestinal absorption and transportation were summarized, which provided assistance for subsequent clinical rational drug use targeting gut microbiota. Literature on the relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal absorption and transportation in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the mechanism of TCM ingredients regulating gut microbiota on drug absorption and transportation was elucidated. Research has found that TCM ingredients alter gut microbiota, thereby affecting intestinal barrier function and absorption of transport proteins, which is of great significance for rational clinical medication.

Bone defect blocked by bone cement segmental filling in single-plane tibial bone transport / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Bone transport has been used for a variety of reasons in bone defects with good clinical results.However,various complications have also attracted the attention of practitioners and the avoidance of non-healing of the docking point has become a common concern for doctors and patients. OBJECTIVE:To explore effective methods of avoiding non-healing of the docking point in the treatment of tibial bone defects by bone transport so as to shorten the treatment period and reduce the pain of patients. METHODS:The clinical data of 21 patients with unilateral tibial bone defect admitted to the No.910 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA from January 2018 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed,including 16 males and 5 females,aged(32.8±10.3)years,with an average bone defect length of 10.2 cm.All 21 patients received bone transport surgery,during which the bone defect area was filled with bone cement to reduce the adverse factors affecting the healing of the docking point.The Association for the Study and Application of the Methods of Ilizarov,healing index and incidence of adverse reactions were evaluated during postoperative follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The 21 patients were followed up for 15 to 24 months after surgery,and the extended area was all well mineralized and had no malformations,and no refractures occurred during treatment.Among them,one patient had foot drop,which could not be completely corrected after surgical release of the Achilles tendon and wearing foot and ankle orthotics.19 patients had different degrees of needle tract infection,and no deep infection occurred after timely needle tract nursing.The healing rate of the docking point was 100%;the healing index was 36-45 d/cm and the average was 38 d/cm.The Association for the Study and Application of the Methods of Ilizarov showed that bone healing was excellent in 17 cases(81%)and poor in 4 cases(19%).The results of limb function were excellent in 18 cases(86%)and good in 3 cases(14%).These findings show that bone cement segmental filling during bone transport is an effective method to solve the non-healing of the docking point,shorten the patient's treatment period and reduce the patient's pain.

Effect of tibial nerve injury on treatment of tibial single-plane osteotomy and bone transport / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Peripheral nerves play an important role in bone metabolism.In clinical practice,the specific impact of nerve injury on bone transport technology needs further study. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of tibial nerve injury on the treatment of tibial slip by single-plane osteotomy. METHODS:Thirty-two patients with tibial bone defects admitted to Tangshan Second Hospital from May 2011 to June 2022 were selected.According to the presence or absence of tibial nerve injury,patients were divided into the tibial nerve injury group(n=16)and the non-tibial nerve injury group(n=16).Both groups were treated with single-plane osteotomy and bone slip.After treatment,the patients were followed up to collect the mineralization zone healing index,external fixation index,docking point healing and needle infection.After the removal of external fixation,the bone healing and functional evaluation were evaluated by a classification of the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov(ASAMI). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)All 32 patients were followed up for(25.28±4.79)months.There were no significant differences in bone healing time,external fixation time,healing index and external fixation index between the two groups(P＞0.05).Needle infection occurred in two cases of the tibial nerve injury group and one case of the non-tibial nerve injury group,all of which were PALEY I,and there was no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).The non-union rate of the occlusal end of the tibial nerve injury group was 31%,and that of the non-tibial nerve injury group was 13%;there was no statistical difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).The excellent and good rate of ASAMI bone healing score in the two groups was 100%;the excellent and good rate of limb score was 81%in the tibial nerve injury group and 94%in the non-tibial nerve injury group;there was no statistical difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).(2)Our research shows that tibial nerve injury has no significant effect on the mineralization speed,external fixation time,union of the occlusal end,infection of the needle tract,and the quality of bone formation in the mineralized area of the single-plane osteotomy.

Primary cilia/intraflagellar transport mediates mechanics-responsive signaling pathway and promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Mechanical stimulation has been confirmed to promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells,but the mechanism is unknown.Primary cilia are important mechanoreceptors and regulate various signaling pathways such as TGF-β1/BMP-2/SMAD.They are likely to be important targets for mechanical regulation of bone marrow stromal stem cells. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect and mechanism of fluid shear stress on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells. METHODS:Rat bone marrow stromal stem cells were divided into control group,mechanical stimulation group(fluid shear mechanics intervention by shaking table),mechanical stimulation + IFT88 silencing group(mechanical stimulation + silencing IFT88 expression with siRNA).After 24 hours of intervention,qRT-PCR was utilized to determine the expression of transforming growth factor β1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2.Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 protein.Immunofluorescent staining of primary cilia was conducted and morphology was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Shear stress stimulation could promote the transcriptional activity of transforming growth factor β1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 genes,and increase the expression of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 protein.After siRNA interfered with primary cilia,this mechanical response effect was significantly reduced.There was a Spearman correlation between the change ratio of the primary cilium area of bone marrow stromal stem cells and the increased ratio of transforming growth factor β1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene transcription.These findings indicate that primary cilia/intraflagellar transport mediates the activation of fluid shear stress-responsive transforming growth factor β1/bone morphogenetic protein 2/SMAD signaling pathway and promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells.

Antibiotic-loaded bone cement enhances ability of tibial cortex transverse transport for treating infected wounds / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Diabetic foot patients with wound infections constitute a large patient population,and there is currently no satisfactory treatment approach. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the clinical efficacy of a modified tibial cortex transverse transport combined with antibiotic-loaded bone cement for treating refractory diabetic foot ulcers. METHODS:A total of 46 diabetic foot ulcers patients,27 males and 19 females,with an average age of 64.37 years,were selected from Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Capital Medical University and Beijing Chaoyang Integrative Medicine Rescue and First Aid Hospital from January 2020 to January 2023.All of them underwent the modified tibial cortex transverse transport combined with antibiotic-loaded bone cement treatment.Ankle-brachial index,WIFi(Wound/Ischemia/Foot infection)classification,pain visual analog scale score,and ulcer area were recorded before and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The mean ulcer healing time for the 46 patients was(58.07±24.82)days.At 3 months postoperatively,there were significant improvements in ankle-brachial index,pain visual analog scale score,ulcer area,and WIFi classification in 46 patients,as compared to the preoperative values,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Two patients experienced pin-tract infections,without infection or ulcer recurrence during the follow-up period.(2)These findings indicate that the modified tibial cortex transverse transport combined with antibiotic-loaded bone cement effectively alleviates patients'pain,improves lower limb circulation,controls infections,and promotes ulcer healing.

Recent findings with regard to roles of GGA2 in vesicle transport and related diseases / 中国病理生理杂志

Cellular dysfunction caused by vesicle transport is associated with a variety of diseases.The trans-Golgi network(TGN)to endosome transport is an important pathway of vesicle transport,and its defects leading to protein balance disorders has been linked to many diseases such as cancer,neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes mellitus.Gol-gi-associated gamma-adaptin ear-containing ADP-ribosylation factor-binding protein 2(GGA2)is a crucial protein in-volved in TGN-endosomal transport.It plays a significant role in the regulation of several diseases,including cancer,Al-zheimer disease,type 2 diabetes mellitus and cerebral ischemia,by mediating protein transport with important biological significance.This article provides an overview of the molecular structure of GGA2,its role in regulating clathrin-mediated protein transport between TGN and endosomes,and its potential implications for a variety of diseases.

Effect of sevoflurane on Ca 2+ transporter expression in cardiomyocytes during right ventricular remodeling in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane on Ca 2+ transporter expression in cardiomyocytes during right ventricular remodeling in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Methods:Twenty-four clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8-10 weeks, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=6 each) by the random number table method: control group (CM group), sevoflurane group (CS group), monocrotaline group (M group) and sevoflurane + monocrotaline group (S group). Monocrotaline 60 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group M and group S, and monocrotaline lysate was intraperitoneally injected in group CM. The rats in S and CS groups inhaled 2.5% sevoflurane for 1 h, twice a week, at an interval of 3 days starting from the first day after injection of monocrotaline. Pulmonary artery acceleration time and pulmonary artery ejection time were measured by transthoracic echocardiography at 6 weeks after monocrotaline injection. The chest was exposed under 3% sevoflurane anesthesia, the heart was perfused, and the pulmonary artery branch and right ventricular myocardial tissues were retained. The wall thickness of pulmonary arterioles and cross-section area of right ventricular cardiomyocytes were observed by HE staining. The expression of Ca 2+ transporter in right ventricular cardiomyocytes was detected by Western blot. Results:Compared with CM group, the ratio of pulmonary artery acceleration time to pulmonary artery ejection time was significantly decreased, the cross-section area of right ventricular cardiomyocytes was increased, the wall thickness of pulmonary arteriole was increased, the expression of type 1 sodium-calcium exchange and inositol triphosphate receptor was up-regulated, and the expression of voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel α1C subunit, type 2 ryanodine receptor, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump 2α and proteinphilin-2 was down-regulated in M group ( P<0.01). Compared with group M, the ratio of pulmonary artery acceleration time to pulmonary artery ejection time was significantly increased, the cross-section area of right ventricular cardiomyocytes was decreased, the wall thickness of pulmonary arteriole was decreased, the expression of type 1 sodium-calcium exchange and inositol triphosphate receptor was down-regulated, and the expression of voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel α1C subunit, type 2 ryanodine receptor, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump 2α and proteinphilin-2 was up-regulated in group S ( P<0.01). Conclusions:The mechanism by which sevoflurane improves right ventricular remodeling is related to regulating the expression of Ca 2+ transporter in cardiomyocytes of rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Mechanism of Total Saponin of Astragali Radix and Total Alkaloids of Nelumbinis Folium Against Hyperlipidemia Based on PPARγ/LXRα/ABCG1 Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of the combination of total saponin of Astragali Radix-total alkaloids of Nelumbinis Folium on reversal cholesterol transport （RCT） in hyperlipidemia rats， and to discuss its mechanism. MethodSixty SD rats were randomly divided into control group， high-fat diet group， total saponin of Astragali Radix-total alkaloids of Nelumbinis Folium low （17 mg·kg-1+40 mg·kg-1）， middle （34 mg·kg-1+80 mg·kg-1）， high dose （68 mg·kg-1+160 mg·kg-1） groups and simvastatin （2.1 mg·kg-1） group， with 10 mice in each group. The Hyperlipidemia model was duplicated by feeding rats with a high-fat diet for 6 weeks. From the 3rd week， except for the control group and the high-fat diet group given distilled water， other groups were given corresponding drugs intragastric treatment for 4 weeks. The changes in blood lipid and liver function of rats were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and oil red O staining were used to observe the pathological morphological changes and steatosis of rat liver tissue. The contents of total cholesterol （TC） and total bile acid （TBA） in rat liver tissue and feces were determined by a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer. The mRNA and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors γ （PPARγ）， liver X receptors α （LXRα）， ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 （ABCG1） and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase （CYP7A1） in rat liver tissue were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot. ResultCompared with the control group， the contents or activities of TC， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， TBA， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT） in serum were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the contents of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） in the high-fat diet group were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The hepatocyte was clearly swollen like ballooning degeneration， with a lot of fat vacuoles and red fat droplets. The contents of TC and TBA in liver tissue and feces were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the mRNA and protein expression levels of PPARγ， LXRα， ABCG1， and CYP7A1 in liver tissue were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the high-fat diet group， the contents or activities of TC， TG， LDL-C， TBA， AST， and ALT in the serum of rats in administered groups were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， while the content of HDL-C was significantly increased （P<0.01）. Hepatocyte swelling was significantly reduced， and the ballooning degeneration， fat vacuoles， and red lipid droplets in liver tissue were significantly decreased. The contents of TC and TBA in liver tissue were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the contents of TC and TBA in feces were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PPARγ， LXRα， ABCG1， and CYP7A1 in liver tissue were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionTotal saponin of Astragali Radix-total alkaloids of Nelumbinis Folium has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia rats， and its mechanism may be related to the activation of PPARγ/LXRα/ABCG1 signaling pathway and regulation of RCT.

Novel antibacterial drug target against Gram-negative bacteria: lipopolysaccharide transport protein LptDE and its inhibitors / 药学学报

The outer membrane composed predominantly of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an essential biological barrier for most Gram-negative (G-) bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide transport protein (Lpt) complex LptDE is responsible for the critical final stage of LPS transport and outer membrane assembly. The structure and function of LptDE are highly conserved in most G- bacteria but absent in mammalian cells, and thus LptDE complex is regarded as an attractive antibacterial target. In recent 10 years, the deciphering of the three-dimensional structure of LptDE protein facilities the drug discovery based on such "non-enzyme" proteins. Murepavadin, a peptidomimetic compound, was reported to be the first compound able to target LptD, enlightening a new class of antibacterial molecules with novel mechanisms of action. This article is devoted to summarize the molecular characteristics, structure-function of LptDE protein complex and review the development of murepavadin and related peptidomimetic compounds, in order to provide references for relevant researches.

Golgi Transport 1A Promotes Cell Proliferation and Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression level of Golgi transport 1A （GOLT1A） in thyroid carcinoma and its effects on the proliferation， migration， invasion， and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） of thyroid carcinoma cells. MethodsThe expression of GOLT1A in thyroid carcinoma was analyzed online by tumor immune estimation resource （TIMER）， the University of Alabama at Birmingham cancer data analysis portal （UALCAN）， gene expression profiling interactive analysis 2 （GEPIA2）. The expression level of GOLT1A in thyroid carcinoma cells was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RTFQ-PCR） and western blot. Cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay， colony formation assay， and transwell assay were used to detect the effects of GOLT1A expression on the proliferation， migration， and invasion of thyroid carcinoma cells. Western blot assay was used to detect the effect of GOLT1A on the expression of EMT-related genes including E-cadherin， vimentin， and N-cadherin. ResultsThe online analysis of GEPIA2， TIMER， and UALCAN showed that the expression of GOLT1A was higher in thyroid carcinoma than in normal tissues， and the expression of GOLT1A in thyroid carcinoma cells was significantly higher than in normal control cells. Knockdown of GOLT1A inhibited TPC1 cell proliferation， migration， and invasion. The expression of E-cadherin increased and the expressions of N-cadherin and vimentin decreased in GOLT1A knockdown TPC1 cells. Overexpression of GOLT1A promoted BCPAP cell proliferation， migration， and invasion. The expression of E-cadherin decreased and the expressions of N-cadherin and vimentin increased in GOLT1A overexpression BCPAP cells. ConclusionGOLT1A is highly expressed in thyroid carcinoma and can promote the proliferation， migration， and invasion of thyroid carcinoma cells.

Progress of Research on ABC Transporters in Tumor Multidrug Resistance / 肿瘤防治研究

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily comprises membrane proteins that efflux various substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes. Among them, ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 are directly linked to tumor multidrug resistance (MDR). This review provides an overview of the current understanding on the novel mechanisms and functions of ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 transporters in tumor MDR, discusses the latest strategies to target these transporters, and explores further opportunities to overcome MDR.

Embryo development is impaired by sperm mitochondrial-derived ROS

BACKGROUND: Basal energetic metabolism in sperm, particularly oxidative phosphorylation, is known to condition not only their oocyte fertilising ability, but also the subsequent embryo development. While the molecular pathways underlying these events still need to be elucidated, reactive oxygen species (ROS) could have a relevant role. We, therefore, aimed to describe the mechanisms through which mitochondrial activity can influence the first stages of embryo development. RESULTS: We first show that embryo development is tightly influenced by both intracellular ROS and mitochondrial activity. In addition, we depict that the inhibition of mitochondrial activity dramatically decreases intracellular ROS levels. Finally, we also demonstrate that the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration positively influences sperm DNA integrity, most likely because of the depletion of intracellular ROS formation. CONCLUSION: Collectively, the data presented in this work reveals that impairment of early embryo development may result from the accumulation of sperm DNA damage caused by mitochondrial-derived ROS.

Nasal polyps show decreased mucociliary transport despite vigorous ciliary beating

Abstract Objective Mucociliary transport function in the airway mucosa is essential for maintaining a clean mucosal surface. This function is impaired in upper and lower airway diseases. Nasal polyps are a noticeable pathological feature that develop in some of the patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Like ordinary nasal mucosae, nasal polyps have a ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with vigorous ciliary beating. We measured ex vivo Mucociliary Transport Velocity (MCTV) and Ciliary Beat Frequency (CBF) and explored the expressions of Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) proteins in nasal polyps in comparison with turbinate mucosae. Methods Inferior turbinates and nasal polyps were surgically collected from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Ex vivo MCTV and CBF were measured using a high-speed digital imaging system. Expressions of PCP proteins were explored by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR. Results The MCTV of nasal polyps was significantly lower than that of the turbinates (7.43 ± 2.01 vs. 14.56 ± 2.09 μm/s; p= 0.0361), whereas CBF did not differ between the two tissues. The MCTV vector was pointed to the posteroinferior direction in all turbinates with an average inclination angle of 41.0 degrees. Immunohistochemical expressions of Dishevelled-1, Dishevelled-3, Frizzled3, Frizzled6, Prickle2 and Vangl2 were lower in the nasal polyps than in the turbinates. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that Frizzled3 was localized along the cell junction on the apical surface. The expression levels of mRNAs for Dishevelled-1, Dishevelled-3 and Frizzled3 in the nasal polyps were also decreased in comparison with the turbinates. Conclusion These results indicate that muco ciliary transport in nasal polyps is impaired although vigorous ciliary beating is maintained, and that the impairment may be caused by a decrease in Dishevelled/Frizzled proteins and resultant PCP disarrangement. Level of evidence: Level 3.

Escala de Respuestas Emocionales por Estrés al Traslado en Transporte Público / Scale of Emotional Responses due to Commuting Stress in Public Transport

Resumen El traslado cotidiano entre la casa y el trabajo demanda un importante uso de recursos personales y puede llegar a ser estresante. El objetivo fue construir y evaluar una escala de respuestas emocionales por el estrés en el traslado en transporte público para la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México de manera exploratoria. Método: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas semi estructuradas con el propósito de identificar emociones asociadas a la experiencia de estrés por el traslado para desarrollar los reactivos de acuerdo con el contexto. Posteriormente, dos estudios cuantitativos permitieron evaluar las propiedades psicométricas. Participaron 196 y 298 personas respectivamente. La aplicación de la escala se realizó en línea en septiembre de 2020 y abril de 2021. Resultados: la escala incluyó 26 respuestas emocionales asociadas al estrés. En el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se redujo a nueve emociones negativas (X2=1183, gl=36, p=.001, KMO=.94, 60% de varianza explicada, Alfa ordinal=.93), corroboradas en el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (X2=41.87, gl=26, X2/gl=1.61, p=.025; RMR=.036, SRMR=.036, RMSEA=.045; GFI=.997, CFI=.999, TLI=.998). Conclusión: la propuesta exploratoria de la escala para evaluar las respuestas emocionales por el estrés en el traslado presenta valores adecuados para aplicarse en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México.

Abstract The stress in urban settings is related to a greater request for personal resources to face situations of daily life, such as the commuting, since in big cities, people spend a lot of time on it, and sometimes is uncomfortable and annoying, which can cause stress. Commuting stress has been assessed, through commuting daily hassles, commuting stressful features and physiological responses, but it is possible assess it through emotional responses. The aim of this study was to develop and assess an exploratory scale of emotional responses for the study of commuting stress by public transport in an urban area of México that is densely populated. Method, a cross sectional design was used, in which a qualitative exploratory study was carried out through 23 individual semi-structured interviews and two focus group, where it was identified the main emotions experienced during the commuting stress to develop the items in the language of the population. Subsequently, those emotions were compared with emotions proposed in previous studies to complement the scale. Thus, 26 emotions were included to assess the commuting stress through emotional responses. Finally, two quantitative studies were carried out to assess the psychometric properties of the scale, in which 196 and 298 people participated, respectively. The scale was applied online in September 2020 and in April 2021. Results, from the 26 emotional stress responses were reduced to nine negative emotions in an Exploratory Factor Analysis (X2=1183, df=36, p=.001, KMO= .94, 60% variance, Alfa ordinal=.93). This solution was corroborated with a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (X2=41.87, d.f.=26, X2/d.f.=1.61, p=.025; RMR= .036, SRMR=.036, RMSEA=.045; GFI=.997, CFI=.999, TLI=.998). Conserve only nine negative emotions is due to statistical analysis but also because some emotions referred to conditions of physical exhaustion or body energy level. On the other hand, positive emotions were related with pleasant commuting situations, not with the commuting stress experience. Conclusion, the exploratory scale to assess the commuting stress through emotional responses presents acceptable values to be applied in this urban area of Mexico.

Evaluación de la capacidad de centrado y transporte apical de los sistemas Reciproc Blue y XP-endo Shaper / Evaluation of the centering and apical transport capacity of Reciproc Blue and XP-endo Shaper systems

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar la capacidad de centrado y el transporte apical de los sistemas Reciproc Blue y XP-endo Shaper en bloques de resina con fotografías pre y posoperatorias yuxtapuestas, mediante un programa de análisis de imágenes. Materiales y Métodos: Se dividieron al azar 20 tacos de resina en dos grupos (n=10) preparados con XP-endo Sha- per y Reciproc Blue respectivamente. Se tomaron fotografías digitales de los tacos, antes y después de la preparación con cada sistema en una misma posición. Luego las fotografías obtenidas fueron yuxtapuestas mediante el software Photo shop. Se midieron las desviaciones del centro del conducto con respecto a la pared interna y externa del mismo en diversos puntos de referencia preestablecidos. Estos datos fueron analizados estadísticamente con el test de ANOVA. Resultados: Ambos sistemas produjeron transporte y desviación respecto a la trayectoria original del conducto radicular, pero el análisis estadístico (ANOVA Factorial 2x8) no cuantificó diferencias significativas entre ambos sistemas (p=0,4044) Conclusiones: Bajo las condiciones de este trabajo, ambos sistemas producen transporte y desviación respecto a la trayectoria original del conducto radicular.

Abstract Aim: To compare the centering capacity and apical transport of the Reciproc Blue and X-Pendo Shaper system in resin blocks with juxtaposed pre and postoperative photographs, using the Photoshop software. Materials and methods: 20 resin plugs were randomly divided into two groups (n=10) that were prepared with XP-endo Shaper and Reciproc Blue respectively. Digital photographs of the blocks were taken, before and after preparation, with each system in the same position. Then the obtained photographs were juxtaposed using Photoshop software. The deviations of the center of the canal, with respect to its inter nal and external wall, were measured at various pre-established reference points. These data were statistically analysed with the ANOVA test. Results: Both systems produced transport and deviation from the original trajectory of the root canal, but the statistical analysis (2x8 Factorial ANOVA) did not quantify significant differences between both systems (p=0.4044) Conclusions: Under the conditions of this work, both systems produce transport and deviation with respect to the original trajectory of the root canal.

Effect of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the transport behavior of puerarin across blood-brain barrier in vitro and in vivo / 药学学报

A BBB co-culture cell model consisting of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) and astrocytes (AS) was established to study the effect of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the transport behavior of puerarin across blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro and in vivo. The barrier function of this model was evaluated by measuring the transendothelial resistance, phenol red permeability and BBB related protein expression. The permeability assay and western blot methods were performed to study the effects of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the BBB permeability and the expression of BBB related protein. The animal experiment protocols in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Animal Ethics No.: 2021-1329). The results showed that the established BMEC/AS co-culture model could be used to evaluate drug transport across BBB in vitro. After combined with Angelica dahurica coumarins, the transport capacity of puerarin was significantly increased in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, Angelica dahurica coumarins enhanced BBB permeability and inhibited the protein expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Angelica dahurica coumarins might increase BBB permeability by inhibiting the expression of P-gp and tight junction protein, thereby increasing the content of puerarin in brain tissue.

Application of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the application value of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children.@*METHODS@#The critically ill children in Hunan Children's Hospital who were transported with or without a transport ventilator were included as the observation group (from January 2019 to January 2020; n=122) and the control group (from January 2018 to January 2019; n=120), respectively. The two groups were compared in terms of general data, the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood oxygen saturation during transport, the incidence rates of adverse events, and outcomes.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences between the two groups in sex, age, oxygenation index, pediatric critical illness score, course of disease, primary disease, heart rate, respiratory rate, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation before transport (P>0.05). During transport, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation (P>0.05). The incidence rates of tracheal catheter detachment, indwelling needle detachment, and sudden cardiac arrest in the observation group were lower than those in the control group during transport, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit and significantly higher transport success rate and cure/improvement rate (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The application of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport can improve the success rate of inter-hospital transport and the prognosis in critically ill children, and therefore, it holds promise for clinical application in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children.

Mechanism of gigantol in transmembrane transport in human lens epithelial cells / 中国中药杂志

Gigantol is a phenolic component of precious Chinese medicine Dendrobii Caulis, which has many pharmacological activities such as prevent tumor and diabetic cataract. This paper aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of gigantol in transmembrane transport in human lens epithelial cells(HLECs). Immortalized HLECs were cultured in vitro and inoculated in the laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) medium at 5 000 cells/mL. The fluorescence distribution and intensity of gigantol marked by fluorescence in HLECs were observed by LSCM, and the absorption and distribution of gigantol were expressed as fluorescence intensity. The transmembrane transport process of gigantol in HLECs were monitored. The effects of time, temperature, concentration, transport inhibitors, and different cell lines on the transmembrane absorption and transport of gigantol were compared. HLECs were inoculated on climbing plates of 6-well culture plates, and the ultrastructure of HLECs was detected by atomic force microscopy(AFM) during the transmembrane absorption of non-fluorescent labeled gigantol. The results showed that the transmembrane absorption of gigantol was in time and concentration-dependent manners, which was also able to specifically target HLECs. Energy and carrier transport inhibitors reduced gigantol absorption by HLECs. During transmembrane process of gigantol, the membrane surface of HLECs became rougher and presented different degrees of pits, indicating that the transmembrane transport of gigantol was achieved by active absorption of energy and carrier-mediated endocytosis.

Research progress on the structure and function of the type IX secretion system of Porphyromonas gingivalis / 口腔疾病防治

@#The Porphyromonas gingivalis type IX secretion system (T9SS) is a recently discovered protein secretion system that is widely distributed in Bacillus cereus. The T9SS is structurally complex and powerful. More than 20 T9SS components have been verified, and more than 30 virulence factors can be secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis alone, which contributes significant to the pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis. T9SS is a large protein complex spanning the inner cell membrane, periplasm, and outer cell membrane. Through the structural and functional connections among its components, it forms a sophisticated functional complex that includes power provision, energy transduction, inner and outer membrane translocation, outer membrane modification, and regulatory systems to recognize, translocate, shear, and modify cargo proteins and translocate bacterial intracellular cargo proteins to the cell surface. In recent years, with advancements in X-ray diffraction and in situ cryoelectron microscopy, the exploration of T9SS has evolved from the functional study of single components to the in situ structural study of multiprotein complexes. Still, the structural resolution of the protein still has shortcomings such as low resolution and an inability to capture dynamic functional structures. Future research directions should focus more on exploring how T9SS interacts and functions with cargo proteins. In this paper, we review the research progress on Porphyromonas gingivalis T9SS on X-ray diffraction and cryoelectron microscopy structure resolution in order to gain a deeper understanding of the transport mechanism of T9SS.