Current management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / Atualidades no tratamento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica

SUMMARY Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic accumulation of lipid in patients who do not consume alcohol in amounts generally considered harmful to the liver. NAFLD is becoming a major liver disease in Eastern countries and it is related to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Treatment has focused on improving insulin sensitivity, protecting the liver from oxidative stress, decreasing obesity and improving diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Lifestyle modification involving diet and enhanced physical activity associated with the treatment of underlying metabolic are the main stain in the current management of NAFLD. Insulin-sensitizing agents and antioxidants, especially thiazolidinediones and vitamin E, seem to be the most promising pharmacologic treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, but further long-term multicenter studies to assess safety are recommended.

RESUMO A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) é caracterizada pela deposição significativa de lipídios nos hepatócitos de pacientes que não apresentam história de ingestão alcoólica significativa. É a doença do fígado mais prevalente em populações ocidentais e existe forte associação da DHGNA com a resistência à insulina (RI) e com a síndrome metabólica. O tratamento objetiva reduzir a RI, o estresse oxidativo, a obesidade, a dislipidemia bem como a inflamação e a fibrose hepáticas. O tratamento atual baseia-se principalmente em modificações do estilo de vida, que incluem dieta e prática regular de exercícios físicos, associadas ao tratamento de todos os componentes da síndrome metabólica. Quanto ao tratamento medicamentoso da esteato-hepatite não alcoólica, os agentes insulino-sensibilizantes e os antioxidantes parecem os mais promissores, especialmente as tiazolidinodionas e a vitamina E, mas faltam estudos multicêntricos avaliando sua segurança a longo prazo.

Nuevas estrategias farmacológicas para el tratamiento del hígado graso no alcohólico / New pharmacological strategies for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an increasing health problem in Chile and worldwide. In some cases NAFLD presents with a progressive form that can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current pharmacological therapies (pioglitazone and vitamin E) show limited response and are associated to significant adverse effects. During recent years several novel and promising pharmacological therapies have been developed to prevent fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and reduce liver related deaths. The present article summarizes some of these promising strategies, including reported efficacy in clinical trials and associated adverse effects. Hopefully in the near future these new therapies will help to improve NAFLD management and reduce liver related complications.

El hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA) es un creciente problema de salud pública en Chile y el mundo. En un subgrupo de sujetos, el HGNA puede presentarse con un fenotipo de daño hepático progresivo que puede evolucionar a fibrosis progresiva, cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular. Las estrategias farmacológicas actuales (pioglitazona y vitamina E) presentan eficacia limitada y no están exentas de efectos adversos. Durante los últimos años se han desarrollado múltiples estrategias farmacológicas novedosas y promisorias que buscan evitar la progresión hacia cirrosis y reducir la mortalidad de causa hepática. El presente artículo resume los principales nuevos fármacos, los efectos beneficiosos reportados y sus efectos adversos. Es de esperar que en un futuro próximo estas terapias permitan cambiar el pronóstico de nuestros pacientes con HGNA.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: update on the challenge of diagnosis and treatment

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to be 25-30% of the population, and is the most common cause of elevated liver enzymes in Korea. NAFLD is a "hot potato" for pharmaceutical companies. Many clinical trials are underway to develop a first-in-class drug to treat NAFLD. However, there are several challenging issues regarding the diagnosis of NAFLD. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of NAFLD and steatohepatitis. Ideally, globally recognized standards for histological diagnosis and methods to optimize observer agreement on biopsy interpretation should be developed. Liver biopsy is the best method rather than a perfect one. Recently, multi-parametric magnetic resonance imagery can estimate the amount of intrahepatic fat successfully and is widely used in clinical trials. But no diagnostic method can discriminate between steatohepatitis and simple steatosis. The other unresolved issue in regard to NAFLD is the absence of satisfactory treatment options. Vitamin E and obeticholic acid have shown protective effects in randomized controlled trials, but this drug has not been approved for use in Korea. This study will provide a description of diagnostic methods and treatments that are currently recommended for NAFLD.