Intravenous Use of Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Arthroplasty with no Tourniquet / O uso endovenoso de ácido tranexâmico na artroplastia total de joelho sem uso de torniquete

Abstract Objective: To identify blood transfusion requirements and postoperative complications in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with no tourniquet and intraoperative intravenous administration of tranexamic acid. Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed 49 preopeative and postoperative medical records of patients undergoing TKA. A paired t-test compared changes in hemoglobin (HB) and packed cell volume (PCV), and an independent t-test with Welch correction compared HB and PCV changes between genders. A Spearman correlation test determined associations between age and days of postoperative hospitalization with HB and PCV changes. The significance level adopted was p < 0.05. Results: The patients' mean age was 71.9 ± 6.7 years; most subjects were women (73.5%). The right side (59.2%) was the most affected. Only one participant required a blood transfusion, while three subjects had complications during the postoperative follow-up. No patient had a thromboembolic event. The median length of postoperative hospital stay was 2 days (interquartile range [IQR] = 1.0). There were reductions in HB and PCV levels between the pre-operative and postoperative period, and female patients had a higher HB reduction. Conclusion: TKA with tranexamic acid and no tourniquet did not cause significant postoperative complications or require blood transfusions.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar a necessidade de transfusão sanguínea e intercorrências inerentes ao pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ), a partir de manejos realizados sem o uso de torniquete e com administração de ácido tranexâmico endovenoso intra-operatório. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional retrospectivo, a partir da observação de 49 prontuários médicos de pacientes submetidos à ATJ em pré e pós-operatório. Foi utilizado o teste t pareado para fazer comparações das modificações de hemoglobina (HB) e hematócrito (HT) e o teste t independente com correção de Welch para comparar as modificações de HB e HT entre os sexos. As associações de idade e dias de internação no pós-operatório com as modificações de HB e HT foram testadas pela correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância adotado foi p < 0,05. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram idade média de 71,9 ± 6,7 anos. A maioria da amostra foi composta por mulheres (73,5%) e o lado direito (59,2%) foi o mais acometido. Apenas um participante necessitou de transfusão de sangue e três participantes apresentaram intercorrências durante o seguimento pós-operatório. Nenhum paciente apresentou evento tromboembólico. A mediana da duração da internação no pós-operatório foi de dois dias (IIQ= 1,0). Verificaram-se reduções nas dosagens de HB e HT entre o pré e pós-operatório, e pacientes do sexo feminino apresentaram maior redução de HB. Conclusão: ATJ com uso de ácido tranexâmico e sem uso de torniquete não acarretou complicações pós-operatórias ou necessidade de transfusão sanguínea significativas.

Comparison of Blood Loss with the Use of Intravenous and Intraarticular Tranexamic Acid Versus Isolated Intraarticular in Primary Knee Arthroplasty / Comparação da perda sanguínea com a utilização do ácido tranexâmico endovenoso e intra-articular versus intra-articular isolado em artroplastia primária de joelho

Abstract Objective The objective of this work is to compare blood loss during primary knee arthroplasty with the use of intravenous and intraarticular (IV + IA) tranexamic acid versus intraarticular (IA) tranexamic acid alone. Methods This is a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Patients with indication for primary total knee arthroplasty were recruited in a specialized clinic, where they were operated by the same surgeon, always using the same surgical technique. Thirty patients were allocated in the IV + IA tranexamic acid group and 30 patients in the IA tranexamic acid group, according to randomization. Blood loss was compared through hemoglobin, hematocrit, drain volume, and blood loss estimation (Gross and Nadler calculus). Results After collection, data from 40 patients were analyzed, 22 in the IA group and 18 in the IV +IA group. There were 20 losses due to collection error. Between groups IA and IV + IA, there were no significant differences in 24 hours between hemoglobin levels (10.56 vs. 10.65 g/dL; F1.39 = 0.63, p =0.429), erythrocyte (3.63 vs. 3.73 million/mm³; F1.39 = 0.90, p = 0.346); hematocrit (32.14 vs. 32.60%; F1.39 = 1.39, p = 0.240); drainage volume (197.0 vs. 173.6 mL; F1.39 = 3.38 p = 0.069); and estimated blood loss (1,002.5 vs. 980.1; F1.39 =0.09, p = 0.770). The same occurred in comparisons conducted after 48 hours postoperatively. Time was a significant factor for the change of all outcome variables. However, the treatment did not modify the effect of time on these outcomes. No individual presented any thromboembolic event during the work period. Conclusions The use of IV + IA tranexamic acid showed no advantage in reducing blood loss when compared to the use of IA tranexamic acid alone in primary knee arthroplasties. This technique proved to be safe, since no thromboembolic event occurred during the development of the work.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo desse trabalho é comparar a perda sanguínea durante a artroplastia primária de joelho, com a utilização do ácido tranexâmico endovenoso e intra-articular (EV + IA) versus intra-articular (IA) isolado. Métodos Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo cego. Pacientes com indicação de artroplastia total primária de joelho foram captados em clínica especializada, onde foram operados pelo mesmo cirurgião, utilizando sempre a mesma técnica cirúrgica. Trinta pacientes foram alocados no grupo ácido tranexâmico EV + IA e 30 pacientes, no grupo IA, conforme randomização. Foi comparada a perda sanguínea através dos níveis de hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume do dreno e estimativa da perda sanguínea (EBL) (cálculo de Gross e Nadler). Resultados Após a coleta, foram analisados os dados de 40 pacientes, sendo 22 do grupo IA isolado e 18 do grupo EV + IA. Ocorreram 20 perdas por erro de coleta. Entre os grupos IA e EV + IA, não ocorreram diferenças significativas em 24 horas entre os níveis de hemoglobina (10,56 vs. 10,65 g/dL; F1,39 =0,63, p = 0,429), eritrócito (3,63 vs. 3,73 milhões/mm3; F1,39 = 0,90, p =0,346), hematócrito (32,14 vs. 32,60%; F1,39 = 1,39; p=0,240), volume de dreno (197,0 vs. 173,6 mL; F1,39 = 3,38; p =0,069) e estimativa de perda sanguínea (EBL) (1.002,5 vs. 980,1; F1,39 = 0,09; p =0,770). O mesmo ocorreu nas comparações realizadas 48 horas pós-operatório. O tempo foi fator significativo para a mudança de todas as variáveis de desfecho. Porém, o tratamento não modificou o efeito do tempo nesses desfechos. Nenhum indivíduo apresentou qualquer evento tromboembólico durante o período do trabalho. Conclusões O uso do ácido tranexâmico EV + IA não demonstrou vantagem em redução de perda sanguínea quando comparado ao uso de ácido tranexâmico IA isolado nas artroplastias primárias de joelho. Esta técnica demonstrou-se segura, visto que nenhum evento trombo-embólico ocorreu durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho.

The Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid in Femoral Neck Fractured Patients Undergoing Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty: A Randomized Double Blinded Controlled Trial / A eficácia do ácido tranexâmico tópico em pacientes com fraturas no pescoço femoral submetidos a hemiartroplastia bipolar cimentada: Um ensaio controlado duplo-cego randomizado

Abstract Objective Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic that is widely used for decreasing blood loss and blood transfusion rates in total hip arthroplasty. However, there is limited evidence of topical TXA usage in hip hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of topical TXA on blood loss and on blood transfusions in femoral neck fracture patients who underwent cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Methods Twenty-six patients with femoral neck fractures who were scheduled for bipolar cemented arthroplasty were randomized into two groups. The first group of 12 patients received topical TXA during their operation, whereas 14 patients in the second group received a placebo. Hematocrit was measured at 6 and 24 hours postoperatively. Blood transfusions and postoperative complications were also recorded. Results Total blood loss was not different between the TXA group and the control group (TXA group: 459.48 ± 456.32 ml, and control group: 732.98 ± 474.02 ml; p = 0.14). However, there were no patients within the TXA group who required a blood transfusion, while there were 4 patients in the control group who received allogenic blood transfusions (p = 0.044). There were no postoperative complications, such as wound complication, venous thromboembolism, or cardiovascular complications within either group. Conclusion Topical TXA could not decrease total blood loss but was able to reduce transfusion rates in patients who underwent cemented bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty in femoral neck fractures. Further studies in doses of topical TXA in a larger sample size would be beneficial. Level of Evidence II.

Resumo Objetivo O ácido tranexâmico (TXA) é um antifibrinolítico amplamente utilizado para diminuir as taxas de perda de sangue e de transfusão de sangue na artroplastia total do quadril. No entanto, há evidências limitadas de uso tópico de TXA na hemiartroplastia do quadril para fraturas no pescoço femoral. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do TXA tópico na perda de sangue e transfusões de sangue em pacientes com fratura femoral que foram submetidos a hemiartroplastia bipolar cimentada. Métodos Vinte e seis pacientes com fraturas no pescoço femoral e programados para artroplastia cimentada bipolar foram randomizados em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo de 12 pacientes recebeu TXA tópico durante a operação; no segundo grupo, 14 pacientes receberam placebo. O hematócrito foi medido às 6 e 24 horas no pósoperatório. Também foram registradas transfusões de sangue e complicações pósoperatórias. Resultados A perda total de sangue não foi diferente entre o grupo TXA e o grupo controle (grupo TXA: 459,48 ±456,32 ml; e grupo controle: 732,98 ±474,02 ml; p = 0,14). No entanto, não houve pacientes dentro do grupo TXA que necessitaram de transfusão de sangue, enquanto 4 pacientes no grupo controle fizeram transfusões de sangue halogênicas (p = 0,044). Não houve complicações pós-operatórias, tais como complicação da ferida, tromboembolismo venoso ou complicações cardiovasculares dentro de qualquer grupo. Conclusão O TXA tópico não conseguiu diminuir a perda total de sangue, mas foi capaz de reduzir as taxas de transfusão, em pacientes submetidos a hemiartroplastia de quadril bipolar cimentada em fraturas no pescoço femoral. Outros estudos com doses de TXA tópico em um tamanho amostral maior seriam benéficos. Nível de Evidência II.

Analysis of the efficacy of prophylactic tranexamic acid in preventing postpartum bleeding: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Abstract Background Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the main causes of maternal mortality, mainly in the poorest regions of the world, drawing attention to the need for strategies for preventing it. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic administration of Tranexamic Acid (TXA) in decreasing blood loss in pregnant women in delivery, preventing PPH. Methods Systematic review of randomized clinical trials. We searched for publications in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases, with the uniterms "postpartum, puerperal hemorrhage" and "tranexamic acid", published between January of 2004 and January of 2020. The eligibility criteria were trials published in English with pregnant women assessed during and after vaginal or cesarean delivery about the effect of prophylactic use of TXA on bleeding volume. The random-effects model was applied with the DerSimonian-Laird test and the Mean Difference (MD) was calculated for continuous variables together with each 95% CI. This systematic review was previously registered in the PROSPERO platform under the registration n° CRD42020187393. Results Of the 630 results, 16 trials were selected, including one with two different doses, performing a total of 6731 patients. The intervention group received a TXA dose that varied between 10 mg.kg−1 and 1g (no weight calculation). The TXA use was considered a protective factor for bleeding (MD: -131.07; 95% CI: -170.00 to -92.78; p= 0.000) and hemoglobin variation (MD: -0.417; 95% CI: -0.633 to -0.202; p= 0.000). In the subgroup analysis related to the cesarean pathway, the effect of TXA was even greater. Conclusion The prophylactic use of tranexamic acid is effective in reducing the post-partum bleeding volume. PROSPERO registration ID CRD42020187393.

Efficacy and safety of multiple-dose intravenous tranexamic acid for reducing blood loss in complex tibial plateau fractures: A prospective randomized controlled trial / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the efficacy and safety of multiple-dose intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) for reducing blood loss in complex tibial plateau fractures with open reduction internal fixation by a prospective randomized controlled trial.@*METHODS@#A study was conducted on patients with Schatzker type Ⅳ-Ⅵ tibial plateau fractures admitted between August 2020 and December 2022. Among them, 88 patients met the selection criteria and were included in the study. They were randomly allocated into 3 groups, the control group (28 cases), single-dose TXA group (31 cases), and multiple-dose TXA group (29 cases), using a random number table method. There was no significant difference ( P>0.05) in terms of age, gender, body mass index, the Schatzker type and side of fracture, laboratory examinations [hemoglobin (Hb), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (Fib), international normalized ratio (INR), D-dimer, and interleukin 6 (IL-6)], and preoperative blood volume. The control group received intravenous infusion of 100 mL saline at 15 minutes before operation and 3, 6, and 24 hours after the first administration. The single-dose TXA group received intravenous infusion of 1 g TXA (dissolved in 100 mL saline) at 15 minutes before operation, followed by an equal amount of saline at each time point after the first administration. The multiple-dose TXA group received intravenous infusion of 1 g TXA (dissolved in 100 mL saline) at each time point. The relevant indicators were recorded and compared between groups to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TXA, including hospital stays, operation time, occurrence of infection; the occurrence of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, intermuscular vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism at 1 week after operation; the lowest postoperative Hb value and Hb reduction rate, the difference (change value) between pre- and post-operative APTT, PT, Fib, and INR; D-dimer and IL-6 at 24 and 72 hours after operation; total blood loss, intraoperative blood loss, hidden blood loss, drainage flow during 48 hours after operation, and postoperative blood transfusion.@*RESULTS@#① TXA efficacy evaluation: the lowest Hb value in the control group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the single- and multiple-dose TXA groups ( P>0.05). The Hb reduction rate, total blood loss, intraoperative blood loss, drainage flow during 48 hours after operation, and hidden blood loss showed a gradual decrease trend in the control group, single-dose TXA group, and multiple-dose TXA group. And differences were significant ( P<0.05) in the Hb reduction rate and drainage flow during 48 hours after operation between groups, and the total blood loss and hidden blood loss between control group and other two groups. ② TXA safety evaluation: no lower extremity deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurred in the three groups after operation, but 3, 4, and 2 cases of intermuscular vein thrombosis occurred in the control group, single-dose TXA group, and multiple-dose TXA group, respectively, and the differences in the incidences between groups were not significant ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the operation time between groups ( P>0.05). But the length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the control group than in the other groups ( P<0.05); there was no significant difference between the single- and multiple-dose TXA groups ( P>0.05). ③ Effect of TXA on blood coagulation and inflammatory response: the incisions of the 3 groups healed by first intention, and no infections occurred. The differences in the changes of APTT, PT, Fib, and INR between groups were not significant ( P>0.05). The D-dimer and IL-6 in the three groups showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing over time, and there was a significant difference between different time points in the three groups ( P<0.05). At 24 and 72 hours after operation, there was no significant difference in D-dimer between groups ( P>0.05), while there was a significant difference in IL-6 between groups ( P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Multiple intravenous applications of TXA can reduce perioperative blood loss and shorten hospital stays in patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation of complex tibial plateau fractures, provide additional fibrinolysis control and ameliorate postoperative inflammatory response.

Application of Tranexamic Acid in Shoulder Arthroscopic Surgery: A Randomised Controlled Trial / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective To explore the optimal administration route of tranexamic acid (TXA) in shoulder arthroscopic surgery. Methods Patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were randomly divided into four groups: control group (without TXA treatment), intravenous group (TXA was intravenously administered 10 minutes before surgery), irrigation group (TXA was added to the irrigation fluid during subacromial decompression and acromioplasty), and intravenous plus irrigation group (TXA was applied both intravenously and via intra-articular irrigation). The primary outcome was visual clarity assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) score, and the secondary outcomes included irrigation fluid consumption and time to subacromial decompression and acromioplasty procedure. Results There were 134 patients enrolled in the study, including 33 in the control group, 35 in the intravenous group, 32 in the irrigation group, and 34 in the intravenous plus irrigation group. The median and interquartile range of VAS scores for the intravenous, irrigation, and intravenous plus irrigation groups were 2.70 (2.50, 2.86) (Z = -3.677, P = 0.002), 2.67 (2.50, 2.77) (Z = -3.058, P < 0.001), and 2.91 (2.75, 3.00) (Z = -6.634, P < 0.001), respectively, significantly higher than that of the control group [2.44 (2.37, 2.53)]. Moreover, the control group consumed more irrigation fluid than the intravenous group, irrigation group, and intravenous plus irrigation group (all P < 0.05). The intravenous plus irrigation group consumed less irrigation fluid than either the intravenous group or the irrigation group (both P < 0.001). There was no difference in subacromial decompression and acromioplasty operative time among the four groups. Conclusion TXA applied both topically and systematically can improve intraoperative visual clarity, and the combined application is more effective.

The Role of Tranexamic Acid in the Prevention and Management of Blood Loss in Total Joint Arthroplasty / O papel do ácido tranexâmico na prevenção e gerenciamento da perda de sangue na artroplastia total de articulação

Abstract Objective To collect data on the role played by tranexamic acid in the prevention and management of blood loss in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty. Methods In the present prospective, comparative study, 30 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were randomly allocated into 1 of 2 groups with 15 patients each. Tranexamic acid was administered by intravenous and topical routes in the study group, but it was not administered in the control group. Preoperative blood parameters, intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, and need for blood transfusion were noted. Statistical analysis was performed using the chisquared test and the independent t-test. Results The study group had statistically significant higher postoperative hemoglobin values (p = 0.03), less difference between pre and postoperative hemoglobin value (p = 0.046), less difference between pre and postoperative packed-cell volume (p = 0.06), less intraoperative measured blood loss (p = 0.015), and less volume of blood collected in the drain (p = 0.0291) compared with the control group. There was also reduced frequency of blood transfusions in the study group (p = 0.0008). Conclusion Tranexamic acid is associated with reduced intra and postoperative blood loss and reduced frequency of blood transfusions in patients undergoing THA/TKA.

Resumo Objetivo Coletar dados sobre o papel desempenhado pelo ácido tranexâmico na prevenção e gerenciamento da perda de sangue em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril (ATQ) e à artroplastia total do joelho (ATJ). Métodos Neste estudo prospectivo e comparativo, 30 pacientes submetidos à ATQ ou à ATJ foram alocados aleatoriamente em 1 de 2 grupos com 15 pacientes. O ácido tranexâmico foi administrado por rotas intravenosas e tópicas no grupo de intervenção, mas não foi administrado no grupo controle. Foram observados parâmetros sanguíneos pré-operatórios, perda de sangue intrae pós-operatória e necessidade de transfusão de sangue. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se teste do qui-quadrado e o teste-t independente. Resultados O grupo de intervenção apresentou hemoglobina mais elevada no pósoperatório de forma estatisticamente significante (p = 0,03), menor diferença entre concentração de hemoglobina pré- e pós-operatória (p = 0,046), menor diferença entre volume de células embaladas pré- e pós-operatório (p = 0,06), menor perda de sangue intraoperatória medida (p = 0,015) e menor volume de sangue coletado na drenagem (p = 0,0291) em comparação com o grupo controle. Também houve redução da frequência de transfusões de sangue no grupo de intervenção (p = 0,0008). Conclusão O ácido tranexâmico está associado à redução da perda sanguínea intraoperatória e pós-operatória e à redução da frequência de transfusões de sangue em pacientes submetidos à ATQ/ATJ.

¿Es seguro el ácido tranexámico en la cirugía de reemplazo total de rodilla de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria? / Is tranexamic acid safe in total knee replacement surgery in patients with coronary artery disease?

Introducción: El ácido tranexámico reduce la pérdida sanguínea y los requerimientos de transfusiones luego de un reemplazo total de rodilla. Una de sus contraindicaciones relativas son los antecedentes de colocación de prótesis intravasculares coronarias, por un supuesto aumento de eventos tromboembólicos. materiales y métodos:Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a un reemplazo total de rodilla primario y de revisión que recibieron ácido tranexámico y tenían antecedente de colocación de prótesis intravascular coronaria. Se los comparó con un grupo sin estas prótesis. Se analizó la presencia de cualquier cambio clínico o electrocardiográfico de oclusión coronaria aguda, eventos tromboembólicos, el requerimiento de transfusión sanguínea y el nivel de hemoglobina pre y posoperatorio. Resultados: 57 pacientes (59 cirugías, 56 reemplazos primarios y 3 revisiones) con colocación de prótesis intravascular coronaria, al menos, un año antes de la artroplastia. Un paciente tuvo síntomas de síndrome coronario agudo y cambios en el electrocardiograma. No hubo diferencias en la cantidad de eventos tromboembólicos. Solo un paciente del grupo de control recibió una transfusión de glóbulos rojos. El sangrado relativo fue menor en el grupo coronario independientemente del uso crónico de aspirina y clopidogrel antes de la cirugía (2,09 vs. 3,06 grupo de control; p = 0,01). En pacientes del alto riesgo, el ácido tranexámico no se asoció con más eventos tromboembólicos. Conclusiones: El ácido tranexámico impresionó ser seguro y efectivo en nuestro grupo de pacientes con prótesis intravasculares coronarias; sin embargo, se necesita un estudio prospectivo con más casos para confirmar estos resultados. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces blood loss and need for a transfusion after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, patients with a history of coronary artery (CA) stent placement might be at increased risk for thromboembolic complications. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with a history of coronary stenting who had undergone primary and revision TKA and received preoperative TXA. A comparison was made with a group of patients without coronary stenting. The presence of any clinical or electrocardiographic changes of acute coronary occlusion, thromboembolic events (TEE), blood transfusion, and pre- and postoperative hemoglobin levels were analyzed. Results: 57 patients underwent 59 TKA surgeries (56 primary and 3 revisions) with a history of coronary stenting at least 1 year before arthroplasty. One patient presented symptoms of acute coronary syndrome and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes. There were no differences in the number of thromboembolic events. Only 1 patient received red blood cell transfusion in the control group. Relative bleeding was lower in the coronary group regardless of chronic use of aspirin and clopidogrel before surgery (2.09 vs 3.06 in the control group; p=0.01). In high-risk patients, TXA was not associated with higher TEEs. Conclusions: Although TXA seemed safe and effective in this database review of patients with previous placement of CAS; a larger prospective trial is warranted to confirm these results. Level of Evidence: IV

Hemostatic efficacy of tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid in hip and knee arthroplasty:a Meta-analysis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To systematically evaluate the hemostatic efficacy of tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA).@*METHODS@#Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and retrospective case-control studies about tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid for the comparison of THA or TKA were searched electronically in PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, VIP from the time of building databases to July 2020. Two investigators carried out literature screening and data extraction according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria respectively. The methodological quality of the included randomized controlled studies was evaluated through the Cochrane Handbook, and the methodological quality of the included retrospective case-control studies was evaluated through the NOS scale. Blood loss, the incidence of thrombosis complications, per capita input of hemoglobin were Meta-analyzed by Review Manager 5.3 software.@*RESULTS@#A total of 6 articles were included, including 4 RCTs and 2 retrospective case-control studies. A total of 3 174 patients, including 1 353 in the tranexamic acid group and 1 821 in the ε-aminocaproic acid group. Meta-analysis results showed that there were no difference statistical significance in blood loss [MD=-88.60, 95%CI(-260.30, 83.10), P=0.31], blood transfusion rate [OR=1.48, 95%CI(0.96, 2.27), P=0.08], thrombotic complications [OR=0.80, 95%CI(0.07, 8.83), P=0.85], per capita hemoglobin input [MD=0.04, 95%CI(-0.02, 0.10), P=0.18] between tranexamic acid group and ε-aminocaproic acid group during THA. While in TKA, the blood loss of the tranexamic acid group was less than that of the ε-aminocaproic acid group [MD=-147.13, 95%CI(-216.52, -77.74), P<0.0001], the difference was statistically significant. The blood transfusion rate [OR=1.30, 95%CI(0.74, 2.28), P=0.37], thrombotic complications [OR=0.95, 95%CI(0.38, 2.36), P=0.92], per capita hemoglobin input [MD=-0.00, 95%CI(-0.05, 0.06), P=0.48], tourniquet time [MD=1.54, 95%CI(-2.07, 5.14), P=0.40] were similar between two groups, the difference was not statistically significant.@*CONCLUSION@#In THA, tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid have similar hemostatic effects, while in TKA, tranexamic acid can effectively reduce the patient's blood loss and has a better hemostatic effect. Tranexamic acid is recommended as one of the first choice hemostatic drugs for TKA.

Epistaxis: aspectos nuevos a considerar / Epistaxis: new aspects to consider

La epistaxis es una de las urgencias otorrinolaringológicas más frecuentes, y se estima que un 6% requerirá algún tipo de intervención. Según la localización del sitio de sangrado puede clasificarse en anterior, posterior o superior. A lo largo de la historia su manejo ha seguido ciertos ejes que se mantienen vigentes, como son la compresión nasal, posicionamiento de la cabeza, taponamiento nasal, entre otros. Tras la implementación de la evaluación endoscópica sistemática del sitio de sangrado, estudios han descrito un nuevo punto de sangrado denominado S-point, que debiese ser especialmente considerado en epistaxis severa. Además, durante los últimos años la evidencia ha revelado ciertos aspectos especiales y relevantes en torno a la evaluación y/o manejo de pacientes con epistaxis y condiciones asociadas, como el uso de terapia antitrombótica, telangiectasia hemorrágica hereditaria o con hipertensión arterial. El objetivo de esta revisión es resumir aspectos novedosos en la evaluación, estudio y manejo de la epistaxis, donde se incluirán el uso de ácido tranexámico y de nuevos dispositivos intranasales.

Epistaxis is one of the most frequent otorhinolaryngological emergencies, and it is estimated that 6% require some type of intervention. Depending on the location of the bleeding site, it may be classified as anterior, posterior or superior. Throughout history, its treatment has remained the same, including nasal compression, head positioning, nasal packing, among others. After the implementation of the systematic endoscopic assessment of the bleeding site, studies have described a new point of bleeding called S-point, which should be especially considered in severe epistaxis. In addition, during the last years the evidence has revealed certain special and relevant aspects regarding the evaluation and/or management of patients with epistaxis and associated conditions, such as the use of antithrombotic therapy, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia or arterial hypertension. The objective of this review is to summarize novel aspects in the evaluation, study and management of epistaxis, which include the use of tranexamic acid and new intranasal devices.

Manejo anestésico de pacientes con trombocitemia esencial / Anesthetic management of a patient with essential trombocythemia

La trombocitemia esencial forma parte del grupo de neoplasias mieloproliferativas. Se caracteriza por síntomas microvasculares y vasomotores, recuento plaquetario superior a 450 x 109/l, proliferación megacariocítica con morfología grande y madura, ausencia de proliferación eritroide y granulocítica, demostración de JAK2V617F u otro marcador clonal y ausencia de evidencia de trombocitosis reactiva. Se reporta el manejo anestésico en una paciente donde las principales consideraciones están relacionadas con la prevención de eventos hemorrágicos y trombóticos. La suspensión de la aspirina, el mantenimiento del tratamiento con hidroxiurea, la preparación con ácido tranexámico, el uso pre y posoperatorio de fraxiparina, hidratación adecuada, uso de medias elásticas en miembros inferiores, deambulación precoz, buena hemostasia quirúrgica y disponibilidad de concentrados de plaquetas son los elementos fundamentales en la conducción anestésica de esta paciente(AU)

Essential thrombocythemia is part of the group of myeloproliferative neoplasms. It is characterized by microvascular and vasomotor symptoms, platelet count over 450x109/L, megakaryocytic proliferation with large and mature morphology, absence of erythroid and granulocytic proliferation, demonstration of JAK2V617F or other clonal marker, and absence of evidence of reactive thrombocytosis. Anesthetic management is reported in a patient, whose case's main considerations are related to the prevention of hemorrhagic and thrombotic events. Aspirin suspension, maintenance of hydroxyurea treatment, preparation with tranexamic acid, pre- and post-operative use of fraxiparin, adequate hydration, use of elastic stockings in lower limbs, early ambulation, good surgical hemostasis, as well as availability of platelet concentrates are the fundamental elements in the anesthetic management of this patient(AU)

Perfil das pacientes com diagnóstico de hemorragia puerperal em uma maternidade filantrópica do município de São Paulo / Profile of patients diagnosed with puerperal hemorrhage in a philanthropic maternity hospital in São Paulo

Objetivo: A hemorragia puerperal (HPP) é um problema de saúde pública. A finalidade deste estudo foi estereotipar as pacientes diagnosticadas com HPP e saber seu desfecho ante a aplicação do protocolo da instituição. Foram avaliadas características anteparto e intraparto para encontrar perfil materno propenso ao desenvolvimento da HPP. Métodos: O método escolhido foi coorte com análise de prontuários no Hospital Filantrópico Beneficência Portuguesa, envolvendo 197 mulheres com diagnóstico de HPP, com administração de ácido tranexâmico de forma precoce, juntamente com ocitocina. O perfil predominante foi de idade materna não avançada, não brancas, multíparas, parto vaginal sem preparo de colo, ausência de síndrome hipertensiva e com idade gestacional de 39 semanas. A principal causa foi atonia uterina, seguida das lacerações de trajeto. Resultados: Além do ácido tranexâmico em conjunto com a ocitocina, a droga mais usada foi a metilergometrina; 71 (36%) mulheres precisaram de procedimentos, sendo o principal a sutura de trajeto e 45 (22,8%) precisaram de hemoderivados. Conclusão: A terapia farmacológica foi eficaz, com menor necessidade procedimentos e ausência de mortalidade.(AU)

Objective: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a public health problem. The purpose of this study is to stereotype patients diagnosed with PPH as well as know their outcome according to the institution's protocol. Antepartum and intrapartum characteristics were evaluated to find a maternal profile prone to the development of PPH. Methods: The method chosen was the cohort analysis of medical records at the Hospital Filantrópico Beneficência Portuguesa, involving 197 women diagnosed with PPH, with administration of tranexamic acid early, associated with oxytocin. As results, the predominant profile was non-advanced maternal age, non-white, non-primigravida, vaginal delivery without prior cervical ripening, without hypertensive syndrome and gestational age of 39 weeks. Results: The main cause was uterine atony, followed by trauma. In addition to tranexamic acid and oxytocin, the most used drug was methylergometrine; 71 (36%) women needed procedures, the main one was the path suture and 45 (22,8%) needed blood products. Conclusion: Pharmacological therapy was effective, with less need for procedures and no mortality.(AU)

Efectividad del tratamiento con ácido tranexámico en la hemorragia digestiva alta / Effectiveness of Tranexamic Acid Treatment for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

RESUMEN Introducción: La hemorragia digestiva alta es una entidad de elevada incidencia, de etiología múltiple y de difícil manejo. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del tratamiento con ácido tranexámico en sangramiento digestivo alto. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental, partiéndose de un ensayo clínico realizado en Cuba en el año 2012, que incluyó el universo de pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta que ingresaron en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital General Docente "Comandante Pinares" en el período comprendido entre junio del 2016 y mayo del 2018. Fueron divididos en dos grupos de estudio: a un primer grupo se les realizó el tratamiento convencional según el algoritmo establecido, y a un segundo, a los que además de los tratamientos propuestos en el algoritmo se les administró el ácido tranexámico, según protocolo para dar salida a los objetivos proyectados. Se analizaron e interpretaron las variables utilizándose números, por cientos y la técnica estadística chi cuadrado, con un 95 por ciento de confiabilidad. Resultados: Los pacientes tratados con el ácido tranexámico adicionado al protocolo de tratamiento evolucionaron satisfactoriamente; con menor estadía hospitalaria, mejor evolución de los parámetros clínicos, menor número de transfusiones e intervenciones quirúrgicas, aclaramiento de los enemas evacuantes y controles de sangramiento en 48 horas. Conclusiones: El uso del ácido tranexámico reportó mayores beneficios que el tratamiento convencional en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is an entity with a high incidence, multiple etiology and difficult to manage. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with tranexamic acid in upper digestive bleeding. Methods: An experimental study was carried out, starting from a clinical trial carried out in Cuba in 2012, which included the universe of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding who were admitted to the general surgery service of the General Teaching Hospital "Comandante Pinares" in the period between June 2016 and May 2018. They were divided into two study groups: a first group underwent conventional treatment according to the established algorithm, and a second, which, in addition to the treatments proposed in the algorithm, were given administered tranexamic acid, according to the protocol to achieve the projected objectives. The variables were analyzed and interpreted using numbers, per hundred and the chi square statistical technique, with 95 percent reliability. Results: The patients treated with tranexamic acid added to the treatment protocol evolved satisfactorily; with shorter hospital stay, better evolution of clinical parameters, fewer transfusions and surgical interventions, clearance of evacuating enemas and bleeding controls in 48 hours. Conclusions: The use of tranexamic acid reported greater benefits than conventional treatment in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding(AU)

Eficacia del ácido tranexámico para la disminución de la transfusión de sangre alogénica en la artroplastía total de cadera / Effectiveness of tranexamic acid for decreased allogenic blood transfusion in total hip arthroplasty

Resumen: Introducción: La artroplastía total de cadera (ATC) puede causar una pérdida considerable de sangre. Para reducir la necesidad de transfusión de sangre se utilizan diversas técnicas preoperatorias como la administración de ácido tranexámico (ATX). Objetivo: Demostrar que el uso de ATX disminuye la necesidad de transfusión de sangre alogénica en pacientes operados de ATC. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, utilizado para observar la tasa de transfusión de sangre alogénica en pacientes a quienes se les practicó ATC primaria unilateral de Mayo de 2016 a Diciembre de 2017. A los pacientes incluidos en el estudio se les aplicó ATX preoperatoriamente, a las 24 horas se tomó una biometría hemática y se valoró la necesidad de transfusión sanguínea. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 70 pacientes en el estudio. La Hb promedio postquirúrgica 11.7 mg/dl con un rango de 9.2 a 14.9 mg/dl y un Hto promedio de 37.1% con un rango de 30.2 a 44.2%. Ninguno de los pacientes requirió de transfusión de sangre alogénica. Conclusiones: En este estudio se demuestra cómo el ATX es una estrategia transoperatoria para reducir la necesidad de transfusión de sangre alogénica en pacientes a quienes se realiza una ATC primaria.

Abstract: Introduction: ATC can cause considerable blood loss. To reduce the need for blood transfusion, various preoperative techniques such as administration of tranexamic acid (ATX) are used. Objective: to demonstrate that the use of ATX decreases the need for allogeneic blood transfusion in patients operated on ATC. Material and methods: Prospective, observational, descriptive study, used to observe the allogeneic blood transfusion rate in patients who underwent unilateral primary ATC from May 2016 to December 2017. ATX was applied preoperatively and after 24 hours a blood count was taken and the need for blood transfusion was assessed. Results: A total of 70 patients were included in the study. The average postoperative Hb 11.7 mg/dl with a range of 9.2 to 14.9 mg/dl and an average Ht of 37.1% with a range of 30.2 to 44.2%. None of the patients required allogeneic blood transfusión. Conclusions: This study demonstrates how ATX is a transoperative strategy to reduce the need for allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing primary ATC.

Acute Myocardial Infarction After Tranexamic Acid: Review of Published Case Reports / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective To summarize cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after tranexamic acid (TXA) administration. Methods Electronic databases were searched to identify all case reports presenting AMI after use of TXA. Two authors independently extracted data of patients' manifestation, examinations, medical history, treatment and outcome. Results Our search yielded seven case reports including seven patients. Among the seven reports, two were from USA, and the other five were from India, Turkey, UK, Italy and France, respectively. Of the seven patients aged between 28- and 77-year-old who developed AMI after TXA, five patients were female and two were male. TXA was prescribed for four patients to reduce surgical bleeding, for two patients to treat menorrhagia and for one patient to manage hemoptysis. The diagnosis of AMI was made based upon patients' symptoms, ECG, myocardium-specific enzymes, and confirmed by coronary angiography. Coronary stents were placed in four patients, for whom anti-platelet and anti-coagulation drugs were prescribed. No death or major cardiovascular events were reported during hospitalization and follow-up. Conclusion These case reports suggested a possible association of TXA administration and an increased risk of AMI, even in patients with relatively low thrombotic risk.

Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty via direct anterior approach / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy and safety of local application of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing perioperative blood loss in total hip arthroplasty via direct anterior approach (DAA).@*METHODS@#From July 2013 to September 2018, 46 patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head were divided into tranexamic acid group (@*RESULTS@#The incision healed well and no obvious complications occurred in the two groups. All patients were followed up for 12 to 59 months(averaged 31.11 months). No hip pain was found in the follow-up patients. Hip joint function was improved effectively and no prosthesis loosening occurred. The total perioperative blood loss in tranexamic acid group and normal saline group was(740.09±77.14) ml and (1 069.07±113.53) ml respectively, 24 hours after operation, the drainage volume was (87.61±9.28) ml, (233.83±25.62) ml, the hidden blood loss was (409.65±38.01) ml and (588.33±57.16) ml. the difference of hemoglobin before and after operation was (24.78±2.19) g / L and (33.57±2.95) g / L, the difference was statistically significant (@*CONCLUSION@#local application of tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty through direct anterior approach can safely and effectively reduce perioperative blood loss, and does not increase the risk of thrombosis, and does not affect the normal recovery of joint function.

Uso de ácido tranexámico en las hemorragias / Use of traxenamic acid in hemorrhages

RESUMEN Según las evidencias científicas actuales, la administración de un tratamiento simple y económico con propiedades antifibrinolíticas, como el ácido tranexámico pudiera reducir la pérdida sanguínea luego de un trauma y disminuir el riesgo asociado a transfusiones sanguíneas. El ácido tranexámico es un derivado sintético de la lisina con una actividad antifibrinolítica pura. Su mecanismo de acción se basa en la unión al enlace de la lisina del plasminógeno, lo que bloquea la unión de la fibrina al complejo activador del plasminógeno-plasmina.Ante tal evidencia, esta revisión se propone describir los resultados del empleo del ácido tranexámico según la evidencia disponible. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos como PubMed, SciELO y ClinicalKeys(AU)

ABSTRACT According to the present scientific evidence, the administration of a simple economic treatment with anti-fibrinolytic properties such as the tranexamic acid can reduce the blood loss after trauma, and decrease the risk associated to blood transfusions. Tranexamic acid is a synthetic derivative of lysine with pure anti-fibrinolytic activity. Its mechanism of action is based on the joining to the plasminogen lysine bond, which blocks the binding of fibrin to the activating complex of plasminogen-plasmin. This review was aimed at describing the results of the use of tranexamic acid based on available evidence. To this end, a literature search was made in PubMed, SciELO and Clinical Keys databases(AU)

Uso tópico de ácido tranexámico en el reemplazo total de rodilla primario / Topical administration of tranexamic acid in primary total knee replacement

Introducción: El reemplazo total de rodilla es un procedimiento que puede generar una gran perdida de sangre durante el periodo posoperatorio. El acido tranexamico es un agente sintetico antifbrinolitico que, en los ultimos anos, se ha administrado por via intravenosa, con buenos resultados, al reducir el sangrado asociado al reemplazo total de rodilla. Sin embargo, existe escasa experiencia con su uso topico. Materiales y Métodos: Se llevo a cabo un estudio comparativo retrospectivo de 117 reemplazos totales de rodilla primarios, para comparar los resultados obtenidos en 63 cirugias con el uso topico de acido tranexamico y en 54 reemplazos sin acido tranexamico. Se compararon la tasa de transfusion, las concentraciones de hemoglobina y hematocrito a las 24 y 48 h, las curaciones requeridas, las comorbilidades y las complicaciones. Resultados: En el grupo con acido tranexamico topico, se redujo un 43,9% la tasa de transfusiones cuando se lo comparo con el otro grupo. Ademas, se registro una disminucion de 0,2-1,3 g/dl en la caida de la hemoglobina a las 24 h de la cirugia. No se detectaron complicaciones. Conclusiones: El uso topico de acido tranexamico en reemplazos totales primarios de rodilla disminuye los requerimientos de transfusiones, sin incrementar el riesgo de complicaciones. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: Total knee replacement is associated with extensive postoperative blood loss. Tranexamic acid is a synthetic antifibrinolytic agent that, in the last few years, has been successfully used intravenously to reduce bleeding after total knee replacement. However, topical application of tranexamic acid in total knee replacement remains largely unexplored. Methods: A retrospective study of 117 primary total knee replacements was conducted: 63 surgeries with topical tranexamic acid and 54 replacements without tranexamic acid. A comparison analysis was made, capturing results of blood transfusion rates, postoperative hemoglobin levels (24 and 48 hours), number of changed bandages, comorbidities and complications. Results: Tranexamic acid reduced blood transfusion rate by 43.9% when compared with the group without tranexamic acid. A lower decline in postoperative hemoglobin levels (24 hours) by 0.2-1.3 g/dL was also observed in this same group. There were no complications in both groups. Conclusions: Topically applied tranexamic acid was effective in reducing the need for blood transfusion following total knee replacement, without additional adverse effects. Level of Evidence: III