Mortalidad en accidentes por moto en Venezuela, y su relación con Políticas Públicas de seguridad vial y preventiva,1996-2018 / Mortality in motorcycle accidents in Venezuela and relationship with public road safety and preventive policies, 1996 - 2018

Los accidentes de tránsito son un problema de salud pública de gran magnitud y gravedad, en las Américas; Venezuela ocupa un lugar destacado por su alta incidencia. El objetivo de la investigación es establecer la relación entre las políticas públicas para la prevención de los accidentes de motocicletas, y las tasas de mortalidad. Metodología: Estudio documental retrospectivo de las políticas viales y las tasas de mortalidad específicas de lesionados por accidentes de motocicletas en Venezuela durante el período 1996-2018. Resultados: como causa de muerte en Venezuela (2000-2018), representa casi 7% del total, entre 6 a 50% del total de las muertes por accidentes de tránsito terrestre y se mantiene muy alta al final del período, con fallecidos por motocicletas sobre 25%. La elevación de la curva endémica de mortalidad ocurrió simultáneamente al aumento en la producción e importación de motocicletas, y cayó durante la crisis económica, en el año 2014. La legislación actualizada mas no acatada en esta materia, es notoria Conclusiones: Los accidentes de motocicleta son un problema de salud pública de primer orden en Venezuela asociadas al clima económico y social, las tasas de mortalidad tuvieron su máxima meseta de elevación durante la bonanza petrolera 2005-2013. Las políticas asociadas a la prevención de accidentes viales en moto están fragmentadas, son ineficientes y reactivas a situaciones complejas, deficientemente aplicadas por los organismos de tránsito responsables a escala nacional, regional y municipal.

Introduction. Traffic accidents are a public health problem of great magnitude and gravity in the Americas; Venezuela occupies a prominent place for its high incidence. The objective of the research is to establish the relationship between public policies for the prevention of motorcycle accidents, and mortality rates. Methodology: Retrospective documentary study of road policies and specific mortality rates of those injured by motorcycle accidents in Venezuela during the period 1996-2018. Descriptive statistical analysis with trend lines, frequency distributions and annual average rates. Results: cause of death in Venezuela (2000-2018), represents almost 7% of the total. The burden of motorcycle injury deaths represents between 6 to 50% of total road traffic fatalities and remains very high at the end of the period, with motorcycle fatalities over 25%. The elevation of the endemic mortality curve occurred simultaneously with the increase in the production and import of motorcycles, and fell concomitantly with the economic crisis in 2014. Conclusions: Motorcycle accidents are a public health problem of the first order in Venezuela associated with the economic and social climate, mortality rates had their maximum plateau of elevation during the oil economic boom 2005-2013. The policies associated with the prevention of road accidents by motorcycle are fragmented, inefficient and reactive to complex situations and poorly applied by the responsible traffic agencies at national, regional and municipal level.

Shifting patterns of disparities in unintentional injury mortality rates in the United States, 1999-2016 / Tendencias cambiantes en las disparidades en las tasas de mortalidad por traumatismo no intencional en Estados Unidos entre 1999 y 2016 / Mudança nos padrões de disparidade nas taxas de mortalidade por lesões acidentais nos Estados Unidos, 1999-2016

ABSTRACT Objectives. To analyze changes in racial/ethnic disparities for unintentional injury mortality from 1999-2016. Methods. Mortality data are from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for all unintentional injuries, analyzed separately by injury cause (motor vehicle accidents [MVA], poisonings, other unintentional) for white,black, and Hispanic populations within four age groups: 15-19, 20-34, 35-54, 55-74 for males and for females. Results. Rates across race/ethnic groups varied by gender, age and cause of injury. Unintentional injury mortality showed a recent increase for both males and females, which was more marked among males and for poisoning in all race/ethnic groups of both genders. Whites showed highest rates of poisoning mortality and the steepest increase for both genders, except for black males aged 55-74. MVA mortality also showed an increase for all race/ethnic groups, with a sharper rise among blacks, while Hispanics had lower rates than either whites or blacks. Rates for other unintentional injury mortality were similar across groups except for white women over 55, for whom rates were elevated. Conclusions. Data suggest while mortality from unintentional injury related to MVA and poisoning is on the rise for both genders and in most age groups, blacks compared to whites and Hispanics may be suffering a disproportionate burden of mortality related to MVAs and to poisonings among those over 55, which may be related to substance use.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Analizar cambios en las disparidades por raza y grupo étnico en materia de mortalidad por traumatismos no intencionales de 1999 al 2016. Métodos. Los datos de mortalidad de todos los traumatismos no intencionales provienen del Centro Nacional de Estadísticas Sanitarias y se han analizado por separado por causa de traumatismo (colisiones automovilísticas, intoxicaciones y otras causas no intencionales) y por población blanca, negra e hispana, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, en cuatro grupos etarios: de 15 a 19, de 20 a 34, de 35 a 54 y de 55 a 74. Resultados. Las tasas en todos los grupos raciales y étnicos variaron según el sexo, la edad y la causa del traumatismo. La mortalidad por traumatismo no intencional mostró un aumento reciente tanto en hombres como en mujeres, que fue más marcado en el caso de los hombres, y por intoxicación en todos los grupos raciales y étnicos de ambos sexos. La población blanca mostró las tasas más elevadas de mortalidad por intoxicación y el incremento más acentuado en ambos sexos, con excepción de los hombres negros entre 55 y 74 años de edad. La mortalidad por colisión automovilística también registró un aumento en todos los grupos raciales y étnicos, con un incremento mayor en la población negra, mientras que la población hispana mostró tasas inferiores que la blanca o la negra. Las tasas de mortalidad por otros traumatismos no intencionales fueron similares en todos grupos salvo en el caso de las mujeres blancas de más de 55 años, cuyas tasas mostraron un incremento. Conclusiones. Los datos indican que, si bien la mortalidad por traumatismo no intencional relacionada con colisiones automovilísticas e intoxicación está en alza en ambos sexos y en la mayoría de los grupos etarios, la población negra en comparación con la blanca y la hispana puede estar presentando una carga desproporcionada de mortalidad relacionada con colisiones automovilísticas e intoxicación en personas mayores de 55, que podrían estar relacionado con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas.

RESUMO Objetivos. Analisar as mudanças nas disparidades étnico-raciais da mortalidade por lesões acidentais no período 1999-2016. Métodos. Os dados de mortalidade foram obtidos do Centro Nacional de Estatísticas de Saúde (NCHS) dos Estados Unidos para todos os tipos de lesões acidentais e analisados em separado por causa de lesão (acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor, envenenamento/intoxicação e outros tipos de acidentes) em grupos populacionais de brancos, negros e hispânicos de ambos os sexos divididos em quatro faixas etárias: 15-19, 20-34, 35-54 e 55-74 anos. Resultados. As taxas de mortalidade nos grupos étnico-raciais variaram segundo sexo, idade e causa de lesão. Houve um aumento recente na mortalidade por lesões acidentais nos sexos masculino e feminino, sendo mais acentuado no sexo masculino e por envenenamento/intoxicação em todos os grupos étnicos-raciais de ambos os sexos. A população branca apresentou as maiores taxas de mortalidade por envenenamento/intoxicação e o aumento mais acentuado na mortalidade em ambos os sexos, exceto por homens negros de 55-74 anos. Ocorreu também um aumento da mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor em todos os grupos étnico-raciais, sendo mais acentuado em negros, e a mortalidade na população hispânica foi menor que em brancos ou negros. As taxas de mortalidade por outros tipos de acidentes foram semelhantes em todos os grupos, exceto em mulheres brancas acima de 55 anos que apresentaram taxas elevadas. Conclusões. Os dados analisados indicam que, apesar de a mortalidade por lesões acidentais por acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor e envenenamento/intoxicação estar aumentando em ambos os sexos e na maioria das faixas etárias, em comparação a brancos e hispânicos, os negros possivelmente sofrem um ônus desproporcional de mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito e envenenamento/intoxicação no grupo acima de 55 anos que pode estar associada ao uso de substâncias químicas.

Melhoria da classificação das causas externas inespecíficas de mortalidade baseada na investigação do óbito no Brasil em 2017 / Improvement of the unspecified external causes classification based on the investigation of death in Brazil in 2017

RESUMO Introdução: Causas inespecíficas de mortalidade estão entre os indicadores tradicionais de qualidade da informação. Objetivo: Verificar o desempenho das 60 cidades do projeto Dados para a Saúde e analisar a reclassificação das causas externas inespecíficas de mortalidade (CEI). Métodos: A partir de registros de 2017 do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, comparou-se proporções e variações percentuais após investigação das CEI, entre cidades do projeto e demais cidades, e calculou-se percentual de reclassificação para causas específicas. Resultados: As cidades do projeto concentraram 52% (n = 11.759) das CEI do Brasil, das quais 64,5% foram reclassificadas após investigação, enquanto as demais cidades reclassificaram 31%. Resultados foram semelhantes para homens, jovens, negros, cidades metropolitanas, região Sudeste, e em eventos atestados por institutos forenses. Nas cidades do projeto, acidentes de pedestres foram causas com maior reclassificação. Em homens, as CEI migraram para homicídios (23,8%) e acidentes de transporte terrestre (ATT) (11,1%), com destaque para motociclistas (4,4%) e pedestres (4,3%). Em mulheres, essas causas foram alteradas para outras causas acidentais (20,8%), ATT (10,6%) e homicídios (7,9%). CEI migraram para ATT (18,3%) no grupo de idade de 0 a 14 anos, e homicídios (32,5%) no grupo de 15 a 44 anos. Conclusão: As cidades do projeto obtiveram melhores resultados após investigação de CEI, possibilitando analisar a reclassificação para causas específicas, por sexo e faixas etárias.

ABSTRACT Background: Unspecified causes of death are among the traditional indicators of quality of information. Objective: To verify the performance of the 60 cities in the Data for Health Initiative project and to analyze the reclassification of unspecified external causes of death (UEC). Methods: Using the 2017 records from the Mortality Information System, the proportion and percent change in UEC were compared after investigation between project cities and other cities, and the percent of reclassification to specific external causes was calculated. Results: The project cities comprised 52% (n = 11,759) of the total UEC in Brazil, of which 64.5% were reclassified after investigation, whereas the other cities reclassified 31% of UEC. Results were similar for men, youth, blacks, metropolitan cities, the Southeast region, and deaths attested by forensic institutes. In the project cities, pedestrian traffic accidents were external causes with greater reclassification. In men, the UEC was reclassified to homicides (23.8%) and accident of terrestrial transportation (ATT) (11.1%), with motorcyclists (4.4%) and pedestrians (4.3%) being the most prominent. In women, these causes were changed to other accident causes (20.8%), ATT (10.6%) and homicides (7.9%). UEC changed to ATT (18.3%) in the age groups of 0-14 years old and to homicides (32.5%) in the age groups of 15-44 years. Conclusion: The project cities obtained better results after investigation of UEC, enabling analysis of the reclassification to specific causes by sex and age groups.

Perfil de mortalidade por causas externas entre Adventistas do Sétimo Dia e a população geral / Profile of mortality from external causes among Seventh-day Adventists and the general populations

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar o perfil de mortalidade por causas externas entre Adventistas do Sétimo Dia e população geral do Espírito Santo no período de 2003 a 2009. Realizou-se busca dos Adventistas no banco nominal do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade de posse das informações dos Adventistas fornecidas pelas sedes administrativas da instituição. Os óbitos por causas externas ocorridos no período estudado foram então separados em dois grupos: Adventistas e população geral. Os Adventistas apresentaram menor mortalidade proporcional por causas externas (10%) que a população geral (19%), sendo o sexo masculino o principal responsável por essa diferença. Em ambos os grupos os óbitos predominaram na faixa de 20 a 29 anos. As mortes por causas acidentais foram mais expressivas entre os Adventistas (68,08%) enquanto as mortes por causas intencionais relacionadas às agressões e lesões autoprovocadas foram mais significativas na população geral (53,67% de todas as mortes). A razão de mortalidade padronizada para as causas externas foi 41,3, sendo assim ser Adventista reduziu a mortalidade em 58,7%. Acredita-se que o benefício dos Adventistas verificado em relação à mortalidade por causas externas possa estar relacionado à recomendação de abstinência do consumo de álcool por esse grupo.

Abstract This paper aimed to compare the profile of mortality from external causes among Seventh-day Adventists and the general population of Espírito Santo from 2003 to 2009. A search of Adventists was performed in the nominal database of the Mortality Information System containing data on Adventists provided by the administrative offices of the institution. Deaths from external causes occurred during the study period were then divided into two groups: Adventists and the general population. Adventists had lower proportional mortality from external causes (10%) than the general population (19%), and males were the main reason for this difference. In both groups, deaths prevailed in the 20-29 years age group. Deaths from accidental causes were most significant among Adventists (68.08%), while deaths from intentional causes related to assault and self-inflicted injuries were more significant in the general population (53.67% of all deaths). The standardized mortality ratio for external causes was 41.3, thus, being Adventist reduced mortality by 58.7%. It is believed that the benefit of Adventists observed for mortality from external causes is related to this group's abstinence from alcohol consumption.

Mortalidade e anos de vida perdidos por violências interpessoais e autoprovocadas no Brasil e Estados: análise das estimativas do Estudo Carga Global de Doença, 1990 e 2015 / Mortality and years of life lost by interpersonal violence and self-harm: in Brazil and Brazilian states: analysis of the estimates of the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 and 2015

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a mortalidade e os anos de vida perdidos por morte ou incapacidade (Disability-Adjusted Life Years - DALYs) por violências interpessoais e autoprovocadas, comparando 1990 e 2015, no Brasil e nas Unidades Federadas, utilizando estimativas produzidas pelo estudo Carga Global de Doença 2015 (GBD 2015). Métodos: Análise de dados secundários das estimativas do GBD 2015, com produção de taxas padronizadas de mortes e DALYs. A principal fonte de dados de óbitos foi o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, submetido à correção do sub-registro de óbitos e redistribuição de códigos garbage. Resultados: De 1990 a 2015, observou-se estabilidade das taxas de mortalidade por homicídios, com variação percentual de -0,9%, passando de 28,3/100 mil habitantes (II 95% 26,9-32,1), em 1990, para 27,8/100 mil (II 95% 24,3-29,8), em 2015. As taxas de homicídio foram mais altas em Alagoas e Pernambuco, e ocorreu redução em São Paulo (-40,9%). As taxas de suicídio variaram em -19%, saindo de 8,1/100 mil (II 95% 7,5-8,6), em 1990, para 6,6/100 mil (II 95% 6,1-7,9), em 2015. Taxas mais elevadas ocorreram no Rio Grande do Sul. No ranking de causas externas por Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), predominaram as agressões por arma de fogo, seguidas de acidentes de transporte e em sexto lugar lesões autoprovocadas. Conclusões: O estudo aponta a importância das causas externas entre jovens e homens na morte prematura e em incapacidades, constituindo um problema prioritário no país. O estudo Carga Global de Doença poderá apoiar políticas públicas de prevenção de violência.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze mortality and years of life lost due to death or disability (disability-adjusted life years - DALYs) for interpersonal violence and self-harm, comparing 1990 and 2015, in Brazil and Federated Units, using estimates produced by the Global Burden of Disease 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods: Secondary data analysis of estimates from the GBD 2015, producing standardized death rates and years of life lost due to death or disability. The main source of death data was the Mortality Information System, submitted to correction of underreporting of deaths and redistribution of garbage codes. Results: From 1990 to 2015, homicide mortality rates were stable, with a percentage variation of -0.9%, from 28.3/100 thousand inhabitants (95% UI 26.9-32.1) in 1990 to 27.8/100,000 (95% UI 24.3-29.8) in 2015. Homicide rates were higher in Alagoas and Pernambuco, and there was a reduction in São Paulo (-40.9%). Suicide rates decreased by 19%, from 8.1/100,000 (95% UI 7.5-8.6) in 1990 to 6.6/100,000 (95% UI 6.1-7,9) in 2015. Higher rates were found in Rio Grande do Sul. In the ranking of external causes for years of life lost due to death or disability (DALYs), firearm aggression predominated, followed by transportation accidents; self-inflicted injuries were in sixth place. Conclusions: The study shows the importance of external causes among young people and men as a cause of premature death and disabilities, which is a priority problem in the country. The Global Burden of Disease study may support public policies for violence prevention.

Revisão dos métodos de correção de óbitos e dimensões de qualidade da causa básica por acidentes e violências no Brasil / Review of deaths correction methods and quality dimensions of the underlying cause for accidents and violence in Brazil

Resumo Este artigo de revisão tem como objetivo realizar análise e discussão crítica da literatura sobre métodos de correção da mortalidade por acidentes e violências notificados ao Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade-SIM. Foram consultadas as bases Medline e Scielo, e o site do Global Burden of Disease, com uso de filtro temporal de 1996 a 2015. De 77 estudos identificados, 29 foram inicialmente selecionados, e 14 atendiam ao critério de produção de correções para um dos casos de subinformação: sub-registro de óbitos ao SIM, declaração do óbito no SIM devido a causas mal definidas, ou devido a causas externas não definidas (declaradas com códigos inespecíficos). Verificou-se que o sub-registro das causas externas não se mostrou muito diferente do relativo aos óbitos totais, e em alguns casos foi maior, em municípios de porte pequeno e médio. A reclassificação das causas mal definidas corrigiu as externas a valores não desprezíveis. Os estudos divergem nas propostas de correção das causas externas não definidas. Há evidências que sustentam intervenções para aprimoramento da qualidade dos dados, e ainda a disponibilidade de modelos de correção das causas externas que reúnem condições de aplicação.

Abstract This review article aims to perform analysis and critical discussion about the literature on methods correcting mortality from accidents and violence reported to the Brazilian Mortality Information System. We consulted Medline and SciELO databases, as well as the Global Burden of Disease site, using time filter for the 1996-2015 interval. Of the 77 studies identified, we selected 29, and 14 met the corrections production criteria for cases of underreporting: underreporting of deaths in the Mortality Information System, deaths declared as ill-defined causes or deaths from external causes declared with nonspecific codes. We found that the underreporting of external causes was not significantly different from what occurs in total deaths and sometimes was higher in small and medium-sized municipalities. The reclassification of ill-defined causes of death corrected external causes to non-negligible values. The selected studies differ on proposals for correction of unspecified external causes. Evidence supports interventions to improve the quality of data, and the availability of correction procedure of external causes that bring together application conditions.

Fifty-two cases analysis of cliff suicide / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze suicide scene, damage morphology and case investigation of mountain type scenic spot for giving the references to determine the nature of cliff suicide cases.@*METHODS@#The suicide cases collected from 2002 to 2012 in scenic spot of Mount Huangshan. The age, gender, native place, case location, damage inspection and behavior were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#In the 52 suicide cases, the suicide rate of male was higher than that of female. The numbers from other provinces were higher than that of local province. The age was mainly range from 19 to 50. The time of suicide cases mostly happened between 16:00 to 24:00. The major damage was compound injury with varying degrees of traumatic brain injury, organic injury of pleuroperitoneal cavity and surface bruise and scratch.@*CONCLUSION@#In order to determine the nature of cliff suicide cases, it needs to work synthetically in the investigation of crime scene and interview.

Suicide Rate Computation - Methodological Inexactitude.

Introduction: Suicide rates are computed on the basis of whole population without taking into consideration the cognitive capacity of children to appreciate death. This study was undertaken to find out the variability in suicide rate if children of various ages are excluded from computation of suicide rate Method: Suicide rates were computed taking the at risk population of India-above 6 yrs, 7 yrs, 8 yrs, and 9 yrs for the period 1991-2013, suicide data from the National Crimes Bureau statistics on Accidental Deaths and Suicides of Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India. The data was analyzed for percentage increase for various ages. Results: Depending upon the cut-off age the rate increase over a twenty-three year period was from 11.2 to 14.6 and the percent increase was 16.1-33.7. Conclusion: A standardized definition of suicide and a thorough debate on child’s concept of death and ability to decide to decide on death across various cultures and regions is needed to understand the enormity of suicide.

Deaths of bicycle riders in Brazil: characteristics and trends during the period of 2000 - 2010 / Mortalidade de ciclistas no Brasil: caracteristicas e tendencias no periodo 2000 - 2010

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, bicycle use has been increasing. Accidents involving cyclists are important causes of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To describe the mortality of cyclists injured in transport accidents in Brazil, the characteristics of the victims and of the occurrence, and to investigate its trends during the period between 2000 and 2010. METHODS: A descriptive study with data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) was conducted in the period of 2000 - 2010. Crude and age-standardized corrected mortality rates were calculated for Brazil, its macro-regions and states. Linear regression was used to study the trends. RESULTS: In the period of 2000 - 2010, 32,422 bicycle-related deaths were identified in Brazil. In 2010, there were, on average, 8.8 bicycle-related deaths per day. Age-standardized mortality rates for the country were 15.3 and 15.9 deaths per million inhabitants in 2000 and 2010, respectively (p = 0.725). During the whole period, the Center-Western region showed the highest rates, though stable, corresponding to 23.4 deaths per million inhabitants in 2010. Men accounted for 85.4% of deaths, with death risk 5 times higher than women. CONCLUSION: In spite of the stable rates for the country, there was an increase trend in the Northern and Northeastern regions, while a decreasing trend was observed in the Southern and Southeastern regions. The risk of death was higher among men, elderly, and people living in large cities and at the Center-Western region. .

INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, o uso da bicicleta tem sido crescente. Os acidentes envolvendo ciclistas são causas importantes de morbidade e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Descrever a mortalidade de ciclistas traumatizados em acidentes de transporte, as características das vítimas e da ocorrência e investigar sua tendência no período 2000 - 2010. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo descritivo com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) no período 2000 - 2010. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade específicas corrigidas brutas e padronizadas por idade, para o Brasil, regiões e Unidades da Federação, além da mortalidade proporcional. Regressão linear simples foi empregada para estudo das tendências. RESULTADOS: No período 2000 - 2010, após correção, foram identificados 32.422 óbitos de ciclistas traumatizados em acidentes de transporte no Brasil. Em 2010, ocorreram em média 8,8 óbitos por dia. As taxas de mortalidade padronizadas para o país corresponderam a 15,3 e 15,9 óbitos de ciclistas por milhão de habitantes, em 2000 e 2010, respectivamente (p = 0,725). Em todo o período, a região centro-oeste apresentou taxas estáveis e mais elevadas que as demais regiões, equivalente a 23,4 óbitos por milhão de habitantes, em 2010. Os homens representaram 85,4% dos óbitos, com risco de morte cinco vezes superior às mulheres. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da estabilidade das taxas no país, houve tendência de aumento nas regiões nordeste e norte e redução no sul e sudeste. O risco de morte foi mais elevado entre homens, pessoas idosas e residentes em municípios de grande porte e na região centro-oeste. .

Levantamento de animais silvestres atropelados em trecho da rodovia BR482 / Survey of road-killed wild animals in stretch of the highway BR482

The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of wild animals found run over on the highway BR482 in the stretch between the cities Conselheiro Lafaiete and Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The average of run over was 0.010 animals/km traveled. The mammals represented the most hit, followed by birds, amphibians and reptiles. This work, pioneered in this region, presents the species most affected by the traffic in the highway BR482 and contributes to a preliminary assessment of the present fauna of this region and the anthropological impact along that stretch.

Obitos por causas externas em Cuiaba, 0 a 24 anos: perfil das vitimas e familias segundo a intencionalidade / Deaths from external causes in Cuiaba, 0 a 24 years: Profile of victims and families according to intentionality

Diante da necessidade de conhecer as circunstâncias associadas às causas externas (acidentes e violências), o estudo analisa o perfil das vítimas e famílias de acordo com a intencionalidade do evento (acidental ou intencional). Estudo seccional, cuja população foi composta por crianças, adolescentes e jovens (0 a 24 anos de idade), residentes em Cuiabá, MT, que faleceram por causa externa em 2009. Os dados, processados pelo Epi-Info, foram obtidos nas Declarações de Óbito e por entrevista com as famílias das vítimas. O teste não paramétrico de qui-quadrado evidenciou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os óbitos acidentais e intencionais segundo o sexo e o tipo de acidente ou violência, a ocorrência de evento anterior de causa externa, escolaridade dos pais, tipo de família, renda, responsável pelo sustento da casa, idade da mãe e cuidador. Não foi encontrada associação entre a intencionalidade do evento e a situação ocupacional dos pais, idade do pai, número de pessoas residentes no domicílio, com que a vítima residia, tipo e local de moradia. Entre as vítimas, destaca-se a participação masculina (88,7%) em relação à feminina (11,3%). No sexo feminino, 50,0% dos óbitos foram acidentais e 50,0% intencionais. No sexo masculino, 68,2% foram intencionais, 29,1% acidentais e 2,7% de intenção indeterminada. Entre os óbitos intencionais, 72,5% das vítimas já haviam sofrido violência. À medida que aumenta o grau de instrução dos pais, há redução dos óbitos intencionais. A proporção de famílias reconstituídas/fragmentadas é maior entre os acidentes. A causa intencional aumenta à medida que diminui a renda familiar e aumenta a idade dos pais. A aglomeração de pessoas no domicílio é maior entre as mortes intencionais. Analisar o perfil das vítimas e famílias segundo a intencionalidade do evento possibilita direcionar as políticas locais de prevenção e controle destes agravos.

In view of the importance of knowing the circumstances associated with external causes (accidents and violence), this study analyzes the profile of the victims and their families as to the intentionality of the event (intentional or accidental). Cross-sectional study, which population comprise children, adolescents, and young people (age 0 to 24) who lived in Cuiabá, MT, and died from external causes in 2009. The data, processed by the Epi-Info software, were taken from the Declarations of Death and interviews with the families of the victims. The nonparametric chi-square test showed statistically significant differences between accidental and intentional deaths by sex and the type of accident or violence, the occurrence of the previous event external cause, parental education, family type, income, responsible for supporting the house, mother's age and caregiver. Among the victims, male participation (88.7 %) stands out compared to female (11.3 %). 50.0% of the deaths of females were accidental and 50.0% intentional; 68.2% of the deaths of males were intentional, 29.1% accidental and 2.7% from undetermined intent. Among the intentional deaths, 72.5% of the victims had already suffered violence. As the degree of instruction of the parents increases, intentional deaths decrease. The proportion of reconstituted/fragmented families is higher for fatal accidents. Intentional causes increase as family income decreases and the age of the parents increases. The agglomeration of people in the homes is higher for intentional deaths. Analizing the profiles of families and victims as to the intentionality of the event allows directing local prevention and control policies.

Mortes por acidentes e violências em crianças e adolescentes de Minas Gerais: um enfoque sobre a natureza da lesão / Deaths from accidents and violence in children and adolescents in Minas Gerais

Introdução: As causas externas incluem os acidentes e violências.Representam o grupo predominante de causas de morte entre as crianças e adolescentes. Na população infantil e adolescente, a partir de um ano de idade, as causas externas são a primeira causa de morte no país, representando 53% de todas das causas de morte nesta faixa etária. Objetivo: Analisar a mortalidade por causas externas em crianças e adolescentes. Método: Estudo transversal, baseado no sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, referente aos óbitos por acidentes e violências, ocorridos de 2005 a 2010, em crianças e adolescentes, residentes em Minas Gerais. Os óbitos foram estudados por sexo, raça/cor, urbanização do município, idade e escolaridade da mãe, causa básica e natureza da lesão. Foram usados testes de hipóteses bilaterais, com nível de significância de 5% e método de Análise Fatorial de Correspondência Múltipla. Resultados: Ocorreram no período 10667 mortes por causas externas em crianças e adolescentes no período estudado. A maioria das mortes ocorreu no sexo masculino em indivíduos não brancos, exceto em menores de um ano e em municípios com 80 a 100% de urbanização. Foi possível identificar o perfil das mortes em crianças e adolescentes. Os agrupamentos de causas básicas de morte mais frequentes em crianças foram mortes por Acidentes de transporte, com destaque para os Atropelamentos, Ocupantes de automóveis, os Afogamentos e Outros riscos acidentais à respiração. Os Traumatismos intracranianos e Outros traumatismos de cabeça foram lesões mais evidentes nos Acidentes de transporte, Agressões, Quedas e nos Eventos cuja a intenção é indeterminada. As quedas do leito, afogamentos em residência e inalação e ingestão de objetos demonstram a necessidade de intensificação da vigilância domiciliar. Dos 8759 óbitos registrados de adolescentes, 1423 (16,3%) foram na faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos e 7336 (83,8%) entre 15 a 19 anos. A taxa de mortalidade global foi decrescente...

Introduction: External causes include accidents and violence. Represent the predominant group of causes of death among children and adolescents. In children and adolescents, from one year old, external causes are the leading cause of death in the country, representing 53% of all causes of death in this age group. Objective: To analyze mortality from external causes in children and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on the Mortality Information System, referring to deaths from accidents and violence, which occurred from 2005 to 2010 in children and adolescents resident in Minas Gerais. Deaths were analyzed by sex, race / ethnicity, urbanization of the municipality, age and mother's education, basic cause and nature of injury. We used bilateral hypotheses testing with a significance level of 5%. and method of Factor Analysis of Multiple Correspondence. Results: There were 10,667 deaths in the period due to external causes in children and adolescents during the study period. Most deaths occurred in male non-white individuals, except in children under one year and in municipalities with 80 to 100% of urbanization. It was possible to identify the profile of deaths in children and adolescents. Groups of underlying causes of death were more frequent in children from trampling, drownings, car occupants, other risks incidental to breath and Other landtransport accidents. The Head trauma and other head injuries were mostevident in transport accidents, assaults, falls, and events of undetermined intent. Falls from bed, drowning in residence and inhalation and ingestion of objects demonstrate the need for enhanced surveillance home. Of the 8759 registered deaths of adolescents, 1423 (16.3%) were aged 10-14 years and 7336 (83.8%) aged 15 to 19 years. The overall mortality rate was decreasing in the period, but practically stable in the group of 10 to 14 years. The most frequent causes of death were Attacks, Drowning, automobile occupant...

Circumstances and factors associated with accidental deaths among children, adolescents and young adults in Cuiaba, Brazil / Circunstancias e fatores associados as mortes por causas acidentais entre criancas, adolescentes e jovens em Cuiaba, Brasil

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Analysis on accidents from the perspective of population segments shows there is higher incidence among children, adolescents and young adults. Since the characteristics and circunstances of the event are closely related to educational, economic, social and cultural issues, identifying them may contribute towards minimizing the causes, which are often fatal. The aim here was to identify the environmental, chemical, biological and cultural factors associated with deaths due to accidents among children, adolescents and young adults in Cuiabá, in 2009. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. RESULTS Thirty-nine accidental deaths of individuals aged 0 to 24 years were examined: 56.4% due to traffic accidents; 25.6%, drowning; 10.3%, aspiration of milk; 5.1%, falls; and 2.6%, accidentally triggering a firearm. Male victims predominated (82.1%). The presence of chemical, environmental and biological risk factors was observed in almost all of the homes. Regarding cultural factors and habits, a large proportion of the families had no idea whether accidents were foreseeable events and others did not believe that the family's habits might favor their occurrence. Delegation of household chores or care of younger siblings to children under the age of 10 was common among the families studied. CONCLUSION The results point towards the need to have safe and healthy behavioral patterns and environments, and to monitor occurrences of accidents, thereby structuring and consolidating the attendance provided for victims. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO Ao analisar os acidentes sob o prisma dos segmentos populacionais, observa-se grande incidência em crianças, adolescentes e jovens. A frequência e as características e circunstâncias do evento estão intimamente relacionadas com fatores educacionais, econômicos, sociais e culturais, e a identificação desses fatores pode contribuir para minimizar essas causas, muitas vezes fatais. O objetivo foi identificar os fatores ambientais, químicos, biológicos e culturais associados com óbitos por acidentes, ocorridos entre crianças, adolescentes e jovens em Cuiabá, em 2009. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL Este é um estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. RESULTADOS Foram analisados 39 óbitos acidentais ocorridos de 0 a 24 anos (56,4% por acidente de transporte, 25,6% por afogamento, 10,3% por aspiração de leite, 5,1% por queda e 2,6% por disparo acidental de arma de fogo). Houve predomínio no sexo masculino (82,1%). Observou-se a presença de fatores químicos, ambientais e biológicos na quase totalidade das residências. Quanto aos fatores culturais e hábitos, grande parte das famílias não soube referir se o acidente constitui evento previsível e outra parte não acredita que os hábitos da família favorecem sua ocorrência. Delegar aos filhos menores de 10 anos os afazeres domésticos ou o cuidado de irmãos menores é comum entre as famílias estudadas. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de adotar comportamentos e ambientes seguros e saudáveis, bem como monitorizar a ocorrência dos acidentes, estruturando e consolidando o atendimento às vítimas. .

What types of unintentional injuries kill our children? Do infants die of the same types of injuries? A systematic review

The objective of this study was to review mortality from external causes (accidental injury) in children and adolescents in systematically selected journals. This was a systematic review of the literature on mortality from accidental injury in children and adolescents. We searched the Pubrvled, Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences and Excerpta Medica databases for articles published between July of 2001 and June of 2011. National data from official agencies, retrieved by manual searches, were also reviewed. We reviewed 15 journal articles, the 2011 edition of a National Safety Council publication and 2010 statistical data from the Brazilian National Ministry of Health Mortality Database. Most published data were related to high-income countries. Mortality from accidental injury was highest among children less than 1 year of age. Accidental threats to breathing (non-drowning threats) constituted the leading cause of death among this age group in the published articles. Across the pediatric age group in the surveyed studies, traffic accidents were the leading cause of death, followed by accidental drowning and submersion. Traffic accidents constitute the leading external cause of accidental death among children in the countries understudy. However, infants were vulnerable to external causes, particularly to accidental non-drowning threats to breathing, and this age group had the highest mortality rates for external causes. Actions to reduce such events are suggested. Further studies investigating the occurrence of accidental deaths in low-income countries are needed to improve the understanding of these preventable events.

Características de crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados em decorrência de causas externas / Characteristics of child and adolescent inpatients admitted because of lesions resulting from external causes

Objetivo: averiguar fatores relacionados às causas externas de morbidade e de mortalidade que resultaram em hospitalizações de crianças e adolescentes de até 19 anos. Métodos: trata-se de estudo prospectivo, transversal e descritivo baseado em entrevistas com os pais de crianças e adolescentes internados por lesões decorrentes de causas externas. Resultados: no período de seis meses foram hospitalizados 183 pacientes, sendo 71,6% do gênero masculino. As injúrias ocorridas entre 12h e 17h59 totalizaram 47,6% da amostra. Quanto ao local de ocorrência, 43,2% aconteceram em ruas e estradas e 31,1% em residências. Entre os pacientes, 69,9% participavam de atividades de lazer (brincadeiras) no momento do acidente. Quanto aos tipos de eventos, encontraram-se: acidentes de transporte (37,7%); quedas (32,8%); exposição a forças mecânicas inanimadas (10,9%); queimaduras (5,5%); agressões (3,8%); contato com animais venenosos (3,3%); exposição a forças mecânicas animadas (3,3%); e outros tipos (2,7%). Conclusões: as injúrias ocorreram principalmente com pacientes do gênero masculino, tendo sido mais frequentes os acidentes de transporte, seguidos por quedas...

Objective: To assess the factors related to the external causes of mobidity and mortality that result in hospital admissions of children and adolescents up to age of 19. Methods: This is a prospective, descriptive cross-study based on interviews with adolescents? and children?s parents that were admitted at a hospital because of lesions resulting from external causes. Results: A total of 183 were admitted within a period of six months ? 71.6 % of them were male. Lesions that took place between 12 pm and 5:59 pm represented 47.6 % of the sample. The lesions usually took place in the streets or freeways (43.2 %), or at home (31.1 %). Most of the patients (69.9 %) were involved in leisure activities at the moment of the incident. The types of incidents were: transport accidents (37.7 %); falls (32.8 %); exposure to inanimate mechanical forces (10.9 %); burn (5.5 %); aggression (3.8 %); contact with poisonous animals (3.3 %); exposure to animate mechanical forces (3.3 %); and others (2.7 %). Conclusions: The lesions usually took place among male patients, especially because of transport accidents and falls...

Defunciones en niños a principios de los siglos XX y XXI en Boyacá-Colombia / Deaths in children during the early twentieth and twenty-first century in Boyacá, Colombia

Objetivo Comparar y analizar las Tasas Brutas de Mortalidad (TBM), la Mortalidad en Menores (MN) de 5 años por mil Nacidos Vivos (NV) y la Mortalidad Infantil (MI) en el departamento de Boyacá-Colombia, a comienzos de los siglos XX y XXI. Métodos Estudio descriptivo comparativo con enfoque histórico epidemiológico. Se utilizaron dos fuentes de datos, para las defunciones: registros parroquiales de 1912-1927 y el Boletín epidemiológico de Boyacá 2007; para la población los censos DANE 1912-1918-1927 y 2005. Se almacenaron y analizaron en Mysql®. Se calcularon tasas brutas, específicas por edad e infantil, proporciones de mortalidad y mortalidad por causas. Resultados Entre 1912-1927 se registra una media de 7 958 muertes, en comparación con 5 813 en el siglo XXI; la TBM pasó de 150 muertes a 42 por 10 mil habitantes; la TMI se redujo considerablemente pasando de 231 a 17 por cada 1 000 NV; aunque se pueden comparar las tasas especificas en menores de 8 años con las de menores de 5, existe variabilidad en el rango y en la construcción de la TM especifica y la definida por OMS- UNICEF. Conclusiones Existe un impacto en la reducción de mortalidad, mayor en el siglo XXI, debido a las políticas nacionales e internacionales de control de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y muerte materna. La pandemia de gripa de 1918-19 afectó considerablemente la mortalidad en todos los grupos de población; las causas violentas ocupan lugares importantes en la mortalidad infantil en el siglo XXI.

Objective Comparing and analysing crude death (CDR), child mortality (CMR) 5-year per thousand live births (LBR) and infant mortality rates (IMR) in the Boyacá department, Colombia, during the early 20th and 21st centuries. Methods A descriptive epidemiological comparative historical approach was adopted. Two data sources were used for deaths: parish registers 1912-1927 and the Boyacá Epidemiological Bulletin 2007 population census for 1912-1918-1927 and 2005 (Colombian Statistics Bureau - DANE); data was stored and analysed in Mysql. Crude rates, age-specific and child mortality ratios and mortality were calculated by cause. Results 7,958 deaths were recorded from 1912-1927 compared to 5,813 in the 21st century. CDR dropped from 150 to 42 deaths per 10,000 inhabitants; the IMR became significantly reduced from 231 to 17 for every 1,000 LB. Although specific rates for children under 8 years of age could be compared to children under 5, there was variability in the range and construction of the specific MR and that defined by WHO-UNICEF. Conclusions There was a higher reduction in mortality in the 21st century due to national and international policies for controlling preventable diseases and maternal death. The 1918-19 flu pandemic significantly affected mortality in all population groups; violent causes were prominent in infant mortality in the 21st century.

Profile of deaths due to electrocution: A retrospective study.

We carried out a retrospective analysis of deaths due to electrocution from the medico-legal deaths reported to our institution. Majority of the victims were males belonging to the age group of 11-50 years. Almost all deaths were accidental and most of them were concentrated in the period of monsoon implicating the important role of wetness in causing these deaths. In contrast to the studies done in the West, bathtubs, heaters or hair dryers were not involved in any of the deaths. The mortality rate due to electrocution was significantly higher at 4.4 per one lakhs (100000) population in the present study as against the figures of 0.94 and 0.14 from Bulgaria and Canada respectively. Most of the deaths were either instantaneous or immediate and most of the deaths were preventable by electrocution. It signifies that people living at home did not have elementary knowledge of risks of electrocution; therefore awareness about use of good quality electric appliances and cables is the need of the hour.

Trend of Mortality Rate and Injury Burden of Transport Accidents, Suicides, and Falls / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Recently injury has become a major world-wide health problem. But studies in Korea about injuries were very few. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the trend of major injuries from 1991 to 2006 and to provide basic data for preventing injuries. METHODS: This study was based on the National Statistical Office data from 1991 to 2006 and calculated to estimate the burden of major injuries by using the standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) and total lost earnings equation. RESULTS: For transport accidents, mortality, SEYLL and total lost earnings were increased from 1991 to 1996 and decreased from 2000 to 2006. On the other hand, for suicides, these were increased gradually. Since 2003, falls were included in ten leading causes of death. This study showed that injury causes major social and economical losses. CONCLUSIONS: We could reduce injury related premature death through active interest in injury prevention program.

Forensic investigation of 127 unidentified corpses in Shaoxing City / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the unidentified corpses in Shaoxing city in recent years to provide the experience for these types of corpse examination and forensic identification.@*METHODS@#One hundred and twenty-seven unidentified corpses were collected and analyzed in the period from January 2009 to June 2011. The scene investigation, clothing examination and information of forensic investigation were collected and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Most of the unidentified corpses are the young male. Of them, there are 3 homicide cases. There are 92 cases (72.44%) of the corpses was found with all clothes and 72 cases (56.69%) with the belongings. There are 63 cases (49.61%) of the cases was died from downing and 15 cases (11.81%) was died from hypothermia and starvation. Cause of death in 25 cases (19.69%) was undetermined.@*CONCLUSION@#The most of unidentified corpses in Shaoxing are found in water and died from accidents. The degree of corpse putrefaction is the principal factor to analyze the cause of death.

Importance of crime scene visit: A case study.

Crime Scene visit, is so necessary in coming to a conclusion in some of mysterious cases is a must, in Identifying the dead, time since death & cause of Death. Visit of crime scene, considering that the examination of the Locus of a crime is the duty of I.O. and also the Forensic Expert, when he views the body in situ. Thus, if a dead body is seen directly by Forensic expert without explanation by I.O in the P.M. Room, he may come to quite erroneous opinions about the origin of various injuries. But when he sees the body in situ, with various surrounding objects, goes a long way towards avoiding such mistakes. However there are some occasions when preservation of the scene for the expert is waste of time in situations like, Deaths due to Accident, Assault, Stabbing, and Railway Track Deaths. These can be well recorded by photographs itself is enough in such conditions.