Signs of impending rupture in abdominal aortic and iliac artery aneurysms by computed tomography: Outcomes in 41 patients

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of signs of impending rupture (SIR) in asymptomatic patients with abdominal aortic and iliac artery aneurysms, and to evaluate whether these signs were associated with rupture in asymptomatic patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients with abdominal aortic and iliac artery aneurysms identified on computed tomography (CT) over a 10-year period in a single center. The CT scans were reviewed by two reviewers, and patients with SIR were assigned to one of three groups: (1) early symptomatic (ES), (2) late symptomatic (LS), and (3) always asymptomatic (AA). The four main SIR described in the literature were investigated: 1) crescent sign, 2) focal wall discontinuity of circumferential calcifications, 3) aortic bulges or blebs, and 4) aortic draping. RESULTS: From a total of 759 aortic and iliac aneurysm reports on 2226 CT scans, we identified 41 patients with at least one SIR, and a prevalence of 4.14% in asymptomatic patients. Focal wall discontinuity of circumferential calcifications was the most common sign, and it was present in 46.3% of these patients (19/41); among these, 26 were repaired (ES: 9, LS: 2, AA: 15). Eleven asymptomatic patients underwent follow-up CT. The aneurysm increased in size in 6 of the 11 (54.5%) patients, and three ruptured (all with discontinuity of calcifications), one of which had no increase in diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of focal wall discontinuity of circumferential calcifications was the most common SIR. There was a prevalence of all signs in less than 5% of asymptomatic patients. In unrepaired patients, the signs could be observed on follow-up CT scans with an increase in aneurysm size, indicating that the presence of SIR alone in the absence of other clinical factors or aneurysm characteristics is an insufficient indication for surgery.

Aneurisma idiopático de artéria ilíaca comum direita em criança de três anos - relato de caso / Idiopathic right common iliac artery aneurysm in a three-year-old child - case report

Resumo A incidência de aneurismas ilíacos em crianças não é conhecida, havendo apenas alguns relatos de casos na literatura sobre o tema. Neste estudo, é relatado o caso de um paciente masculino, 3 anos, com aneurisma sacular isolado na bifurcação da artéria ilíaca comum direita de origem idiopática, que foi submetido a ressecção, ligadura da artéria ilíaca interna e anastomose vascular término-terminal. Após 1 mês de seguimento, foi diagnosticada oclusão assintomática da anastomose. Devido à presença de circulação colateral, não houve repercussões clínicas da oclusão, e a criança apresentou evolução clínica favorável a médio prazo.

Abstract The incidence of iliac aneurysms in children is unknown and there are only a small number of case reports in the literature on the subject. This article describes the case of a 3-year-old male patient with an isolated saccular aneurysm at the bifurcation of the right common iliac artery, of idiopathic origin, which was repaired by resection, ligature of the internal iliac artery and end-to-end vascular anastomosis. After 1 month of follow-up, he was diagnosed with asymptomatic occlusion of the anastomosis. The occlusion had no clinical repercussions because of collateral circulation and the child has had a favorable clinical course over the medium term.

Emergency endovascular repair of aortoiliac aneurysms in COVID-19 times / Tratamento endovascular das emergências dos aneurismas aortoilíacos em tempos de COVID-19

Abstract In this paper, we describe a case series of four patients who were admitted with emergencies related to aortic aneurysms over a 3-day period and were treated with endovascular repair. The first patient was an 81-year-old female with a history of abdominal pain and a ruptured aortic aneurysm diagnosed by AngioCT-scan. The second patient was a 63-year-old male with a history of oral digestive bleeding and an AngioCT-scan showing an aortoenteric fistula. The third patient was a 77-year-old female with sudden-onset abdominal pain and ruptured right common iliac aneurysm. The fourth patient presented with abdominal pain and an AngioCT-scan showed aortic rupture. All four patients were discharged with no major complications or surgical mortality. These case series show that despite the Covid-19 pandemic situation, since elective surgeries decreased, vascular emergencies have increased.

Resumo Relatamos uma série de casos de quatro pacientes consecutivos, admitidos com emergências relacionadas a aneurismas aortoilíacos em um período de 3 dias e submetidos a tratamento endovascular. A primeira paciente, do sexo feminino, com 81 anos e com histórico de aneurisma da aorta, apresentou dor abdominal iniciada nos últimos 12 dias. O segundo paciente era do sexo masculino, com 63 anos e foi admitido com hematêmese 3 dias antes da admissão, com angiotomografia demonstrando fistula aortoentérica. A terceira paciente, do sexo feminino e com 77 anos, foi admitida com quadro de ruptura de aneurisma da artéria ilíaca comum direita. O quarto paciente consecutivo apresentou dor abdominal iniciada 2 semanas antes da internação e aneurisma roto da aorta. Todos os quatro pacientes apresentaram emergências aortoilíacas e receberam alta sem complicações maiores ou mortalidade cirúrgica. O relato desta série de casos demonstra que, apesar da situação pandêmica da COVID-19, uma vez que as cirurgias eletivas diminuíram, as urgências vasculares aumentaram.

Reparación endovascular de aneurisma de arteria ilíaca común asociado a fístula arterio-venosa ílio-ilíaca: reporte de caso / Endovascular repair of common iliac artery aneurysm associated with ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistula: case report

Resumen Introducción: Los aneurismas aislados de arteria ilíaca común son una patología infrecuente y habitualmente el diagnóstico es incidental. Su manejo solía ser por vía abierta, pero con el advenimiento de la cirugía endovascular, se han identificado mejores desenlaces en los pacientes llevados a este tipo de procedimientos, reservando la reparación abierta en los casos agudos y rupturas. La asociación entre estos aneurismas con fístulas ílio-ilíacas son infrecuentes y su manejo endovascular se ha reportado en solo una ocasión. Objetivo: Se presenta un caso de un paciente masculino de 82 años, con esta asociación, en el cual se decidió llevar de manera electiva a manejo endovascular de su patología. Discusión: En la literatura el manejo endovascular es ampliamente recomendado por su perfil de seguridad, sin embargo, no existe suficiente evidencia ante la presencia de una fístula ílio-ilíaca de manera concomitante, por ser una condición infrecuente. Conclusión: En el presente caso, abordamos de manera endovascular esta relación, obteniendo resultados favorables, con adecuado control de la patología, sin presentación de complicaciones.

Introduction: The isolated aneurysms of the common iliac artery correspond to an infrequent pathology; and the diagnosis of this entity is usually incidental. Its management is usually by open route, but with the advent of endovascular surgery, better outcomes have been identified in patients taken to this kind of procedure, reserving open repair for the urgent cases, like ruptures. The association between these aneurysms with ilio-iliac fistula is uncommon and their endovascular management has been reported only in one case in the literature. Aim: A case of an 82-year-old male patient will be presented, with this association, who was taken to an endovascular repair of his pathology, with good postoperative results. Discussion: In the literature, endovascular management is recommended by its safety profile, however there is insufficient evidence in the presence of an ilio-iliac fistula concomitantly, because it is an infrequent condition. Conclusion: In the present case, we address this relationship endovascularly, obtaining favorable results, with adequate control of the pathology, without presenting any complications.

The outcomes of internal iliac artery preservation during endovascular or open surgery treatment for aortoiliac aneurysms / Os resultados da preservação da artéria ilíaca interna durante o tratamento endovascular ou em cirurgia aberta para aneurismas aorto-ilíacos

Abstract Background Internal iliac artery (IIA) preservation continues to be a challenge during open surgery or endovascular repair of abdominal aortoiliac aneurysm (AAIA). Objectives To determine the results in terms of survival and clinical outcomes in patients with aortoiliac aneurysms (AAIA) treated with endovascular (EV) or open surgical (OS) repair. Methods This was a retrospective consecutive cohort study of patients with AAIA who underwent EV or OS repair. Results Post-procedure hospitalization time and intensive care unit stay were both longer in the OS group than in the EV group (7.08 ± 3.5 days vs. 3.32 ± 2.3 days; p = 0.03; 3.35 ± 2.2 days vs. 1.2 ± 0.8 days; p = 0.02, respectively). There were two cases of bowel ischemia (4.7%; OS 8.3% and EV 3.2%; p = 0.48), two cases of buttock claudication (4.7%; OS 8.3% and EV 3.2%; p = 0.48), and one case of sexual dysfunction (2.3% OS), all of them in patients with bilateral occlusion of the internal iliac artery (five patients, 11.6%; p = 0.035). Overall survival at 720 days was 80.6% in the EV group and 66.7% in the OS group (p = 0.58). Conclusions In the present study, OS and EV repair of aortoiliac aneurysms had similar overall survival and outcomes. Preservation of at least one internal iliac artery is associated with good results and no further complications.

Resumo Contexto A preservação de uma artéria ilíaca interna continua a ser um desafio terapêutico nos pacientes com aneurismas aorto-ilíacos submetidos tanto ao tratamento endovascular quanto a cirurgia aberta. Objetivos Determinar os resultados da sobrevida e desfechos clínicos em pacientes com aneurismas aorto-ilíacos (AAIA) que recebem reparo endovascular (EV) ou cirúrgico aberto (CA). Métodos Este foi um estudo de coorte consecutivo e retrospectivo de pacientes com AAIA submetidos a reparo EV ou CA. Resultados Houve maior tempo de internação pós-procedimento e permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva no grupo CA comparado com o grupo EV (7,08±3,5 dias vs. 3,32±2,3 dias; p = 0,03; 3,35±2,2 dias vs. 1,2±0,8 dias; p = 0,02, respectivamente). Houve dois casos de isquemia intestinal (4,7%; CA 8,3% e EV 3,2%; p = 0,48), dois casos de claudicação das nádegas (4,7%; CA 8,3% e EV 3,2%; p = 0,48) e um caso de disfunção sexual (2,3% CA), todos em pacientes com oclusão bilateral da artéria ilíaca interna (AII) (cinco pacientes, 11,6%; p = 0,035). A sobrevida global aos 720 dias foi de 80,6% no grupo EV e de 66,7% no grupo CA (p = 0,58). Conclusões No presente estudo, o EV e o CA para aneurismas aorto-ilíacos apresentaram sobrevida e desfechos clínicos semelhantes. A preservação de pelo menos uma AII está associada a bons resultados e sem complicações adicionais.

Nesiritide protects endothelial function after balloon-induced trauma in the iliac artery in rabbits

To assess the effect of nesiritide on the endothelial function of iliac arteries following endothelia trauma. Right iliac artery trauma was created with a balloon catheter. Ten rabbits were treated with a 4-week subcutaneous injection of nesiritide at a fixed daily dose of 0.1mg/kg. Ten rabbits received daily normal saline injection. Plasma endothelin 1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), and Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) were measured before and after the therapies. Tissue proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was measured after the treatment. After the treatment, in the therapeutic group, the area under internal elastic membrane and the residual lumen area were higher than in the normal saline group (P <0.05). The plasma levels of ET-1 (91.6±6.8 vs 114.9±6.3 ng/L, P =0.001), vWF (134.6±10.8% vs 188.8±10.4%, P =0.001) and the ratio of PCNA positive expression (11.7±4.2% vs 36.2±11.4%, P =0.005) in the therapeutic group was lower than in the normal saline group, while the plasma levels of NO was higher (89.7±9.3 vs 43.5±5.3 µmol/L, P =0.001). Nesiritide inhibited remodeling of rabbit iliac artery following endothelial trauma. The inhibition of vascular remodeling may be related to the alleviated endothelial dysfunction and reduced expression of tissue proliferating cell nuclear antigen

Use of carbon dioxide for therapeutic decision-making in endoleaks: a case report / Uso de CO2 na tomada de decisão terapêutica de endoleak: relato de caso

Abstract Endovascular aneurysm repair is currently the most frequently treatment modality for infrarenal aortic aneurysms. Endoleaks are the most common cause of reintervention after endovascular aneurysm repair. It is often unclear which type of endoleak is the correct diagnose, making the treatment decision difficult. We report the case of a 72-year-old man with an endoleak two years after endovascular aneurysm repair. Images suggested a type III endoleak, but this was not confirmed by contrast aortography. We proceeded with the investigation using aortography with carbon dioxide and observed a type IA endoleak. This was successfully treated by implantation of a proximal cuff. A review of the literature shows that the role of carbon dioxide in endoleak management is still unclear. We present a case in which carbon dioxide was essential to both diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making in a type IA endoleak.

Resumo O tratamento endovascular dos aneurismas de aorta abdominal é atualmente a modalidade de tratamento mais comum. Os endoleaks representam a causa mais frequente de reintervenção após o tratamento endovascular. O diagnóstico do tipo de endoleak frequentemente é incerto, tornando o tratamento desafiador. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente de 72 anos, com endoleak após 2 anos de tratamento endovascular de aneurisma de aorta abdominal. Os exames de imagem pré-operatórios sugeriam um endoleak tipo III; entretanto, durante aortografia com contraste iodado, não foi possível identificá-lo. Optamos por realizar aortografia com dióxido de carbono (CO2), sendo, então, identificado um endoleak tipo IA, que foi tratado com sucesso com o uso de uma extensão (cuff) proximal. O papel do CO2 no diagnóstico de endoleaks ainda não está claro. Relatamos um caso em que o uso do CO2 foi essencial para o diagnóstico e para a decisão de tratamento do endoleak tipo IA.

Pseudoaneurisma micótico por embolismo séptico en paciente pediátrico con leucemia linfoblástica aguda / Mycotic aneurism for septic embolism in a pediatric patient with acute linfoblastic leukemia

Resumen Los aneurismas pediátricos son raros y pueden se causados por infección al dañar la pared arterial formando una saculación ciega contigua a su lumen denominada pseudoaneurisma micótico. La mayoría de los casos reportados son de pacientes ancianos con comorbilidades y los agentes causantes más frecuentes son Staphylococcus spp, Salmonella spp, Streptococcus spp y raramente hongos. Se presenta el caso de un niño de 3 años con: diagnóstico reciente de leucemia linfoblástica aguda de precursores B en remisión; alto riesgo de recaída por tratamiento incompleto y antecedente de bacteremia por Staphylococcus epidermidis y fungemia por Cándida tropicalis; vegetaciones cardiacas que hacen embolismo a hígado, bazo, pulmón y cerebro, y pseudoaneurisma micótico parcialmente trombosado de la arteria ilíaca común y externa. El diagnóstico temprano de esta entidad es de vital importancia por el riesgo de ruptura y el manejo quirúrgico dependerá de la localización, el tamaño y las complicaciones asociadas.

Abstract Pediatric aneurysms are rare and can be caused for damaging of the arterial wall secondary to an infection, forming a blind sacculation contiguous to its lumen called mycotic pseudoaneurysm. The majority of reported cases are from elderly patients with comorbidities. The most frequent involucre microorganisms are Staphylococcus spp, Salmonella spp, Streptococcus spp and rarely fungi. We present the case of a 3-year-old boy, with a recent diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia of B precursors in remission, with a high risk of relapse due to incomplete treatment and a history of bacteremia due to Staphylococcus epidermidis and fungemia due to Candida tropicalis; with cardiac vegetations that produce liver, spleen, lung and brain embolism, in whom a partially thrombosed mycotic pseudoaneurysm of the common and external iliac artery is found. The early diagnosis of this entity is of vital importance because of the risk of rupture. Surgical management will depend on the location, size and associated complications.

Risk factors of pelvic ischemic symptoms after iliac artery occlusion during endovascular aneurysm repair / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze risk factors of pelvic ischemia after occlusion of the internal iliac artery during endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) surgery.@*METHODS@#The clinical data, preoperative CT angiography (CTA) findings and follow-up results of 82 patients with unilateral embolization of internal iliac artery undergoing EVAR were analyzed retrospectively. Among 82 patients, pelvic ischemic symptoms were developed in 20 patients (ischemia group) and the remaining patients served as control group. The risk factors for pelvic ischemia after occlusion of internal iliac artery during EVAR surgery were explored using univariate and multivariate analysis, and the clinical value was evaluated using ROC curves.@*RESULTS@#The univariate analysis showed that the numbers of the contralateral internal iliac artery and the ipsilateral deep femoral artery stenosis in the pelvic ischemia group were less than those in the control group (both <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the decreased number of internal iliac artery branches (=8.383, 95%:1.469-47.841, <0.05) was an independent risk of pelvic ischemia. The ROC curve analysis showed that of the decreased number of contralateral internal iliac artery branches for predicting the incidence of pelvic ischemia was 0.816; when the number of 3.5 was taken as cut-off value, the corresponding sensitivity was 0.861 and the specificity was 0.167.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The decrease in number of the contralateral internal iliac artery branches on preoperative CTA is an independent risk factor for pelvic ischemia after occlusion of the internal iliac artery during EVAR surgery, but it does not show enough clinical value.

Treatment options for isolated iliac artery aneurysms and their impact on aortic diameter after treatment

PURPOSE: Isolated iliac artery aneurysm (IIAA) is uncommon. It is frequently treated by endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). This study was to evaluate treatment results of IIAA and survey aortic diameter after EVAR. METHODS: Patients treated for IIAA in Seoul St. Mary's Hospital and Bundang Seoul National University from 2005 to April 2016 were retrospectively enrolled. The inclusion criteria of IIAA was >30 mm of iliac artery aneurysm without abdominal aortic aneurysm, which was treated by open surgical repair (OSR) or EVAR. Patients' clinical characteristics, treatment results, and mortality were obtained from electronic medical records. Diameters of aorta and iliac arteries were measured periodically with scheduled interval based on CT scans. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients (40 males; mean age, 71.9 ± 11.1 years) were enrolled. Five ruptured IIAAs were treated with EVAR (n = 1) or hybrid methods (n = 4). The diameter of ruptured IIAAs was 65 ± 31.4 mm, which was not significantly different from that of elective (44.3 ± 17.0 mm). Forty-four elective IIAA underwent 9 OSR, 31 EVARs, and 3 hybrid treatments (15 bifurcated and 12 straight stent-grafts). Treatment success rate was 93.8% without hospital mortality. There were 4 type I endoleak, 1 type II endoleak, and 1 type III endoleak without aneurysm-related mortality during follow-up. However, the aortic diameter was increased over time though there was no change or decrease in common iliac artery's diameter. CONCLUSION: Treatment of IIAA included various endovascular modalities as well as open surgery. Regular surveillance is still needed due to aortic dilatation after its treatment.

Influencia del síndrome metabólico en los resultados de la cirugía del sector aorto-iliaco / Influence of the metabolic syndrome on the results of the surgery of the aortic-iliac sector

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico está relacionado con el incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad de las enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del síndrome metabólico sobre los resultados de la cirugía revascularizadora del sector aorto-ilíaco. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en dos etapas, en 114 pacientes atendidos en un período de cuatro años (2010-2014) en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras con el diagnóstico de aneurisma de la aorta infrarrenal o enfermedad esteno-oclusiva aorto-ilíaca. Las variables fueron: presencia del síndrome metabólico y tipo de sus criterios positivos, enfermedad al ingreso, complicaciones posoperatoria, condición al alta (vivo /fallecido) y estancia hospitalaria. Se realizó el análisis estadístico correspondiente. Resultados: El 64 por ciento presentó el síndrome metabólico (p= 0,004), que predominó en la enfermedad esteno-oclusiva (48,2 por ciento) y en el aneurisma de la aorta abdominal infrarrenal (15,8 por ciento) sin diferencias significativas entre ambas entidades (p= 0,466). El 43,8 por ciento presentó cuatro criterios positivos, donde la hipertensión arterial fue la más frecuente (94,5 por ciento). Las complicaciones posquirúrgicas (relacionadas con la cirugía y respiratorias) se produjeron en el 64,4 por ciento. Hubo cinco fallecidos (5,3 por ciento) por enfermedades cardiovasculares y vasculares periféricas. El 50,7 por ciento de los enfermos con síndrome metabólico complicado acumuló más de 10 días de estadía posoperatoria. Conclusiones: El síndrome metabólico influye de forma negativa en los resultados de la cirugía revascularizadora del sector aorto-ilíaco en los pacientes con aneurisma de la aorta abdominal infrarrenal o con enfermedad esteno-oclusiva aorto-ilio-femoral, por el incremento de la frecuencia de complicaciones posoperatorias(AU)

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome is related to the increase of the morbidity and the mortality of diseases. Objective: To determine the influence of the metabolic syndrome on the results of the revascularization surgery performed in the aortic-iliac sector. Methods: A two-phase descriptive study was conducted in 114 patients, who were diagnosed with infrarenal aortic aneurysm or steno-occlusive aortic-iliac disease and treated in Hermanos Ameijeiras hospital from 2010-2014. The study variables were presence of metabolic syndrome and type of positive criteria of the same, disease on admission, postoperative complications, patient´s condition on discharge (alive/dead) and hospital length of stay at hospital. The corresponding statistical analysis was made. Results: Sixty four percent presented with the metabolic syndrome (p= 0.004), predominating in steno-occlusive disease (48.2 percent) and the infrarenal abdominal aorta aneurysm (15.8 percent) without significant differences between the two conditions (P= 0.466). In the group, 43.8 percent showed four positive criteria, being hypertension the most common (94.5 percent). Post-surgical complications (related to surgery and respiratory problems) occurred in 64.4 percent. There were five deaths (5.3 percent) due to cardiovascular disease and peripheral vascular diseases. The 50.7 percent of patients with complicated metabolic syndrome had stayed more than 10 days at hospital after surgery. Conclusions: The metabolic syndrome has negative impact on the results of the revascularization surgery of the aortic-iliac sector in patients with infrarenal abdominal aorta aneurysm or with aortic-iliac-femoral steno-occlusive disease, due to increased frequency of postoperative complications(AU)

Reparo de aneurisma de artéria ilíaca roto em criança / Repair of ruptured iliac artery aneurysm in a child

Resumo Relatamos o caso de uma menina de 12 anos que deu entrada na unidade de emergência com quadro de abdome agudo hemorrágico, massa abdominal pulsátil e instabilidade hemodinâmica. Confirmado o diagnóstico de aneurisma roto de artéria ilíaca direita, foi realizada correção cirúrgica de emergência por reparo aberto com reconstrução extra-anatômica, utilizando enxerto sintético de fino calibre, compatível com a anatomia. O tratamento foi bem-sucedido e a criança apresentou evolução favorável em curto prazo.

Abstract We describe the case of a 12-year-old girl who presented at the emergency department with hemorrhagic acute abdomen, an abdominal pulsating mass and hemodynamic instability. A diagnosis of ruptured right iliac artery aneurysm was confirmed and an emergency open repair procedure was performed with extra-anatomic reconstruction, using a small-caliber synthetic graft, compatible with her anatomy. The treatment was successful and the child was doing well at short-term follow-up.

Colon perforation due to embolization coil for internal iliac aneurysm

Coil migration is an extremely rare but hazardous complication of aneurysmal coil embolization. Only 1 case report has described coil migration following endovascular exclusion to gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We report the experience of a case of colon penetration caused by embolization coil placed for internal iliac aneurysm. A 66-year-old man visited the Emergency Department for hematochezia that had persisted for 3 months. Stent insertion and coil embolization of left internal iliac artery aneurysm had been performed on the patient 18 months ago. Colonoscopy was performed. It suggested penetration of sigmoid colon by embolization coil and diverticulum. Angiography revealed extravasation of contrast media at left internal iliac artery. Covered stent deployment was done in the left internal iliac artery. One week after the stent insertion, the patient underwent anterior resection, aneurysm resection, and coil removal. The patient recovered without complications. He was discharged at 2 weeks after the operation.

Endovascular therapeutic options for the treatment of aortoiliac aneurysms / Opções terapêuticas endovasculares para o tratamento dos aneurismas aortoilíacos

ABSTRACT About 20% of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms have associated iliac aneurysms. Distal sealing during the endovascular treatment of aortic-iliac aneurysms is a challenge that has led to the emergence of several technical options to achieve this goal over the years. Internal iliac artery embolization is associated with the risk of ischemic complications, such as gluteal necrosis, lower limb neurological deficit, colonic ischemia, impotence and gluteal claudication. This article summarizes the technical options for endovascular treatment of aortoiliac aneurysms with different approaches to preserving the patency of internal iliac arteries.

RESUMO Cerca de 20% dos pacientes com aneurismas de aorta abdominal apresentam aneurismas ilíacos associados. A obtenção do selamento distal, durante o tratamento endovascular dos aneurismas aortoilíacos, constitui-se em um desafio que suscitou, ao longo dos anos, o surgimento de diversas opções técnicas para alcançar esse objetivo. A embolização da artéria ilíaca interna é associada ao risco de desenvolvimento de complicações isquêmicas, tais como: necrose glútea, déficit neurológico dos membros inferiores, isquemia colônica, impotência e claudicação glútea. Esse artigo resume as opções técnicas de tratamento endovascular dos aneurismas aortoilíacos com diferentes formas de abordagem de preservação da perviedade das artérias ilíacas internas.

Aneurisma gigante de arteria iliaca interna roto / Giant ruptured internal iliac aneurysm

Objetivo: Presentar un caso infrecuente de aneurisma gigante de arteria iliaca interna roto. Caso clínico: Varón de 68 años de edad con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial crónica, dislipidemia, cardiopatía valvular, cor pulmonale con hipertensión pulmonar moderada, portador de marcapasos definitivo, obesidad y alergia a la plata. Ingresa de urgencia por dolor brusco en fosa iliaca izquierda, irradiado periumbilicalmente sin cortejo vegetativo. En el TC abdominal se objetiva la presencia de un aneurisma gigante de la arteria hipogástrica izquierda con diámetro de 6,8 cm y signos de rotura. Se realiza de forma urgente cirugía endovascular mediante implante de prótesis Endurant® y embolización de arterias glúteas con Coils Interlock®. Control al mes y a los 6 meses sin endofugas ni crecimiento del saco. Discusión: El tratamiento de elección de los aneurismas iliacos sigue siendo la cirugía, de forma electiva cuando el diámetro de la arteria es mayor de 3 cm y urgente cuando debutan con rotura. La terapia endovascular es una alternativa segura y eficaz a la cirugía convencional, con resultados satisfactorios a corto y medio plazo.

Aim: To present an infrequent broken giant Iliac artery aneurysms. Case report: In the current study, we report a case of a 68-year-old male patient with chronic high blood pressure, cholesterol, valvular heart disease, cor pulmonale, pacemaker, obesity and silver allergic. He presented sudden onset of abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a large ruptured left hypogastric aneurysm (diameter of 6.8 cm). Hypogastric aneurysm was repaired by an endovascular graft repair: Endurant® endogratf and coils embolization of gluteal arteries (Interlock®). The patient had a satisfactory clinical progression and recovery. At one and six months after the operation TC revealed not Type II endoleaks. Discussion: Isolated aneurysms of the iliac arteries are rare. Surgical treatment is recommended for iliac artery aneurysms larger than 3 cm. Endovascular repair is an attractive method to repair isolated iliac artery aneurysms with lower morbidity and mortality rates than open surgery.

Endovascular treatment of internal iliac artery aneurysms: single center experience

Abstract Objective: Internal iliac artery aneurysms (IIAA) are rare, representing only 0.3% of aortoiliac aneurysms. Its treatment with open surgery is complex and associated with high morbidity and mortality, which led to increasing application of endovascular solutions. In this study, we aimed to evaluate outcomes of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of IIAA in one institution. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of IIAA treated with endovascular techniques between 2003 and 2014. Endpoints were morbidity, mortality, freedom from pelvic ischemic symptoms (buttock claudication, ischemic colitis, and spinal cord injury), and need for reintervention. Results: There were 16 patients, 13 males and 3 females, with mean age of 75.1±7 years. A total of 20 IIAA (4 cases were bilateral), with mean diameter of 37.9 mm, were treated. EVAR was performed in 13 (81.3%) patients, with associated internal iliac artery's outflow occlusion in 2. Iliac branch device was used in one patient. Two patients underwent endovascular IIAA embolization alone. One patient underwent percutaneous, transgluteal, IIAA embolization. IIAA flow preservation in at least one internal iliac artery was possible in 9 (56.3%) patients. Early mortality was 7% (1 case). Early morbidity was 18.8%. Pelvic ischemic complications occurred in 1 (7%) patient with buttock claudication. Late reintervention was needed in 3 patients, none of them for IIAA related complications. Conclusion: Endovascular treatment of IIAA is technically feasible and durable. Although overall morbidity is relatively high, major complications are infrequent and perioperative mortality is low. internal iliac artery flow preservation is technically challenging and, in a significant number of cases, not possible at all.

Is age a determinant factor in evar as a predictor of outcomes or in the selection procedure? our experience

Abstract Introduction: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is the therapy of choice in high risk patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. The good results described are leading to the broadening of clinical indications to younger patients. However, reintervention rates seem higher and even with successful treatment sometimes there is growth of the aneurysm sac and rupture, meaning a failure of the therapeutic goal. This study proposes to analyse the impact of age in patients' selection and post-EVAR results. Methods: The clinical records of consecutive patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair, between 2001 and 2013, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided according to age groups (<70, 70-80 and >80 years). Gender, body mass index, aneurysm anatomic features, neck characteristics, iliac morphology, surgical indication, endograft type, anesthesic risk classification, length of stay, reinterventions and mortality were analysed and compared. Results: The study included 171 patients, 161 (94.1%) men, and mean age 74.1±8.9 years. The age group under 70 had 32% of the patients. Only three characteristics were found different among age groups: 1) body mass index was higher in younger patients, with a considerable trend toward significance (P=0.06); 2) surgical indication, in the younger group, surgeon's and the patient's option were more proeminent (P<0.05); 3) erectile dysfunction was higher in elderly group (P<0.05). No other clinical and anatomical characteristics or final outcomes were found statisticaly different among age groups. Conclusion: The absence of statistically differences in mortality and reinterventions among age groups suggests that age by itself is not a relevant factor in endovascular aneurysm repair. Indeed, the three characteristics different in younger (obesity, sexual function and patient's choice) favor endovascular aneurysm repair.

Dilatation of common iliac arteries after endovascular infrarenal abdominal aortic repair with bell-bottom extension

Abstract Objective: Endovascular techniques to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms results in lower morbidity and mortality rates. However, dilation of the common iliac arteries prevents adequate distal sealing, which compromises the procedure success. The aim of this study is report the long-term outcomes of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms associated with aneurysm of the common iliac artery following endovascular repair using a bifurcated bell-bottom stent graft. Methods: This is a retrospective study that evaluated patients treated with bifurcated bell-bottom extension stent grafts to repair an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm and who had at least one common iliac artery with dilatation > 1.5 cm for at least 12 months after the endovascular intervention. Results: Thirty-eight patients with a mean age of 70.4±8.2 years were included. Stent graft placement was followed by dilation of the common iliac artery aneurysms in 35.3% of cases; endoleak and reoperation rates were 17.6% and 15.7%, respectively. Younger patients showed a higher rate of artery diameter increase following the procedure. The average arterial dilation was 16% in the first year, 29% in the second year, 57% in the third year and 95% from the fourth year until the end of follow-up. Conclusion: Repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms with bifurcated bell-bottom type stents when there is common iliac artery dilation is a good therapeutic option to preserve hypogastric flow. The rate of endoleak was 17.6%, and 15.7% of cases required reoperation. Younger patients are more likely to experience dilation of the common iliac artery after the procedure.

Complicações cardíacas em cirurgia vascular / Cardiac complications in vascular surgery

CONTEXTO: Aproximadamente 60% dos pacientes portadores de doença arterial oclusiva crônica periférica têm doença coronariana grave, sendo que a principal causa de morte no pós-operatório de cirurgia vascular de grande porte é o infarto agudo do miocárdio. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência da doença coronariana em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia vascular eletiva de grande porte e sua relação com as complicações cardiológicas pós-operatórias. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 200 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia vascular arterial eletiva: doença obstrutiva carotídea, aortoilíaca e femoropoplítea distal e doença aneurismática de aorta abdominal e de artérias ilíacas. Os pacientes constituíram três grupos: grupo I, sem doença coronariana; grupo II, com doença coronariana assintomática; e grupo III, com doença coronariana sintomática. As complicações cardiológicas consideradas foram infarto agudo do miocárdio fatal e não fatal, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, choque cardiogênico, fibrilação atrial aguda e outras arritmias. RESULTADOS: Complicações cardíacas ocorreram em 11 pacientes (5,5%): três infartos agudos do miocárdio não fatais (1,5%) sempre em pacientes do grupo III. A complicação cardíaca mais frequente foi arritmia (exceto fibrilação atrial) ocorrida em cinco (2,5%) pacientes, sendo três do grupo II. A mortalidade precoce foi de nove pacientes (4,5%). Apenas uma morte foi decorrente de problema cardíaco: choque cardiogênico em paciente do grupo III. CONCLUSÕES: A doença coronariana não foi preditora de óbito nos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia vascular periférica de grande porte. A sobrevida dos pacientes com ou sem doença coronariana não mostrou diferenças estatísticas.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 60% of patients with chronic occlusive peripheral arterial disease have severe coronary disease and the principal cause of death during the postoperative period after major vascular surgery is acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of coronary disease among patients scheduled for elective major vascular surgery and its relationship with postoperative cardiological complications. METHODS: A total of 200 patients who underwent elective vascular arterial surgery for obstructive carotid disease, aortoiliac and distal femoropopliteal disease and aneurysmal disease of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries were analyzed. These patients were allocated to three groups: group I, free from coronary disease; group II, asymptomatic coronary disease; and group III, symptomatic coronary disease. The cardiological complications analyzed were fatal and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, acute atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias. RESULTS: Cardiac complications occurred in 11 patients (5.5%): three nonfatal acute myocardial infarctions (1.5%), all in patients from group III. The most common cardiac complication was arrhythmia (excluding atrial fibrillation) in five (2.5%) patients, three from group II. Early mortality was nine patients (4.5%). Just one death was caused by a cardiac problem: cardiogenic shock in a patient from group III. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary disease was not predictive of death among patients who underwent major peripheral vascular surgery. There were no statistical differences in survival between patients with or without coronary disease.

The Upside-Down Gore Excluder Limb and Double-Barrel Sandwich Technique for Penetrating Aortic Ulcer and Iliac Aneurysm Exclusion

Endovascular aneurysm repair has become the first-line treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms and iliac artery aneurysms in recent years. However, the diameter of the infrarenal aorta is larger than that of the aortic bifurcation, especially with small aortic diameters, for which a reversed tapered device is necessary. We describe the off-label use of the upside-down Gore Excluder limb and double-barrel sandwich technique for the treatment of a penetrating abdominal aortic ulcer with a large common iliac artery aneurysm. These techniques offer an easy endovascular approach for excluding an aneurysm in selected patients. However, this technique is outside the standard instructions for use, therefore careful planning and long-term follow-up are mandatory.