Perspectiva histórica do tratamento clínico da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico / Historical perspective of gastroesophageal reflux disease clinical treatment

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal diseases. GERD generates significant impairment in patients' quality of life and it is associated to relevant medical resources utilization. A better understanding of GERD pathophysiology in the past five decades has favored the evolution of therapeutic strategies from non-drug interventions and antacids to more efficacious and safer alternatives. OBJECTIVE: To summarize data about the historical evolution of GERD management in Brazil, focusing on medical therapy and addressing evidence on efficacy and safety of drug classes currently recommended. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted by systematizing information about discoveries on GERD pathophysiology. We also addressed efficacy and safety of medications currently used to reduce symptoms and improve endoscopic healing of esophageal lesions. A structured search on Pubmed was performed to identify systematic reviews and meta-analysis investigating GERD outcomes positively impacted by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the first choice of pharmacotherapy for the disease. RESULTS: The chronological development of therapeutic measures for GERD in Brazil evolved from lifestyle interventions with relative poor effect on symptoms related to esophageal acid exposure, particularly heartburn, to effective and safe pharmacological interventions such as histamine H2-receptor antagonists and PPIs. In the present days, some drug classes play a minor role in disease management, namely prokinetics and antacids, due to their reduced efficacy and relevant safety concerns (particularly with prokinetics). The main challenge for prescribers and researchers seems to be finding long-acting acid suppressants strategies able to ameliorate patients' symptoms and quality of life, thereafter, reducing medical resource consumption. The dual delayed-release PPI dexlansoprazole seems to respond for some of the limitations other PPIs have. CONCLUSION: Recognizing the historical evolution of GERD management can help care providers to better understand therapeutic options for their patients, as well as focus on unmet needs that deserve further attention. PPIs are still the first choice therapy, with good evidence in favor of their efficacy, despite some safety concerns. However, as with any medical intervention, it is recommended to prescribe PPIs for patients with clear indication, using adequate dosing and monitoring for adverse events.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) é uma das doenças gastrointestinais mais prevalentes, resultando em limitações significativas na qualidade de vida dos pacientes e, também, relevante utilização de recursos médicos. Um melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da doença nas últimas cinco décadas tem favorecido a evolução das estratégias de tratamento, desde intervenções não farmacológicas e antiácidos, a alternativas mais eficazes e seguras. OBJETIVO: Resumir os dados sobre a evolução histórica do manejo da DRGE no Brasil, focando na terapia medicamentosa e abordando evidências sobre a eficácia e segurança de classes medicamentosas atualmente recomendadas. MÉTODOS: Uma revisão narrativa foi conduzida para sistematizar informações sobre descobertas na fisiopatologia da DRGE e, também, sobre a eficácia e segurança de medicamentos utilizados atualmente para reduzir os sintomas e melhorar a cicatrização endoscópica de lesões esofágicas. Uma busca estruturada na base de dados Pubmed foi realizada para identificar revisões sistemáticas e metanálises que investigassem desfechos da doença impactados positivamente pelos inibidores da bomba de prótons (IBPs), a primeira escolha farmacológica para a doença. RESULTADOS: O desenvolvimento cronológico das medidas terapêuticas para a DRGE no Brasil evoluiu de modificações no estilo de vida que demonstraram relativamente pouco efeito sobre os sintomas relacionados à exposição esofágico ao ácido, particularmente a azia, a intervenções farmacológicas eficazes e seguras como os anti-histamínicos H2 e os IBPs. Atualmente, algumas classes de medicamentos exercem um papel menor no manejo da doença, procinéticos e antiácidos por exemplo, devido à sua eficácia reduzida e a preocupações relevantes quanto a segurança (particularmente com os procinéticos). O principal desafio para os prescritores e pesquisadores parece ser encontrar estratégias supressoras de ácidos de longa duração capazes de melhorar os sintomas e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, reduzindo assim o consumo de recursos médicos. O dexlansoprazol, um IBP de liberação retardada dupla, parece responder a algumas limitações que outros IBPs têm. CONCLUSÃO: O reconhecimento da evolução histórica do manejo da DRGE pode auxiliar aos profissionais assistentes a melhor entender as opções terapêuticas para seus pacientes, assim como focar em necessidades não atendidas que necessitem de maior atenção. IBPs ainda são a terapia de escolha inicial, com boas evidências a favor de sua eficácia, apesar algumas questões acerca da segurança de seu uso. No entanto, assim como para qualquer intervenção medicamentosa, é recomendada a prescrição dos IBPs para pacientes com indicação clara, utilizando doses adequadas e monitorando a ocorrência de eventos adversos.

Automedicação em acadêmicos de Medicina / Self-medication in medical students

OBJETIVO: Determinar a incidência da automedicação em estudantes do curso de Medicina, evidenciando suas principais causas, os principais grupos de medicamentos utilizados nesta conduta e as consequências de seu uso irracional. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de análise quantitativa e não probabilística. Foi realizado por pesquisa de campo, por meio de questionário sistemático, em uma universidade, com o propósito de envolver todos os períodos correspondentes ao curso de Medicina. As análises dos resultados foram realizadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado e executadas no software Minitab®, versão 18, e Microsoft Excel 2010. RESULTADOS: As frequências de automedicação entre alunos do primeiro e segundo anos e do terceiro e quarto anos foram, respectivamente, 44,57% e 71,42% (p=0,001). Dentre eles, 43,15% eram do sexo feminino e se automedicavam (p=0,014). Dos alunos que se automedicavam, 36,3% indicariam o medicamento em uso para outrem (p=0,012), sendo que a classe de fármaco mais citada foi a dos analgésicos (52,05%) seguida pelos anti-inflamatórios (17,81%) e antiácidos (6,85%). O uso de psicotrópicos somou 6,85% das recomendações. Dentre as pessoas que diziam realizar a automedicação, 51% continuariam a prática. Tinham consciência dos riscos à saúde em relação à prática da ação em estudo 96,58% da amostra. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da automedicação em acadêmicos de medicina é equiparada a índices nacionais, ou seja, altas taxas regionais da prática de consumo desregulado de fármacos, com predominância entre os acadêmicos do sexo feminino, principalmente do terceiro e quarto anos do curso. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of self-medication in medical students, evidencing the main causes, main drug-classes used in this behavior, and the consequences of its irrational use. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of quantitative and non-probabilistic study analyses. It was carried out through field research, with the use of a systematic questionnaire, at a university, with the purpose of involving all periods of the medical course. The results analysis was done with chi-square test and run on Minitab® software version 18 and Microsoft Excel 2010. RESULTS: The frequency of self-medication among students in the 1st -2nd and 3rd-4th grades was respectively, 44,57% and 71,42% (p=0,001). Of them, 43.15% of the research population were female and self-medicated (p=0.014). Out of students who self-medicate,36.3% would indicate the drug in use for others (p=0.012), and the most cited drug-class was of analgesics (52.05%), followed by anti-inflammatories (17.81%), and antacids (6.85%). The use of psychotropic drugs accounted for 6.85% of the recommendations. Of people who say they self-medicate, 51% would continue doing it. Of the sample, 96.58% were aware of the health risks of self-medication. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of self-medication among medical students is similar to national indices, that is, high regional rates of unregulated drug use, with a predominance among female students, especially in students in the 3rd and 4th years of course. (AU)

Manejo del paciente portador de sangrado digestivo alto en el servicio de urgencias / Upper digestive bleeding patient management in the emergency department

Introducción: el sangrado digestivo alto constituye uno de los síndromes más frecuentes en servicios de urgencias. La endoscopia oral y los medicamentos antiácidos y protectores de la mucosa gástrica, hacen menos frecuente el empleo de intervenciones quirúrgicas en el manejo del paciente con sangrado digestivo alto. La necesidad del tratamiento quirúrgico no siempre puede obviarse. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con sangrado digestivo alto atendidos en el Hospital Militar Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Universo constituido por 92 pacientes con diagnóstico de sangrado digestivo alto. Variables caracterizadas: edad, sexo, tratamiento médico empleado, técnica quirúrgica utilizada, complicaciones posquirúrgicas y estadía hospitalaria. Resultados: el sangrado digestivo alto fue más frecuente en hombres, con más de 40 años de edad, se les aplicó tratamiento médico, la modalidad más frecuente fue la combinación de antiácidos. Se realizó tratamiento endoscópico al 3,2 por ciento de los pacientes, fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente el 5,4 por ciento. La mitad de los operados padecía úlcera péptica gástrica. La técnica quirúrgica más empleada fue la gastrostomía y gastrorrafia. La estadía hospitalaria fue menor de 5 días. Conclusiones: se evidenció predominio del sangrado digestivo alto en el sexo masculino y en mayores de 40 años. El tratamiento endoscópico y las intervenciones quirúrgicas representaron un bajo porcentaje. La estadía hospitalaria fue más prolongada en pacientes con complicaciones. Los hallazgos en los que más difieren otras investigaciones radican en el incremento del empleo de la endoscopia oral, en combinación con el uso de antisecretores y en las variantes de técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas(AU)

Introduction: upper Digestive Bleeding is one of the most frequent syndromes in emergency services. Oral endoscopy, antacid and protective gastric mucosal medications make the use of surgical interventions less common in the management of upper digestive bleeding patients. However, the need for surgical treatment cannot always be overlooked. Objective: to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with upper digestive bleeding treated at the Military Hospital Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study. A universe of 92 patients with a diagnosis of upper digestive bleeding. Variables characterized: Age, sex, medical treatment, surgical technique used, postoperative complications, and hospital stay. Results: upper digestive bleeding was more frequent in men and in patients over 40 years old. In patients in whom medical treatment was applied, the most frequent modality was the combination of anti-H2 antihistamines and proton pump inhibitors. Endoscopic treatment was performed in 3.2 percent of patients, and 5.4 pèrcent was operated on. Half of the patients underwent gastric peptic ulcer, and the most commonly used surgical technique was gastrostomy. The predominant hospital stay was less than 5 days(AU)

Efectividad de un nuevo régimen simplificado en la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori. Estudio prospectivo realizado en una clínica privada de Lima Metropolitana / New simplified regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication achieves high effectiveness. Prospective study in a private clinic in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de dos nuevos esquemas para el tratamiento de Helicobacter pylori frente al esquema triple convencional de amoxilina, claritromicina y un inhibidor de bomba de protones. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, no aleatorio, realizado en una clínica privada de Lima, Perú. Los pacientes con infección por Helicobacter demostrada por endoscopia con biopsia y/o test de la ureasa, recibieron uno de tres tratamientos en estudio y fueron examinados mediante el test del aliento con urea C14, entre 1 y 6 meses después. Resultados: El tratamiento triple convencional solo logró la erradicación en 49/68 casos (71,2%) y el cuádruple con doxiciclina, metronidazol, bismuto y esomeprazol lo hizo en 52/62 casos (83,9%) siendo esta diferencia no significativa (p>0,1). El esquema simplificado de doxiciclina, furazolidona y bismuto logró curar a 79/83 pacientes (95,2%) superando a los dos anteriores con valor significativo (p<0,005 y p<0,05 respectivamente). Conclusiones: El tratamiento triple convencional para Helicobacter no está alcanzando niveles aceptables de efectividad en nuestra institución. Esto enfatiza la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas; por lo que sería útil validar con nuevos estudios los buenos resultados logrados por el régimen Simplificado de doxiciclina, furazolidona y bismuto que aquí presentamos

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effectiveness of two new therapeutic regimes for Helicobacter pylori versus triple therapy that includes a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin. Materials and methods: prospective study, non-randomized, in a private Hospital in Lima, Peru. Patients with biopsy and/or rapid ureasa test proven Helicobacter pylori infection received one of the three therapeutic regimens and were followed with a urea breath test 1 to 6 months upon completion of therapy. Results: Triple therapy achieved eradication in 49/68 of cases (71.2%); quadruple therapy (doxycycline + metronidazole + bismuth + esomeprazole) in 52/62 (83.9%), and the simplified regimen with doxycycline + furazolidone + bismuth, obtained success in 79/83 of cases (95.2%). Statistically significant difference with p<0.005 and p<0.05 respectively. Conclusion: Triple therapy against Hp does not achieve acceptable effectiveness in our institution. This highlights the need to look for new therapeutic options, being the simplified regime (doxycycline, furazolidone and bismuth) used in the current study a good option, requiring further studies for validation.

Can Acid Pocket-targeting Alginate-antacid (Gaviscon Double Action) Relieve Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease? / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Bismuth subsalicylate as filler particle for an experimental epoxy-based root canal sealer

AIM: To evaluate the influence of bismuth subsalicylate addition in different concentrations on theproperties ofan experimental epoxy-based root canal sealer. METHODS: Bismuth subsalicylate in 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% and 120 wt% was added tothe sealer. Flow, film thickness, working time, setting time, dimensional change, sorption, solubility and cytotoxicity were evaluated according to ISO standard. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey'stest with a significance level of 5% for all tests. RESULTS:The flow, working and setting times significantly decreased withincreasing particle concentration. The film thickness, dimensional change, water sorption and solubility values significantly increased with higher particle amount. The results for cytotoxicity showed no statistically significant differences among the particle proportions. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the addition up to 80% wt of bismuth subsalicylate appears to be a promising filler particle to root canal sealer development.

Aliden / Aliden

Forma farmacéutica: Polvo para suspensión oral. Presentación: Estuche por un frasco de vidrio ámbar para 60 mL con un vaso dosificador. Composición: Cada cucharadita (5 mL) contiene: Hidróxido de aluminio gel seco 600 mg Hidróxido de magnesio 300 mg Lactosa monohidratada 12 mg. Farmacodinamia: Contiene dos antiácidos que actúan por reacción química con el ácido clorhídrico produciendo su neutralización total o parcial. El hidróxido de magnesio contribuye a la neutralización inmediata del ácido y se mantiene el efecto de forma prolongada debido a la acción del hidróxido de aluminio. El efecto astringente del hidróxido de aluminio es compensado con el efecto laxante del hidróxido de magnesio. Farmacocinética: Estos compuestos son insolubles y se solubilizan a medida que reaccionan. El Hidróxido de Aluminio reacciona con el Acido Clorhídrico originando agua y Cloruro de Aluminio, que se absorbe solo del 17 al 30 por ciento y se elimina totalmente por vía urinaria, el resto, no absorbido se elimina por las heces fecales. El Hidróxido de Magnesio reacciona originando agua y Cloruro de Magnesio, se absorbe del 15 al 30 por ciento para eliminarse por vía renal y el resto por las heces.Este medicamento no altera el equilibrio ácido-base del ..

Results of urinary dissolution therapy for radiolucent calculi

Purpose In this paper we present our experience with dissolution therapy of radiolucent calculi. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients who were offered urinary dissolution therapy between January 2010 and June 2011. Patients were treated with tablets containing potassium citrate and magnesium oxide. Partial dissolution was defined as at least a 50% reduction in stone size. Patients with complete or partial dissolution were classified in the successful dissolution group. Patients with no change, inadequate reduction, increase in stone size and those unable to tolerate alkali therapy were classified as failures. Patient sex, stenting before alkalinization, stone size, urine pH at presentation and serum uric acid levels were analyzed using Fisher t-test for an association with successful dissolution. Results Out of 67, 48 patients reported for follow up. 10 (15%) had complete dissolution and 13 (19%) had partial dissolution. Alkalinization was unsuccessful in achieving dissolution in 25 (37%). Stenting before alkalinization, patient weight (< 60 vs. > 75kg) and serum uric acid levels (≤ 6 vs. > 6) were the only factors to significantly affected dissolution rates (p = 0.039, p 0.035, p 0.01 respectively). CONCLUSIONS A policy of offering dissolution therapy to patients with radiolucent calculi had a successful outcome in 34% of patients. .

Updated Guidelines 2012 for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease / 대한소화기학회지

In 2010, a Korean guideline for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was made by the Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, in which the definition and diagnosis of GERD were not included. The aim of this guideline was to update the clinical approach to the diagnosis and management of GERD in adult patients. This guideline was developed by the adaptation process of the ADAPTE framework. Twelve guidelines were retrieved from initial queries through the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II process. Twenty-seven statements were made as a draft and revised by modified Delphi method. Finally, 24 consensus statements for the definition (n=4), diagnosis (n=7) and management (n=13) of GERD were developed. Multidisciplinary experts participated in the development of the guideline, and the external review of the guideline was conducted at the finalization phase.

Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux amongst hospital personnel in South India.

Introduction: Prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) disease is on the rise in South Asian countries. Though there are reports of GER prevalence amongst various ethnic populations there are fewer reports on its prevalence in different occupational groups. Materials and Methods: To study the prevalence of GER amongst hospital personnel at the tertiary referral hospital in south India. Results: Of the 1468 hospital personnel, the overall prevalence of GER was 28.5%. It was highest amongst the clerical staff (31.3%) and least among nursing students (3%). Eighty five percent of the symptomatic GER personnel were young; those below the age of 35 years had symptoms for less than 6 months while those above 55 years had symptoms for more than 6 months. Combination of reflux symptoms with ulcer or dysmotility type dyspepsia was the dominant type amongst all cadres. The nursing staff (62.5%) preferred antacids whereas the doctors (63%) preferred PPI. Conclusion: GER prevalence is not uncommon amongst the hospital personnel. It is significantly more common amongst doctors, clerical staff and housekeepers.

Clinical Characteristics of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease with Esophageal Injury in Korean: Focusing on Risk Factors / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recent studies suggest that the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing in Korea. However, studies on risk factors for GERD have yielded inconsistent results. The aims of this study were to compare clinical features between symptomatic syndromes without esophageal injury (=non-erosive disease [NED]) and syndromes with esophageal injury (=erosive disease [ED]), and to determine risk factors associated ED. METHODS: A total of 450 subjects who visited gastroenterology clinics of six training hospitals in Daegu from March 2008 to April 2010 were consecutively enrolled. The subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire which inquired about gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. The questionnaire also included questions about smoking, alcohol drinking, consumption of coffee, use of drugs, exercise, and other medical history. The subjects were subdivided into NED and ED groups. RESULTS: The proportion of subjects in each NED and ED group was 172 (38.2%) and 278 (61.8%). Male gender, smoking, alcohol drinking, consumption of coffee, large waist circumference, infrequent medication of antacids, aspirin and NSAIDs, infrequent and mild GERD symptoms were all significantly associated with ED on univariate analysis. Age, hiatal hernia, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, change in weight during 1 year, and number of typical GERD symptoms were not independent risk factors for ED. However, the association between ED and alcohol drinking, infrequent medication of antacids, mild typical GERD symptoms remained as strong risk factors after adjustments on multivariate logistic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Independent risk factors associated with ED were alcohol drinking, infrequent medication of antacids and mild typical GERD symptoms.

Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Reflux Esophagitis: Comparison with Nonerosive Reflux Disease / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Guidelines for the Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia / 대한소화기학회지

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is defined as the presence of symptoms thought to originate in the gastroduodenal area, in the absence of any organic, systemic, or metabolic disease that is likely to explain the symptoms. Based on the available evidence and consensus opinion, thirteen consensus statements for the treatment of FD were developed using the modified Delphi approach. Proton pump inhibitor, prokinetics, and histamine 2 receptor antagonists are effective for the treatment of FD. Mucosal protecting agents, fundus relaxant, and drugs for visceral hypersensitivity can improve symptoms in FD. Antacids and antidepressants may help improving symptoms in FD. Comparing endoscopy with 'test and treat' of Helicobacter pylori, endoscopy may be more effective initial strategy for managing patients with FD in Korea given high incidence of gastric cancer and low cost of endoscopy. Helicobacter pylori eradication can be one of the therapeutic options for patients with FD. Psychotherapy is effective for those who have severe symptoms and refractoriness. Further studies are strongly needed to develop better treatment strategies for Korean patients with FD.

Guidelines for the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease / 대한소화기학회지

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as a condition that develops when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications. In the last decade, GERD has been increasing in Korea. Seventeen consensus statements for the treatment of GERD were developed using the modified Delphi approach. Acid suppression treatments, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histmine-2 receptor antagonists and antacids are effective in the control of GERD-related symptoms. Among them, PPIs are the most effective medication. Standard dose PPI is recommended as the initial treatment of erosive esophagitis (for 8 weeks) and non-erosive reflux disease (at least for 4 weeks). Long-term continuous PPI or on-demand therapy is required for the majority of GERD patients after the initial treatment. Anti-reflux surgery can be considered in well selected patients. Prokinetic agents and mucosal protective drugs have limited roles. Twice daily PPI therapy can be tried to control extra-esophageal symptoms of GERD. For symptomatic patients with Barrett's esophagus, long-term treatment with PPI is required. Further studies are strongly needed to develop better treatment strategies for Korean patients with GERD.

Pautas para reducir el número de prescripciones inadecuadas en pacientes con dispepsia / Guidelines to cut the number of inappropriate prescriptions in dyspepsia patients

Se considera demostrado que diferentes métodos de implementación dan como resultado un mayor o menor grado de aceptación de las pautas en atención primaria. Este estudio analiza el efecto sobre los gastos estimados en medicamentos a partir de tres métodos distintos de implementar las mismas pautas, utilizados en tres grupos diferentes de médicos generalistas. La investigación estuvo basada en: un método de implementación negociado, de nueve meses de duración (con incentivos económicos para completar el programa) (proyecto A); una sesión de un día de entrenamiento basado en la evidencia llevada adelante por colegas en pequeños grupos de trabajo (proyecto B); una reunión de aplicación conducida por un experto (proyecto C). Para cada proyecto comparamos los gastos estimados mensuales en inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) y antagonistas de los receptores de histamina (ARH2) por cada mil pacientes registrados de los médicos generalistas (MG) que participaron con los de un grupo de MG de control, antes y después de implementar las pautas. Los 58 MG involucrados en el proyecto A redujeron las prescripciones en IBP alrededor del 26% (4 564 euros vs. 6 201 euros para 222 controles, p = 0.057) y de ARH2 alrededor de 30% (954 vs. 1 365 euros; p = 0.026). Los 101 MG que participaron del proyecto B prescribieron 5 535 euros en IBP y 556 euros en bloqueantes H2, mientras que los 61 MG controles hiceron prescripciones por 5 732 y 706 euros, respectivamente (lo que significó un ahorro del 3% en IBP y 21% en ARH2; p = ns). Los 15 MG que estuvieron en el proyecto C prescribieron 2 479 euros en IBP y 1 258 euros en ARH2, lo que implica un gasto 12% superior en IBP y una reducción del 17% en ARH2 cuando se los compara con los 2 215 euros empleados en IBP y 1 524 euros en bloqueantes H2 por los 270 MG del grupo control (p = ns)...

Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Korea / 대한소화기학회지

Eleven years has passed since the guideline of the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research group for H. pyori infection was produced in 1998. During this period the research for H. pyori has much progressed that H. pyori is now regarded as the major cause of gastric cancer. The seroprevalence of H. pyori in Korea was found to be decreased especially below the age of 40's and in the area of Seoul.Gyeonggi province, and annual reinfection rate of H. pyori has decreased up to 2.94%. In the aspect of diagnostic tests of H. pyori the biopsy is recommended in the body instead of antrum in the subjects with atrophic gastritis and/or intestinal metaplasia for the modified Giemsa staining or Warthin Starry silver staining. The urea breath test is the test of choice to confirm eradication when follow-up endoscopy is not necessary. Definite indication for H. pyori eradication is early gastric cancer in addition to the previous indications of peptic ulcer including scar and Marginal zone B cell lymphoma (MALT type). Treatment is also recommended for the relatives of gastric cancer patient, unexplained iron deficiency anemia, and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. One or two week treatment of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) based triple therapy consisting of one PPI and two antibiotics, clarithromycin and amoxicillin, is recommended as the first line treatment regimen. In the case of treatment failure, one or two weeks of quadruple therapy (PPI+metronidazole+tetracycline+bismuth) is recommended. Herein, Korean College of Helicobactor and Upper Gastrointestinal Research proposes a diagnostic and treatment guideline based on currently available evidence.

Síntomas ácido-pépticos gastroesofágicos como causa de consumo de antiácidos y ácido-supresores y su asociación con el índice de masa corporal en población adulta urbana / Use of antacids and acid-suppressors for gastro-esophageal peptic symptoms and body mass index in adult urban population

Introducción: El exceso de peso y la obesidad son considerados factores precipitantes en la aparición de síntomas de reflujo gastro-esofágico (RGE). Además, los antiácidos y ácido-supresores son altamente eficaces en la paliación de tales síntomas. Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de pirosis y ardor epigástrico, sus factores precipitantes, consumo de antiácidos y de ácido-supresores, auto-medicación y su relación con la obesidad en adultos. Material y Método: encuesta personal y examen físico a 433 adultos sin RGE diagnosticado, historia de cirugía gastrointestinal y uso de estos medicamentos indicado por médicos. Resultados: los síntomas en estudio estaban presentes en el 60.1 por ciento del grupo (62,9 por ciento en mujeres y 57,3 por ciento en hombres) siendo más frecuente el ardor epigástrico (35,6 por ciento) que la pirosis (24,5 por ciento). Entre los sujetos sintomáticos el 95 por ciento utilizó medicación en forma regular. El 65 por ciento-83 por ciento de los sujetos con síntomas esporádicos recurrieron a antiácidos. Por el contrario, el 23,5 por ciento refirió síntomas diarios y entre ellos el 64 por ciento usaba ácido-supresores. La auto-medicación fue reconocida por el 78 por ciento-92 por ciento de personas con síntomas esporádicos y significativamente menos (48 por ciento) por sujetos con síntomas diarios. La tensión emocional (35,1 por ciento- 58,6 por ciento), ingesta de alcohol (9 por ciento) y alimentos muy condimentados (5 por ciento) fueron mencionados como factores precipitantes de los síntomas. Menos del 4 por ciento de los encuestados consideraron el aumento de peso corporal como factor precipitante. El índice de masa corporal en el grupo asintomático fue: mujeres 23,2 + - 3,4 kg/m2 y hombres 24,3 + - 3,3 kg/m2. Para el grupo sintomático las cifras fueron 22,5 + - 3,1 kg/m2 y 25 + - 3,5 kg/m2 respectivamente. En el grupo asintomático, el sobrepeso fue de 25,4 por ciento y la obesidad 5,7 por ciento no significativamente diferente del 28...

GERD like symptoms as seen in a village.

Twenty cases of protozoal infection presented with symptoms suggesting GERD. Treatment with antacids and H2 blockers was unsuccessful in giving them relief. As they had also protozoal infection, treatment with anti-protozoal drugs gave them complete relief in the follow up period of one year after the end of treatment. Hence we have named these conditions simulating peptic ulcer GERD as pseodogerd or protozoal GERD. It is suggested that the person presenting with the symptoms of GERD in our area should be investigated for protozoal infection or should be given treatment of protozoal infection rather than that of peptic ulcers. It is also suggested that the length of treatment of protozoal infection should not be less than one month and not for three or 7 days as suggested in western text books.