Endovascular Management of Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis due to Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome in Patients with Protein C and/or S Deficiency

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early outcome of endovascular management in patients with iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) due to iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS) and protein C and/or S deficiency. Between September 2000 and January 2003, catheter-directed thrombolysis was performed in 11 patients with a diagnosis of acute iliofemoral DVT: 7 with protein C and/or S deficiency and 4 without protein C and/or S deficiency. After thrombolysis, the diagnosis of IVCS was confirmed in 6 patients: 4 with protein C and/or S deficiency and 2 without protein C and/or S deficiency. Further intervention consisted of angioplasty and stent placement was performed. Four patients with IVCS and protein C and/or S deficiency were included in this study. The immediate technical and clinical success rates were 100% in all 4 patients. There were no complications or clinically detectable pulmonary emboli. This initial experience suggests that endovascular management of iliofemoral DVT due to IVCS in patients with protein C and/or S deficiency is safe and effective.

Resultados do tratamento fibrinolítico da trombose venosa iliacofemoral por infusão seletiva de rt-PA em baixas doses / Results of fibrinolytic treatment of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis by selective infusion of low-dose rt-PA

Avaliação imediata e tardia da terapia fibrinolítica da trombose venosa profunda iliacofemoral por infusão seletiva de rt-PA em baixas doses. Os pacientes foram submetidos à infusão transcateter de rt-PA (1mg/hora) nos segmentos venosos trombóticos, por um tempo médio de 41 horas. Houve fibrinólise efetiva em 12 dos 15 casos, com correlação entre o percentual de fibrinólise e a magnitude da melhora clínica aguda / Early and late evaluation of fibrinolytic therapy of iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis by selective infusion of low-dose rt-PA. Patients were submitted to transcatheter infusion of rt-PA (1mg/kg) in the thrombotic venous segments, with a mean lysis time of 41 hours. Effective lysis was reached in 12 of 15 cases. Statistic correlation between lysis grade and acute clinical improvement was observed...

Fator tecidual ativador de plasmogênio recombinante (rt-PA) intravítreo em obstrução venosa retiniana / Intravitreous tissue plasminogen activator for retinal vein occlusion

Objetivos: Analisar os resultados, anatômicos e funcionais, do tratamento das obstruções venosas retinianas pelo fator tecidual ativador de plasminogênio recombinante (rt-PA) intravítreo. Pacientes e Métodos: Cinco pacientes com obstrução da veia central da retina (OVCR) e um paciente com obstrução venosa hemi-retiniana foram submetidos a uma injeção intravítrea de 75mg de rt-PA e reavaliados através de exame oftalmológico completo, retinografia e retinografia flourescente. Resultados: Observou-se melhora anatômica em dois dos seis pacientes estudados, dentre os quais o paciente que apresentava obstrução venosa hemi-retiniana que evoluiu com rápida e acentuada resolução do quadro obstrutivo. Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou melhora funcional. Um dos pacientes apresentou hemorragia vítrea de pequena magnitude e rápida resolução, um mês após a terapêutica, e outro paciente apresentou hemorragia vítrea quanze meses após, tendo esta ocorrido após cirurgia cardíaca.

Accelerated infusion of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction results in better TIMI flow grade in infarct-related artery.

Bolus followed by rapid infusion of tissue plasminogen activator results in higher grade of TIMI flow in infarct-related artery as compared to slow infusion. In the present study, an accelerated regimen of streptokinase given over 15 minutes was compared with conventional infusion over one hour in 47 patients presenting within 12 hours of acute myocardial infarction. Forty-seven patients (44 males, 3 females; mean age 54.0 +/- 1.1 years) were randomly allocated to receive 1.5 million units of streptokinase either over 15 minutes (group 1, n = 24) or over one hour (group 2, n = 23) at a mean interval of 5.4 +/- 3.6 hours after onset of symptoms. All the patients received aspirin and intravenous heparin (1000 U/hr) for 96 hours after thrombolysis. Coronary angiography was performed in 43 patients (22 in group 1, 21 in group 2) prior to discharge from the hospital (mean 7 +/- 2.1 days after acute myocardial infarction) and patency of the infarct-related artery and grade of TIMI flow were determined. Infarct-related artery was patent (TIMI 2/3 flow) in 19 (86.4%) patients in group 1 as compared to 12 (57.1%) in group 2 (p < 0.05). TIMI grade 3 flow in the infarct-related artery was present in 13 (59.1%) in group 1 as compared to 7 (33.3%) in group 2 (p = 0.1). There was no significant difference between group 1 and 2 in time of presentation (mean 5.3 +/- 3.9 hrs vs 5.5 +/- 3.2 hrs), time to needle in hospital (25.6 +/- 11.2 min vs 26.3 +/- 6.2 min), site of infarct (anterior myocardial infarction 12 in group 1 vs 11 in group 2), relief of pain at 90 min (13 vs 12), more than 50 percent reduction of ST elevation at 90 minutes (17 vs 12) and left ventricular ejection fraction (48.8 +/- 9.1% vs 49.8 +/- 16.0%), respectively. Streptokinase was well tolerated in both the groups, although hypotension was more common with the accelerated regimen (5 in group 1 vs 3 in group 2; p = NS). Thus, 'accelerated' streptokinase given over 15 minutes in patients presenting within 12 hours of acute myocardial infarction is well tolerated and results in higher grades of TIMI flow in the infarct-related artery as compared to the "conventional" one-hour infusion regimen.

Tratamiento del infarto agudo del miocardio con rt-PA en 60 minutos. Estudio cooperativo / Treatment of acute myocardial infraction with a rapid infusion of rt-PA over one hour period

La terapia trombolítica (TT) modifica la historia natural del infarto agudo del miocardio (IAM) al disminuir la morbi-mortalidad. Recientemente, al cambiar la velocidad de infusión, se logró disminuir la mortalidad en 10 puntos porcentuales. Objetivos: Demostrar que la administración de rt-PA en una hora es segura y práctica (administración "rapida"). Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo cooperativo, llevado a cabo en 3 años, donde se incluyeron a pacientes con el diagnóstico de IAM con menos de 6 hrs de evolución éstos reciberon TT: rt-PA con bolo inicial de 10 mg y los 90 mg en los restantes 60 minutos. Al mismo tiempo del bolo de rt-PA, se administraron 500 UI de heparina y se continuó con infusión de 1000 UI/hr, para mantener TTPa 1.5 a 2 veces el valor basal. Todos los enfermos recibieron ácido acetil salicílico (ASA) y, de acuerdo a la evolución, terapia adyuvante (TA). Se determinó la presencia de sangrado y/o evento cerebral, como puntos finales mayores. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 225 pacientes, la edad promedio del grupo fue X 57.1 ñ 22.2 años (91 por ciento menores de 75 años): el 78.7 por ciento fueron del sexo masculino y 21.3 por ciento del sexo femenino. El tiempo de retraso en acudir al hospital fue X 2.93 ñ 1.7 hs. El 82.2 por ciento ingresaron en clase funcional I-II de la New York Heart Association (NYHA), el 59.5 por ciento de los infartos fueron de localización anterior y el 32.4 por ciento posteroinferior. El 80 por ciento tuvo criterios de reperfusión clínica. Sólo el 7.1 por ciento requirió de transfusiones y el 0.4 por ciento presentó sangrado a nivel de sistema nervioso central (SNC). La sobrevida fue de 95.2 por ciento a 21 días y la causa de muerte no se relacionó con el sangrado. Conclusiones: El esquema de administración resultó seguro y eficaz, ya que los requerimientos de transfusión no fueron mayores a lo consignado en la literatura y el sangrado del SNC fue del 0.4 por ciento

Angioplastía de rescate / Rescue angioplasty

This article resumes the modern management of acute myocardial infarction. It analyzes the complementary benefits of two different types of treatment: thrombolytic therapy and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty

Estado lítico sistêmico como marcador do sucesso terapêutico após rt-PA em bolo no infarto do miocárdio / lytic state as marker of therapeutic success after rt-PA in bolus in myocardial infarction

Avaliar o estado lítico sistêmico (ELS) através do nível de fibrinogênio sérico (FS) após tratamento com rt-PA em bolo no infarto do miocárdio (IM) e sua relaçäo com recanalizaçäo coronária. Cinqüenta e um pacientes (38 homens, média de idade de 53 ñ 9,8 anos) com IM submetidos a terapêutica com 70 mg de rt-PA em bolo por via venosa após demonstraçäo de oclusäo da artéria relacionada ao infarto (ARI). Foram feitas dosagens de FS pré-tratamento e após 90 minutos e comparados seus níveis no grupo de pacientes recanalizados (grupo 1) com os do grupo de pacientes com falha terapêutica (grupo 2). Todos os pacientes tinham níveis normais de FS e pré-tratamento. Após 90 minutos a média do FS diminuiu em 35,1% (276,8 ñ 55,5 mg/dl para 168,9 ñ 78,2 mg/dl). Os grupos 1 e 2 aos 90 minutos apresentaram níveis de FS semelhantes (145,1 ñ 96,7 mg/dl contra 187,0 + 53,7 mg/dl). A terapêutica com rt-PA em bolo no IM reduz de maneira significativa o FS, mas o ELS atingido foi semelhante nos grupos com ou sem recanalizaçäo da ARI

Purpose: Evaluate the lytic state (LS) expressed by the level of plasmatic fibrinogen (PF) after rt-PA in bolus tn,fusion for acute myocardial infarction (MI) and its relation to coronary reperfusion. Patients and methods: Fifty-one patients (38 men, mean age of 53.0 ± 9.8 years) with demonstrated occlusion of the infarct related artery (IRA) received an intravenous bolus infusion of 70 mg of rt-PA, PF was assessed before and 90 minutes after the treatment and the levels were compared in patients with (group 1) and without (group 2) reperfusion of the IRA. Results: Basal levels of PF were within the normal range in all patients. There was a decrement of 35.1% in the PF dosed at 90 minutes, from 276.8 ± 55.5 mg/al to 168.0 ± 68.2 mg/dl. Both groups were similar in the levels of PF 90 after treatment (145.1 ± 95.7 mg/dl in group I versus 187.0 ± 53.7 mg/dl in group 2). Conclusion: In bolus rt-PA treatment for MI significantly reduces the PF, but the LS obtained was similar in patients with or without reperfusion of the IRA.