Maximum inhibitory dilution of mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine and polyhexamethylene biguanide against salivary staphylococcus aureus

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro maximum inhibitory dilution (MID) of two chlorhexidinebased oral mouthwashes (CHX): Noplak®, Periogard®, and one polyhexamethylene biguanide-based mouthwash (PHMB): Sanifill Premium® against 28 field Staphylococcus aureus strains using the agar dilution method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For each product, decimal dilutions ranging from 1/10 to 1/655,360 were prepared in distilled water and added to Mueller Hinton Agar culture medium. After homogenization, the culture medium was poured onto Petri dishes. Strains were inoculated using a Steers multipoint inoculator and dishes were incubated at 37ºC for 24hours. For reading, MID was considered as the maximum dilution of the mouthwash still capable of inhibiting microbial growth. RESULTS: Sanifill Premium® inhibited the growth of all strains at 1/40 dilution and of 1 strain at 1/80 dilution. Noplak® inhibited the growth of 23 strains at 1/640 dilution and of all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution. Periogard® showed inhibited growth of 7 strains at 1/640 dilution and of all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, showing significant differences between the mouthwashes evaluated (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between Noplak® and Periogard® (p>0.05). Sanifill Premium® was the least effective (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that CHX-based mouthwashes present better antimicrobial activity against S. Aureus than the PHMB-based mouthwash.

Eficacia de los hipoglicemiantes orales en el control metabólico de pacientes con diabetes mellitus gestacional / Effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic drugs in the metabolic control of patients with gestational diabetes

Gestational Diabetes is characterized by different degrees of glucose intolerance that produce a series of fetal and perinatal alterations. During many years, in those cases of gestational diabetes that did not respond to nutritional interventions, the use of insulin was a proven treatment to achieve metabolic control and thus a better perinatal outcome. At present, some new oral hypoglycemic drugs, from the family of sulfonylureas and biguanides, have been shown to be safe, of low cost, and apparently effective in the metabolic control of this disease. We review the publications that propose the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs for the metabolic control of gestational diabetes that does not respond to nutritional measures.

Molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba isolated from amebic keratitis related to orthokeratology lens overnight wear

In an effort to characterize, on the molecular scale, the Acanthamoeba initially isolated from the cornea of an amoebic keratitis patient associated with overnight-wear orthokeratology lens in Korea, we conducted mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism, 18S rDNA sequencing, and drug sensitivity analyses on the isolate (KA/PE1). The patient was treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorhexidine and oral itraconazole, which resulted in resolution of the patient's ocular inflammation. The majority of the molecular characteristics of the KA/PE1 were determined to be identical, or quite similar, to those of A. castellanii Ma strain, which had been isolated also from amoebic keratitis. The risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis as a potential complication of overnight orthokeratology is briefly discussed.

Effects of short term metformin administration on androgens in diabetic men.

Metformin, an oral hypoglycemic agent, has several other metabolic and hormonal effects. This study aims at identifying the metabolic effect of metformin on androgens in diabetic men. The study was conducted at The National Center for Diabetes Endocrinology and Genetics, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan from April 2001 to September 2001. We studied 15 men with type 2 diabetes mellitus by measuring fasting serum glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, total and free testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, 17-OH progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone before and after a short course of metformin. There was a significant decrease in fasting serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin and increase in the level of 17-OH progesterone. The remainder of the measured parameters did not show any significant change. Although serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin decreased insulin levels were not changed. In contrast to normal men there was no change in androgen levels in diabetics but the 17-OH progesterone was elevated

Insulinorresistencia: generalidades e implicancias clínicas / Insulin resistance generalties and clinical approach

La insulinorresistencia, es la base fisiopatológica de múltiples enfermedades de alta prevalencia, entre las que se destacan: la obesidad androide, la intolerancia a la glucosa, la diabetes mellitus, la hipertensión arterial y la dislipidemia. Además, se presenta en otras situaciones patológicas frecuentes, entre otras, diabetes gestacional, ovario poliquístico y en sujetos pequeños para la edad gestacional. Finalmente, está presente en una serie de condiciones fisiológicas y patológicas poco frecuentes o muy excepcionales, ya sea de origen genético, congénitas o adquiridas. Quizás más que por su prevalencia, el principal problema reside en, que esta condición puede permanecer desconocida y el daño metabólico puede ocurrir mucho antes que un exámen fortuito o el cuadro florido de una diabetes 2 nos lleve finalmente a su diagnóstico. El propósito de esta revisión es dar una orientación diagnóstica práctica de este síndrome tanto desde el punto de vista clínico como de las metodologías actualmente en uso

Hipoglucemiante oral (HO) más acarbosa vs. hipoglucemiante oral más Psyllium plantago en el control metabólico del paciente diabético no insulinodependiente / Hypoglucemic agents plus acarbose vs hypoglycemic agents plus Psyllium plantago in the metabolic control of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Antecedentes. La diabetes mellitus (DM) continúa siendo una causa muy importante de morbilidad y mortalidad. El propósito del tratamiento antidiabético es alcanzar la normoglucemia y de esta forma evitar las complicaciones tardías. Se han establecido diferentes estrategias terapéuticas, las cuales incluyen a la dieta, al ejercicio físico y los medicamentos, como sulfonilureas, biguanidas, insulina, inhibidores de las Ó-glucosidasas. Objetivo. Comparar la eficacia de la acarbosa o Psyllium plantago más hipoglucemiante oral en el control de la glucemia en el paciente diabético no insulinodependiente. Material y métodos. Estudio clínico abierto, con distribución al azar, controlado, con grupo paralelo. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: a) pacientes con diabetes mellitus no insulinodependiente con una concentración de hemoglobina glucosidada > 8 por ciento, pese a uso de hipoglucemiante oral y dieta; b) glucemia en ayuno > 140 mg/dl o glucemia posprandial de 2 horas > 180 mg/dl; c) depuración de creatinina > ml/min; d) niveles de LDL > 150 mg/dl. Se distribuyó al azar en los grupos de tratamiento de acuerdo con una tabla preestablecida, grupo de hipoglucemiante oral más acarbosa (A) y grupo de hipoglucemiante oral más Psyllium plantago(P). Se determinó glucemia en ayuno, glucemia posprandial de 2 horas, hemoglobina glucosilada, lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL). Se calculó frecuencia y medidas de tendencia central y dispersión de todas las variables y las variables cuantitativas se analizaron mediante la prueba de t de Student. La significancia estadística se estableció con un valor de p<0.05. Resultados. La hemoglobina glucosilada fue menor en el grupo A, con un promedio de 7.14 ñ 0.33 por ciento, mientras en el grupo P tuvo un valor de 9.62 ñ 0.48 por ciento (p<0.05); lo mismo ocurrió para los valores de glucemia en ayunas y posprandial de 2 horas; sin embargo, no se observó diferencia signficativa en las concentraciones de LDL. Conclusiones. Los resultados de nuestro estudio demuestran la utilidad de la acarbosa en combinación con hipoglucemiantes orales para disminuir la hemoglobina glucosilada y la hiperglucemia del paciente diabético crónicamente descontrolado

Effect of bed time intermediate acting insulin in NIDDM subjects refractory to a combination of sulphonylureas and biguanides.

The effect of a single dose of intermediate acting (Lente) insulin given subcutaneously at 9.00 P.M. in 22 NIDDM subjects refractory to a combination of Sulphonylureas and Biguanides was analysed. Euglycemia was achieved and maintained during the study period of three months with a mean insulin requirement of 14.22 +/- 5.98 units/day. Plasma FFA, Total cholesterol, triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol also showed significant reduction. The level of FFA modulates hepatic glucose production, which in turn correlates positively with the fasting blood glucose. The therapeutic modality of bed time Lente Insulin based on physiological principles is an effective way of achieving glycemic control in NIDDM subjects who have become non-responsive to oral hypoglycemic agents.

Visceral reflex responses following right intra-atrial injection of phenyldiguanide in rats.

1. Intra-atrial injection (right atrium) of pdg in nembutal anaesthetised rats produced bradycardia, hypotension and apnoea followed by hyperpnoea. In very lightly anaesthetised rats, injection of pdg close to the aortic valves produced similar responses and those responses disappeared on maintaining the animals in well-anaesthetised condition. 2. Administration of pdg either into the cerebral circulation or into cerebral ventricles did not produce bradycardia and apnoea. 3. The afferent pathway for these autonomic responses runs in vagus nerve, as shown by experiments before and after bilateral vagotomy. 4. The electrical activity of both expiratory and inspiratory muscles was inhibited during end-expiratory apnoea phase following injection of pdg into the right atrium. 5. Glycine, administered centrally or intravenously, exhibited blockade of pdg induced autonomic responses for more than forty minutes.