Cholecystectomy for Prevention of Recurrence after Endoscopic Clearance of Bile Duct Stones in Korea

PURPOSE: Cholecystectomy in patients with an intact gallbladder after endoscopic removal of stones from the common bile duct (CBD) remains controversial. We conducted a case-control study to determine the risk of recurrent CBD stones and the benefit of cholecystectomy for prevention of recurrence after endoscopic removal of stones from the CBD in Korean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 317 patients who underwent endoscopic CBD stone extraction between 2006 and 2012 were included. Possible risk factors for the recurrence of CBD stones including previous cholecystectomy history, bile duct diameter, stone size, number of stones, stone composition, and the presence of a periampullary diverticulum were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean duration of follow-up after CBD stone extraction was 25.4+/-22.0 months. A CBD diameter of 15 mm or larger [odds ratio (OR), 1.930; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.098 to 3.391; p=0.022] and the presence of a periampullary diverticulum (OR, 1.859; 95% CI, 1.014 to 3.408; p=0.045) were independent predictive factors for CBD stone recurrence. Seventeen patients (26.6%) in the recurrence group underwent elective cholecystectomy soon after endoscopic extraction of CBD stones, compared to 88 (34.8%) in the non-recurrence group; the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.212). CONCLUSION: A CBD diameter of 15 mm or larger and the presence of a periampullary diverticulum were found to be potential predictive factors for recurrence after endoscopic extraction of CBD stones. Elective cholecystectomy after clearance of CBD stones did not reduce the incidence of recurrent CBD stones in Korean patients.

Prevalence of gallstones in 1,229 patients submitted to surgical laparoscopic treatment of GERD and esophageal achalasia: associated cholecystectomy was a safe procedure / Prevalência de colelitíase em 1.229 pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico laparoscópico de DRGE e megaesôfago: a colecistectomia associada mostra-se segura

BACKGROUND: Association between esophageal achalasia/ gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and cholelithiasis is not clear. Epidemiological data are controversial due to different methodologies applied, the regional differences and the number of patients involved. Results of concomitant cholecistectomy associated to surgical treatment of both diseases regarding safety is poorly understood. AIM: To analyze the prevalence of cholelithiasis in patients with esophageal achalasia and gastroesophageal reflux submitted to cardiomyotomy or fundoplication. Also, to evaluate the safety of concomitant cholecistectomy. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 1410 patients operated from 2000 to 2013. They were divided into two groups: patients with GERD submitted to laparocopic hiatoplasty plus Nissen fundoplication and patients with esophageal achalasia to laparoscopic cardiomyotomy plus partial fundoplication. It was collected epidemiological data, specific diagnosis and subgroups, the presence or absence of gallstones, surgical procedure, operative and clinical complications and mortality. All groups/subgroups were compared. RESULTS: From 1,229 patients with GERD or esophageal achalasia, submitted to laparoscopic cardiomyotomy or fundoplication, 138 (11.43%) had cholelitiasis, occurring more in females (2.38:1) with mean age of 50,27 years old. In 604 patients with GERD, 79 (13,08%) had cholelitiasis. Lower prevalence occurred in Barrett's esophagus patients 7/105 (6.67%) (p=0.037). In 625 with esophageal achalasia, 59 (9.44%) had cholelitiasis, with no difference between chagasic and idiopathic forms (p=0.677). Complications of patients with or without cholecystectomy were similar in fundoplication and cardiomyotomy (p=0.78 and p=1.00).There was no mortality or complications related to cholecystectomy in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of cholelithiasis was higher in patients submitted to fundoplication (GERD). Patients with chagasic or idiopatic ...

RACIONAL: São controversas as relações entre megaesôfago e doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) com colelitíase, especialmente a forma mais adequada de conduzir pacientes com ambas. Dados epidemiológicos são díspares devido às diversas metodologias aplicadas, às diferenças regionais e à quantidade de pacientes envolvidos. OBJETIVO: Estudar a prevalência de colelitíase em pacientes submetidos às operações de refluxo gastroesofágico e megaesôfago (chagásicos ou não) e a segurança da colecistectomia estar associada. MÉTODO: Análise retrospectiva de 1410 pacientes operados entre 2000 e 2013. Eles foram divididos em dois grupos: os com DRGE e operados por hiatoplastia/fundoplicatura a Nissen laparoscópicas e os com acalásia por cardiomiotomia e fundoplicatura parcial laparoscópicas. Foram coletados dados epidemiológicos, diagnóstico, a presença ou não de litiase biliar, tratamento cirúrgico efetuado, complicações clínicas ou cirúrgicas e mortalidade. Todos os grupos e subgrupos foram comparados. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 1229 pacientes portadores de megaesôfago e/ou DRGE, operados por fundoplicatura com hiatoplastia, nos casos de DRGE, e cardiomiectomia com fundoplicatura, nos casos de megaesôfago, no período de 2000 a 2013, verificando-se presença de colelítiase ou colecistectomia prévia. A colelítiase ocorreu mais no sexo feminino (2,38:1) e na faixa etária entre os 50 e 70 anos. A prevalência global foi de 11,43%; 13,08% na DRGE, menor nos portadores de esôfago de Barrett (6,67%) sendo a diferença significativa (p=0,037); e 9,44% no megaesôfago, não havendo diferença significativa entre os chagásicos e os idiopáticos (p=0,677). Não houve mortalidade ou complicações relacionadas à colecistectomia nesta série. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de colelitíase é maior nos pacientes com DRGE do que nos com megaesôfago. Não há diferenças na prevalência de colelitíase nos pacientes com megaesôfago chagásico e não chagásico. É mais frequente litíase ...

Ultrasound Prevalence of Gallstone Disease in Diabetic Patients at Ibadan; Nigeria

Background: Gallstones (GS) in the gallbladder (GB) can be responsible for a whole spectrum of disease entities which may lead to a surgical emergency with high mortality. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a debilitating disease that affects all systems in the body; and literature documents a higher incidence of gallstone disease (GSD) and its complications in diabetics than in the non-diabetic population. Most local studies on the association between GS formation and DM have focused on type 2 diabetics. This study was therefore designed to determine the prevalence of GS in both type 1 and type 2 DM and elucidate the demographic and social factors associated with formation of GS in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Four hundred diabetic patients aged between 15 and 82 years had abdominal ultrasound to diagnose or exclude the presence of GS. Results: GS was found in 70 (17.5) of the 400 patients. Positive cases had a male to female ratio of 3:4 and 59 (51.92) were above the age of 40 years with type 2 DM. Body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m 2 was seen in 56 (48.3) patients; smoking and alcohol intake were insignificantly implicated. Jaundice was recorded in 8 (11.4) while abdominal pain was in 24 (34.3) patients; and 52 (74.3) patients of those with GSD had had diabetes for more than 4 years. Conclusion: GSD in DM is influenced significantly by age; BMI; and duration of the disease; while gender; social factors; and parity do not influence as strong associated factors

Changes in Demographic Features of Gallstone Disease: 30 Years of Surgically Treated Patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the clinical and demographical characteristics of gallstone disease in Korea, based on 30 years of surgically treated patients at a single institute. METHODS: In total, 7,949 gallstone patients who underwent surgery between 1981 and 2010 were analyzed. Patients were divided into six time periods: period I (1981 to 1985, n=831), period II (1986 to 1990, n=888), period III (1991 to 1995, n=1,040), period IV (1996 to 2000, n=1,261), period V (2001 to 2005, n=1,651) and period VI (2006 to 2010, n=2,278). RESULTS: The total number and mean age of the patients gradually increased, and the male/female ratio decreased. The proportion of gallbladder (GB)-stone cases increased, whereas the proportions of common bile duct (CBD)- and intrahepatic duct (IHD)-stone cases decreased. Differences in patient geographical origins also decreased. Based on the relationship between changes in the prevalence of gallstone disease and socioeconomic status, the prevalence of CBD stones showed a strong correlation with Engel's coefficient (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that although the total number of cases and the mean age of gallstone patients have continuously increased, there are trends of increasing GB-stone cases and decreasing CBD- and IHD-stone cases.

[Gallblader sonographic abnormality following ceftriaxone treatment in children]

Considering the relatively wide application of ceftriaxone in pediatric infectious diseases and its side effects, this study was done to determine gallblader sonographic abnormality following ceftriaxone treatment in children. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 60 patients age 1 month up to 12 years in Besat hospital, Hamadan, Iran during 2007. The sonographic abnormal finding of gallbladder before ceftriaxone therapy and 5 days after therapy were recorded. In case of any abnormality in gallblader sonography was repeated twice a week in the first two weeks and afterward once a week up to disappearance of abnormalities. Gallblader sonographic abnormality were observed in 10 cases [16.5%]. Out of them, 8 and 2 patients had bile stone and bile sludge, respectivley. The patients did not show any clinical manifestations. There was no relation between age and sex with abnormal findings. Gallblader abnormality completely were disappeared in the worst cases by sixteen days. This study showed that the incidence of either gallstone or biliary sludge after treatment with ceftriaxone was 16.5% which is relatively similar to other studies

Obesity and Gallbladder Diseases / 대한소화기학회지

Obesity is an important health problem in the world and related to many critical diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Obesity leads to fat infiltration of multiple organs and infiltrated adipose tissue produces many cytokines resulting in the dysfunction of organs such as the gallbladder. In the biliary diseases, obesity and overweight have been known as a major risk factor for gallstones. According to current studies, obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and metabolic syndrome are related to various gallbladder diseases including gallbladder stones, cholecystitis, gallbladder polyps, and gallbladder cancers. We reviewed further literature on the obesity and gallbladder diseases, in aspects of epidemiology, mechanism, pathology and prevention.

Prevalência e fisiopatologia da litíase biliar em pacientes submetidos a transplante de órgãos / Prevalence and physiopathology of gallstone in transplant patients

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar revisão da prevalência e dos principais mecanismos fisiopatológicos que levam a formação da litíase biliar em pacientes submetidos a transplante de órgãos. MÉTODOS: Revisão da literatura abrangendo 29 publicações obtidas das bases Medline/Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs com cruzamento dos unitermos "transplante, transplante renal, transplante hepático, cálculo biliar, colecistite.". Vários estudos que utilizaram a ultrassonografia demonstraram aumento na prevalência da litíase biliar em pacientes submetidos a transplante de órgãos. A taxa de formação de cálculos novos após o transplante variou de 10 a 55% e a total (cálculos formados antes e após o transplante) de 17 a 68%. Tanto o ganho como a perda de peso rápida, que podem ocorrer após o transplante, predispõem à formação de cálculos biliares. O uso do imunossupressor ciclosporina é considerado como o principal fator que aumenta a incidência de litíase biliar após o transplante. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de litíase biliar é maior nos pacientes submetidos a transplante de órgãos do que na população geral. As principais alterações que ocorrem no paciente transplantado que predispõem a formação dos cálculos são as alterações do peso corporal, uso de imunossupressores, diabete melito e hiperlipidemia.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the present study is to review the prevalence and the main physiopathologic mechanisms that result in gallstone formation in transplant patients. METHODS: Literature review with 29 papers included in Medline/Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs database, crossing key-words "transplantation; kidney transplantation; liver transplantation; gallstone; cholecystitis". Several ultrasonographic studies have demonstrated an increase in gallstone prevalence in transplant patients. The formation rate of new stones after transplantation varied from 10 to 55% and the rate of total stones (stone formed before and after transplantation) varied from 17 to 68%. Both weight gain and rapid weight loss that may occur after transplantation predispose to gallstone formation. Cyclosporine is considered the most important factor in the development of gallstone after transplantation. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of gallstones is higher in transplant patients. The main risk factors are change in body weight, use of immunosuppressors, diabetes mellitus, and hiperlipidemia.

Organic anion transporter protein (OATP1B1) encoded by SLCO1B1 gene polymorphism (388A>G) & susceptibility in gallstone disease.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Organic anion transport protein 1B1 (OATP1B1) is a major transporter protein for bile salt uptake in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. As the role of SLCO1B1 gene (encodes OATP1B1 or liver specific transporter-1) 388 A>G polymorphism in susceptibility towards gallstone disease is unclear the prevalence of this polymorphism in healthy north Indian population was investigated. METHODS: Peripheral venous blood of 270 unrelated northern Indian patients with symptomatic gallstone disease and 270 unrelated healthy control subjects was screened for SLCO1B1 gene 388 A>G polymorphism by PCR-RFLP method and genotyping was done on 12 per cent polyacrylamide gel. The cross-sectional data on accrual of cases and controls were collected and odds ratio with 95 per cent CI calculated as for case-control design. RESULTS: Allele frequencies of 388 G were 45 per cent in gallstone cases and 44 per cent in controls with no statistical significance. Genotype frequencies in gallstone cases and controls for, genotype AA were 30 and 32 per cent; AG: 51 and 47 per cent and GG: 16 and 21 per cent respectively. No significant association of any allele or genotype with gallstone disease was found. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of SLCO1B1 gene 388A>G polymorphism in north Indian population in high, yet this polymorphism does not appear to play a significant role in susceptibility to gallstone formation.

Frequency of gallstones in type II diabetes mellitus

To determine the frequency and factors predisposing patients with type-Il diabetes mellitus to gallstones disease. Case-control study. Medical and surgical OPD, Chandka Medical College Hospital Larkana from January 2007 to December 2007. Total no: of 200 patients with one hundred diabetes mellitus type-2 with gallstones and one hundred age gender matched controls were taken. All the patients were examined for body mass index, waist hip ratio and investigated for blood sugar levels and lipid profile and pan abdomen ultrasound. Fifteen percent of diabetic patients had ultrasound evidence of gallstones as compared to 7% in non diabetic controls. There was significant increase in frequency of gallstones in diabetic patient's increasing age with peak incidence in seventh decade i.e. 60-69 years, and decline in 8th decade i.e. 70-79 years. The average age of diabetic patients with gallstones disease, was significantly higher than without gallstones disease. [p=-00 1]. The mean duration of disease in diabetic patients with gallstones disease was 5.0+ 4.8 years compared with 4.5+ 3.5 years in diabetic patients without gallstones disease [P=0.722]. The mean serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels 4.3.3 mmol/L and 1.5+ 0.8 mmol/L respectively in the diabetic patients with gallstones disease was higher than those without gallstones disease was higher than those without gallstones disease 3.4:f 0.5 mmol/L [P=0.0941] and 1.4 +/- 0.7 mmol/L [p=0-712] respectively, the mean body mass index with diabetic patients with gallstones disease was 26.2+ 5.5 kg/m2 compared with 25.7 +/- 6.7 kg/m2 in those without gallstones disease The frequency of gallstones disease in diabetes mellitus type II increasing with age female gender, obese hyperlipidemia and longer duration of disease

Correlation between the chemical components of gallstones and sera of stone formers

Major elements involved in the formation of human gallstones are cholesterol, bile pigment and calcium. These substances are normally found in the blood. This study was aimed to find out the frequency of different type of gallstones and correlation between the components of gallstones and sera of stone formers. Fifty gallstones and blood samples were collected and analyzed from patients admitted for cholecystectomy to Rizgary Teaching Hospital, Erbil, Iraq, from July 2008 to December 2008. In 50 gallstone, 27[54%] were cholesterol stones, 20[40%] mixed and 3[6%] pigment stones. Female to male ratio was 8:1 and the predominant age of stone formers was 31-60 years. There was significantly negative correlation between serum cholesterol and that of cholesterol and pigment gall stones [r=- 0.730 and -0.999]. There was significant positive correlation between serum bilirubin and pigment gallstones [r=0.812]. Inorganic phosphate in serum was moderately correlated to that in cholesterol and mixed gallstones [r=0.377 and 0.178] with significant negative correlation in case of pigment stones [r=-0.845]. Moderate positive and negative correlation was found for calcium in case of three stones [r=0.202, r=-0.213 and -0.210]. In Erbil the occurrence of cholesterol gallstones is high as compared to mixed and pigment gallstones. Our results indicated low, moderate and high positive or negative correlation between the chemical constituents of gallstones and sera of stone formers suggesting the different aetiology of the cholesterol, mixed and pigment stones

Gallstones in children with sickle cell disease followed up at a Brazilian hematology center / Litíase biliar em crianças com doença falciforme acompanhadas em um centro de hematologia no Brasil

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease causes chronic and recurrent hemolysis which is a recognized risk factor for cholelithiasis. This complication occurs in 50 percent of adults with sickle cell disease. Surgery is the consensual therapy for symptomatic patients, but the surgical approach is still controversial in asymptomatic individuals. AIMS: To determine the frequency and to describe and discuss the outcome of children with sickle cell disease complicated with gallstones followed up at a tertiary pediatric hematology center. METHODS: In a retrospective and descriptive study, 225 charts were reviewed and data regarding patient outcome were recorded. RESULTS: The prevalence of cholelithiasis was 45 percent and half the patients were asymptomatic. The mean age at the time of diagnosis of cholelithiasis and surgical treatment was 12.5 years (standard deviation = 5) and 14 years (standard deviation = 5.4), respectively. The prevalence of cholelithiasis was higher in patients with SS homozygous and Sb heterozygous thalassemia when compared to patients with sickle cell disease. In 50 percent of symptomatic patients, recurrent abdominal pain was the single or predominant symptom. Thirty-nine of 44 patients submitted to surgery reported symptom relief after the surgical procedure. Asymptomatic individuals who did not undergo surgical treatment were followed up for 7 years (standard deviation = 4.8), and none of them presented complications related to cholelithiasis during this period. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of cholelithiasis in the study population was 45 percent. One-third of the patients were diagnosed before 10 years of age. Patients with the SS homozygous or Sb heterozygous phenotype were at a higher risk for the development of cholelithiasis than patients with sickle cell disease. About 50 percent of patients with gallstones were asymptomatic, the most of them did not undergo surgery and did not present complications during a 7-year follow-up...

RACIONAL: A doença falciforme causa hemólise crônica e acelerada que é reconhecida como fator de risco para desenvolvimento de colelitíase. Essa complicação pode ocorrer em mais de 50 por cento da população adulta com doença falciforme. A colecistectomia é a conduta consensual para pacientes sintomáticos, mas nos assintomáticos a sua indicação é controversa. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a prevalência de colelitíase em pacientes com doença falciforme e descrever a conduta tomada em caso de diagnóstico da complicação, numa corte de pacientes seguidos num centro terciário de hematologia pediátrica. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, foram revistos prontuários de 225 pacientes e os dados relacionados à evolução clínica desses indivíduos foram registrados. RESULTADOS: A freqüência cumulativa de colelitíase foi de 45 por cento, sendo que metade deles não apresentava quaisquer sintomas. As médias de idade ao diagnóstico de colelitíase e seu tratamento cirúrgico foram, respectivamente, 12,5 anos (desvio padrão = 5 anos) e 14 anos (desvio padrão = 5,4 anos). A prevalência de colelitíase foi maior nos pacientes com doença SS (homozigotos) e Sb (heterozigotos) talassemia, comparados aos pacientes com doença falciforme. Entre os pacientes sintomáticos (50 por cento), a dor abdominal inespecífica foi o único sintoma ou o sintoma predominante. Entre pacientes que realizaram colecistectomia (n = 44), 39 tiveram melhora ou resolução de seus sintomas após o procedimento. Em 7 anos (desvio padrão = 4,8 anos) de seguimento clínico dos pacientes assintomáticos e não tratados cirurgicamente, verificou-se que nenhuma criança apresentou complicações relacionadas à colelitíase. CONCLUSÕES: A freqüência de colelitíase na população estudada foi de 45 por cento. Um terço dos pacientes foram diagnosticados antes dos 10 anos de idade. Pacientes com fenótipos SS (homozigotos) e S² (heterozigotos) associaram-se a maior risco de litíase biliar, quando comparados...

Changing spectrum of gallstone disease: an experience of 23 cases less than 10 years of age

An overall increase in the incidence of paediatric cholelithiasis forms the basis of this study, which aims to investigate the overall changing clinical pattern of cholelithiasis. This is a retrospective observational descriptive study including twenty three [23] patients with gallstones admitted and operated during June 2006-June 2008 in surgical department of a teaching hospital. All the patients with sonological evidence of gallstones, less than 10 years of age with history of acute or chronic abdominal symptoms are included in the study population. After admission all the subjects were investigated and finally operated by open approach [21 patients] during the same admission. The details of all the patients were recorded on a proforma and statistical analysis done on SPSS version 12. Of the total study population, there were 19 [82.6%] males and 4 [17.39%] females with a mean age of 7 years and a range of 4-10 years. Ultrasound revealed gallstones in all the patients with a varying proportion of the walls of gallbladder. The commonest presentation was abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, which was vague, and of mild to moderate intensity. In 21 [91.30%] patients, no specific underlying cause was found while two patients [8.6%] had haematological disorder as underlying cause for the gallstones. This study indicates an alarming increase in the incidence of idiopathic gallstones in children less than 10 years of age with a distinct male predominance

frequency of silent gallbladder stones in female patients: ultrasonic study

This study investigated the frequency of silent gallstones among Yemeni female patients, and to determine the risk factors for the occurrence of silent gallstones among them. In this study, 202 female patients, with age ranging between 25-60 years, were examined ultrasonically to prove the presence or absence of gallstones. Some associated risk factors, such as age, BMI, parity, and diabetes mellitus were examined. Silent gallstones were found in proportion of 11.88% and more frequently among females over forty years old, obese and with diabetes mellitus. There was no significant relation between gallstones detection and parity in this study. In conclusion, old age, diabetes and obesity were found to be risk factors for developing gallstones among Yemeni females. Thus, a careful screening of obese, diabetic's female patients for the presence of gallstones and their elective surgical removal or medical dissolution should be recommended in order to prevent the need for crises intervention

Oral contraceptives in gall stone diseases.

A cross sectional study was under taken to evaluate the prevalence of gallstone in fertile women who are taking oral contraceptives. The aim of study was to determine any significant association between oral contractive use and Cholelithiasis. Total number of patient was 340. A standard written questioner, which is dully filled by concerned doctor and examination done. History of use of oral contraceptive pills, duration of use and time of taking oral contraceptives drugs whether before, in between pregnancy or after family completion is recorded. Total number of patient was 340 of them 186 patient taken contraceptives and 154 patients without contraceptives. Incidence of gallstone shows that with contraceptives the 21-30 years age group 72(39.13%) without contraceptives 22(14.28%), in 31-40 years age group with contraceptives 74 (40%), without contraceptives 28(18.8%) where as in 41-50 years age group with contraceptives 37(20.10%) and without contraceptives 44(28.57%), 51 years and above age group with contraceptives is 01(0.54%) and without contraceptives is 60(38.96%). Significantly higher incidence of gallstones found in younger patient taking oral contraceptives than without contraceptives, but in older age group incidence is more in-patients without contraceptives than with contraceptives. Oral contraceptives increase the incidence of gallstones disease in younger women especially in early part of their use of oral contraceptives.

Association between Insulin, Insulin Resistance, and Gallstone Disease in Korean General Population / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diabetes is one of the risk factors of gallstone diseases. Many studies found a positive association between insulin and gallstones in individuals with diabetes. However, this association is unclear in non-diabetes. So we conducted a case-control study for the evaluation of the association between gallstone diseases and fasting serum insulin level, insulin resistance in non-diabetic Korean general population. METHODS: This study was a prospective case-control study on 118 Korean subjects which included clinical examination, abdominal ultrasound, and blood chemistries. Serum fasting insulin level were determined by radioimmunoassay and concentrations of cholesterol, glucose, and triglycerides by standard enzymatic colorimetric methods. Insulin resistance was determined by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat, and waist hip ratio were also measured. RESULTS: We studied 118 subjects with no clinical evidence of diabetes mellitus and serum glucose<126 mg/dL. Compared with controls (n=89), cases (n=29) had higher levels of serum insulin, glucose, triglyceride levels, and BMI. In t-test and chi-square test for variables, the association between gallstone disease and serum insulin, HOMA-IR index, and BMI were statistically significant (p<0.05). In multiple logistic regression analysis, gallstone disease risk increased with the level of serum insulin (p=0.024, odds ratio=1.376) and HOMA-IR index (p=0.013, odds ratio=2.006). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance could be associated with gallstone formation in individuals without clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and with normal serum glucose level.

Dietary factors in pathogenesis of gallstone disease in southern India--a hospital-based case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Pigment or mixed gallstones are common in southern India. The etiology is not established. Known risk factors include an obese, diabetic female and a nonsmoker male. AIM: To determine the association of dietary factors with mixed/pigment gallstones amongst southern Indian patients. METHODS: Diet details were obtained from 346 patients (178 women) with gallstones and an equal number of healthy controls who were age- and sex-matched attendants of the patients, sharing similar socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, with normal abdominal ultrasonogram. Data recorded included the number of daily meals, nature of cereal used, vegetarianism, oil consumed per month, sugar consumption per day, tamarind (Garcinia camborginia ) usage per week, and per-day beverage consumption. RESULTS: There was no difference between cases and controls in consumption of non-vegetarian food, type of cereal, average oil and sugar consumption, and type of beverage consumed (tea/coffee/milk/combination). Individuals with BMI> 22 were at higher risk to develop gallstones (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.09, 2.04; p=0.01). There was significant risk of gallstone formation with the use of tamarind when consumed > 3 times a week (OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.05, 2.96; p=0.03). Higher BMI and tamarind use were significant risk factors even on multivariate logistic regression analysis (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Higher BMI and use of tamarind, a common ingredient of diet in southern India, are risk factors in the formation of gallstones in southern India.

Frecuencia por edad y sexo de la coledocolitiasis y de la colangitis en el servicio de cirugía del Hospital San Juan de Dios: 1985 a 1997 / Frequency of choledocholithiasis by sex and age in the surgical service at the Hospital San Juan de Dios between 1985 and 1997

La frecuencia de litiasis biliar en Chile es una de las más altas del mundo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la frecuencia de la litiasis biliar y en especial de la coledocolitiasis y la colangitis en un servicio de Cirugía del Hospital San Juan de Dios operados entre 1985 y 1997, lo que representa el 26,1 por ciento de un total de 32.784 pacientes atendidos del mismo período. La distribución etaria de la litiasis biliar y de la colecistolitiasis aumenta progresivamente entrelos 20 y los 69 años, siendo mayor en el sexo femenino. La distribución porcentual en los diferentes tramos de edad es mas elevada en el sexo masculino a partir de los 40 años. La frecuencia de coledocolitiasis en los pacientes con colecistolitiasis fue 14,5 por ciento la que se incrementa con la edad, llegando a 38,6 por ciento en los mayores de 80 años y siendo porcentualmente superior en el sexo masculino a partir de los 40 años. La frecuencia de colangitis en los portadores de coledocolitiasis fue 27,8 por ciento la que tambien aumentó con la edad llegando a 51,6 por ciento en los mayores de 80 años, siendo porcentualmente mayor en el sexo masculino

Conductas actuales ante la litiasis coledociana / Present strategies for cholecholithiasis evaluation

Antecedentes: antes de la cirugía laparoscópica se realizaba con frecuencia la exploración tradicional de las vías biliares en pacientes durante la colecistectomía, arrojando un alto porcentaje de exploraciones negativas. Por lo anterior, se planteó este estudio, a fin de analizar los cambios que han ocurrido en la cirugía de vesícula con el advenimiento de la laparoscopia. Metodología: se revisaron los expedientes de todos los pacientes operados por los autores en un periodo de 14 años, mismos que comprenden siete años, antes y siete después de la introducción de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Resultados: en 288 pacientes con cirugía tradicional se exploró la vía biliar en 27.8 por ciento de los casos con resultados negativos en 47.6 por ciento de ellos. En 388 operaciones por laparoscopia 0.81 por ciento y 5 con la técnica tradicional 1.28 por ciento. En esta serie ante la sospecha preoperatoria de litiasis coledociana, se efectuaron 17 colangiopancreatografías endoscópicas retrógradas (CPER) con resultados negativos en 70 por ciento de los casos. Conclusiones: los criterios tradicionales para la exploración de las vías biliares durante la colecistectomía deben de ser modificados, pues apegándose a ellos se exploraba la vía biliar innecesariamente, en gran número importante de casos, situación que aún prevalece con la CPER. Por lo anterior, el cirujano debe de cambiar sus técnicas y eliminar los procedimientos innecesarios

Tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis en la era laparoscópica y rol de la colangiopancreatografía endoscópica retrógrada / Treatment of the choledocholithiasis with laparoscopy and role of retrograde endoscopic cholangiopancreatography

La papilotomía endoscópica y la exploración laparoscópica de la vía biliar se ha incorporado al tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de la colédocolitiasis. Sus aplicaciones se encuentran estrechamente ligadas al tratamiento de la colelitiasis, donde la colecistectomía laparoscópica se ha establecido como el método de elección. La colangiopancreatografía endoscópica retrógrada ha demostrado, en grandes series, y en manos experimentadas, ser un método seguro y eficiente, considerándose de elección en el manejo preoperatorio de pacientes con pancreatitis aguda biliar grave, colangitis aguda y aquellos con alta probabilidad de colédocolitiasis previo colecistectomía laparoscópica. Si la probabilidad de encontrar colédocolitiasis es moderada, surge la controversia sobre cuál es la mejor opción en estos casos. Actualmente, se plantea como una buena opción resolver la colelitiasis y la colédocolitiasis simultáneamente por vía laparoscópica en este grupo de pacientes, con un éxito cercan al 90 por ciento. La extracción endoscópica postoperatoría permitirá resolver en forma segura, en el 95 por ciento de los casos, la colédocolitiasis que no fue resuelta mediante laparoscopia. La cirugía convencional abierta, que ha demostrado ser efectiva y con una mortalidad prácticamente nula en pacientes menores de 60 años, será una alternativa reservada para casos especiales: alteraciones anatómicas que dificultan la terapia endoscópica (resecciones gástrica en Y de Roux o Billroth II, divertículos duodenales), o cuando se carece de endoscopistas y laparoscopista experimentados