Effect of Jingfang Granules on carrageenan-induced tail thrombosis in mice based on ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway / 中国中药杂志

The present study explored the anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic mechanism of Jingfang Granules on tail thrombosis induced by carrageenan in mice. Thirty-two male ICR mice were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a Jingfang Granules group, and a positive drug(aspirin) group, with eight mice in each group. The thrombosis model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carrageenan(45 mg·kg~(-1)) combined with low-temperature stimulation, and the mice were treated with drugs for 7 days before modeling. Twenty-four hours after modeling, blood was detected for four blood coagulation indices in each group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the activity of plasma interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and other inflammatory factors. The tails of mice in each group were cut off to observe tail lesions and measure the length of the thrombus. The protein expression and phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK) in spleen tissues were detected by Western blot. The results showed that dark red thrombus appeared in the tails of mice in each group. The length of the black part accounted for about 40% of the total tail in the model group. Additionally, the model group showed prolonged prothrombin time(PT), increased fibrinogen(FIB) content, and shortened activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT). Compared with the model group, the groups with drug intervention displayed shortened black parts in the tail and improved four blood coagulation indices(P<0.05). As revealed by ELISA, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the mouse plasma were significantly up-regulated in the model group, and those in the groups with drug intervention were reduced as compared with the model group(P<0.05). As demonstrated by Western blot, the protein expression and phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in the spleen tissues were significantly elevated in the model group, while those in the Jingfang Granules group were down-regulated as compared with the model group with a significant difference. Jingfang Granules can inhibit tail thrombosis of mice caused by carrageenan presumedly by inhibiting the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.

Essential Oil from the Stem Bark of Casuarina equisetifolia Exerts Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Activities in Rats

Abstract Herein the chemical constituents and the anti-pain properties of the essential oil from the stem bark of Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) grown in Nigeria were evaluated. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method in an all glass Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The hot plate method was used to determine the anti-nociceptive property whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced and formalin experimental models. The pale-yellow essential oil was obtained in yield of 0.21% (v/w), calculated on a dry weight basis. The main constituents of the essential oil were methyl salicylate (30.4%), a-zingiberene (15.5%), (E)-anethole (9.5%), b-bisabolene (8.6%), b- sesquiphellandrene (6.9%), and ar-curcumene (6.2%). In the anti-nociceptive study, the rate of inhibition increases as the doses of essential oil increases with optimum activity at the 30th and 60th min for all tested doses. The essential oil displayed anti-nociceptive activity independently of reaction time at the highest tested dose (200 mg/kg). The essential oil of C. equisetifolia moderately reduced pain responses in early and late phases of the formalin test. The oil inhibited the paw licking in the neurogenic phase (60-63%) compared to the late phase of the formalin test. The carrageenan- induced oedema model revealed the suppression of inflammatory mediators within the 1st - 3rd h. Thus, C. equisetifolia essential oil displayed both anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities independent of the dose tested. The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of C. equisetifolia essential oil are herein reported for the first time

Amitriptyline, clomipramine, and maprotiline attenuate the inflammatory response by inhibiting neutrophil migration and mast cell degranulation

Objective: Despite the recognized anti-inflammatory potential of heterocyclic antidepressants, the mechanisms concerning their modulating effects are not completely known. Thus, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of amitriptyline, clomipramine, and maprotiline and the possible modulating properties of these drugs on neutrophil migration and mast cell degranulation. Methods: The hind paw edema and air-pouch models of inflammation were used. Male Wistar rats were treated with saline, amitriptyline, clomipramine or maprotiline (10, 30, or 90 mg/kg, per os [p.o.]) 1 h before the injection of carrageenan (300 μg/0.1 mL/paw) or dextran (500 μg/0.1 mL/paw). Then, edema formation was measured hourly. Neutrophil migration to carrageenan (500 μg/pouch) and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) (10-6 M/mL/pouch) was also investigated in 6-day-old air-pouch cavities. Compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation was assessed in the mesenteric tissues of antidepressant-treated rats. Results: All tested antidepressants prevented both carrageenan- and dextran-induced edema. The anti-inflammatory effect of these drugs partially depends on the modulation of neutrophil migration, since they significantly counteracted the chemotactic response of both carrageenan and fMLP (p < 0.01). Furthermore, amitriptyline, clomipramine and maprotiline inhibited compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest an important anti-inflammatory role of heterocyclic antidepressants, which is dependent on the modulation of neutrophil migration and mast cell stabilization. .

Chronic Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Clerodendrum viscosum by Carrageenin Induced Paw Oedema in Wistar Albino Rats.

Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate chronic anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Clerodendrum viscosum (EELCV) by carrageenin induced paw oedema in Wistar albino rats. Study Design: Prospective. Place and Duration of Study: Dept of Pharmacology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India. June 2010-August 2010. Methodology: Dried powdered leaves of Clerodendrum viscosum were subjected to Soxhlet extraction by using 90 % ethanol. Based on acute oral toxicity study according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines no. 423, three doses of the test drug was selected (75, 150 & 300 mg/kg) for rats, and were subjected to screening for anti-inflammatory activity. Results: Oral administration of EELCV at doses of 150 mg/kg (P = .01) and 300mg/kg (P = .05) has shown significant anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenin induced paw oedema in Wistar albino rats compared to control. A significant inhibition of oedema formation was also observed at 4th hour. Conclusion: Administration of EELCV orally at the doses of 150 mg/kg (P = .01) and 300mg/kg (P = .05) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenin induced paw oedema in Wistar Albino rats. The percentage inhibition of the oedema at 3rd hour was 63.75 % for the dose of 150 mg/kg and 46.30 % for the dose of 300 mg/kg. A significant inhibition was also observed at 4th hour.

[Anti-inflammatory effect of capparis spinosa in experimental animals]

The effects of both the aqueous and methanol extracts of Capparis spinosa on inflammation were investigated. Anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method. The change in oedema volume of the rat hind paw was measured using caliper. Tow extracts have shown dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect and dexamethasone [0.5 mg/Kg] was used as a standard drug. The aqueous extract was more potent than methanolic with tow doses 250 and 500 mg/Kg. These data indicate that anti-inflammatory efficacy depends on concentrations of effective compounds in plant extracts which affect mediators of inflammation

Superoxide dismutase and Naproxen in the very late phase of carrageenan induced edema in rats / Peróxido dismutasa y Naproxen en fase muy tardía de edema inducido por carragenina en ratas

Introducción. El modelo de edema inducido por carragenina (EIC) en la pata de la rata es ampliamente utilizado para estudiar el efecto antiinflamatorio de drogas. Clásicamente consta de dos etapas de reacción inflamatoria, sin embargo se ha observado una tercera poco caracterizada. La superóxido dismutasa (SOD) es una enzima eliminadora de radicales libres de oxígeno con actividad antiinflamatoria. En nuestro país no contamos con un instrumento especialmente diseñado para evaluar el edema en EIC. Métodos. Se indujo edema a la pata de la rata mediante la aplicación intraplantar de carragenina. Se formaron cuatro grupos: placebo, dos distintas dosis de SOD y Naproxen©. Se evaluó el edema utilizando un pletismógrafo de mercurio especialmente diseñado. La intensidad de la reacción inflamatoria se determinó durante las fases clásicas temprana y tardía y durante una tercera fase muy tardía. Resultados. Todos los tratamientos tuvieron efecto antiinflamatorio durante la fase temprana, tardía y muy tardía, a excepción de la dosis alta de SOD durante la primera fase. El Naproxen© fue superior que la SOD durante las dos primeras fases, sin embargo esta diferencia desapareció en la fase muy tardía. En términos de bases equimolares la enzima parece ser 1,800 veces más potente que el Naproxen©. El pletismógrafo de mercurio funcionó adecuadamente. Conclusiones. La SOD y el Naproxen© tienen efecto antiinflamatorio el cual se extiende hasta la fase muy tardía del modelo de EIC. La actividad antiinflamatoria de la enzima se debe a un mecanismo suplementario a la capacidad eliminadora de radicales libres de oxígeno. La SOD puede ser utilizada como fuente alternativa en enfermedades inflamatorias.

Efeito da eletroacupuntura nos pontos E-36 (Zusanli) e BP-6 (Sanyinjiao), E-40 (Fenglong) e R-7 (Fuliu) sobre a resposta inflamatória aguda na pata de ratos injetados com carragenina / Effect of eletroacupuncture in points E-36 (Zusanli) and BP-6 (Sanyinjiao), E-40 (Fenglong) and R-7 (Fuliu) on the acute anti-inflammatory response in paw of rats injected with carrageenin

A finalidade deste trabalho foi verificar se a eletroacupuntura (EA) nos pontos E-36 (Zusanli) e BP-6 (Sanyinjiao) ou E-40 (Fenglong) e R-7 (Fuliu) promovia efeito antiinflamatório sobre o edema de pata, em ratos injetados com carragenina, e a participação da corticosterona nesse efeito. Material e Métodos - Ratos machos Wistar (200-250g) foram divididos em quatro grupos: Controle, Imobilizado, Não Ponto e Ponto. O trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas, sendo que na 1a o grupo Ponto recebia EA nos pontos E-40 (Fenglong) e R-7 (Fuliu) e na 2a etapa recebia EA nos pontos E-36 (Zusanli) e BP-6 (Sanyinjiao). Os Não Pontos eram localizados 1 cm bilateralmente aos pontos de acupuntura. Após leve anestesia com pentobarbital sódico, os animais eram imobilizados, com exceção do grupo Controle. Todos os animais recebiam injeção subplantar com 0,1mg de carragenina e os grupos Ponto e Não Ponto recebiam EA (1mV, 50Hz, 20min). O volume da pata era determinado antes e três horas após a carragenina, em pletismômetro. No final do experimento amostras sangüíneas eram coletadas, por decapitação, para determinação da corticosterona. Resultados - A EA tanto nos pontos E-40 (Fenglong)/R-7 (Fuliu) como nos pontos E-36 (Zusanli)/BP-6 (Sanyinjiao) produziu efeito antiinflamatório inespecífico. A concentração de corticosterona não foi diferente entre os quatro grupos, quando E-36 (Zusanli) e BP-6 (Sanyinjiao) eram estimulados. Conclusões - Este trabalho mostra que uma única aplicação de EA nos pontos E-40 (Fenglong)/R-7 (Fuliu) ou E-36 (Zusanli)/BP-6 (Sanyinjiao) produz efeito antiinflamatório no modelo do edema de pata de rato induzido por carragenina e evidencia que este efeito não é devido a elevação de costicosterona.

Efeito antiinflamatório da aplicaçäo de moxabustäo no ponto VG-14 (Dazhui) no edema inflamatório agudo, provocado pela injeçäo subplantar de carragenina, em pata de ratos Wistar / The anti-inflammatory effect of moxibustion application on the point VG-14 (Dazhui) in acute inflammatory edema, induced by the sub-plantar injection of carrageenan, in the paw of Wistar rats

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação da moxabustão no ponto VG-14 (Dazhui) na inflamação aguda em pata de ratos, provocada pela injeção subplantar de carragenina em ratos Wistar. Material e Método - O estudo constou de dois experimentos (A e B): Material A: 30 ratos machos Wistar/EPM, (200-300g), casualizados em 3 grupos de 10 ratos, em cada grupo: GRUPO CARRA (I), que recebeu 0,1 ml de carragenina (1mg/ml) na região subplantar: GRUPO CARRA+MOXA C (II), injeção de 0,1 ml de carragenina (1mg/l) na região subplantar e aplicação de moxabustão no ponto VG-14 (Dazhui) durante 10 minutos; GRUPO CARRA+MOXA SHAM (III), injeção subplantar de 0,1 ml de carragenina (1mg/ml), aplicação de moxabustão na região subcostal lateral direita por 10 minutos. Foi medido o volume da pata antes da injeção de caragenina (volume basal) e 1, 2 e 3 horas após. Material B - 4 ratos Wistar/EPM, (200-300g). Foi determinado o tempo necessário para atingir 45§ na pele e na tela subcutânea e as temperaturas que estas atingem com 5 e 10 minutos de aplicação de moxabustão. Resultado A - O teste de Friedman mostrou que os três tempos diferiram significantemente entre eles e que o volume inicial foi significantemente menor que o segundo e este do que o terceiro, medidos em pletismômetro. E pela análise de variância por postos de Kruskal-Wallis, não houve diferença significante entre os três grupos estudados. Resultado B - Com a técnica empregada, a temperatura sobre a pele atingiu a marca de 45 graus Celsius, com tempo de 43 segundos e 21 milésimos, enquanto na tela subcutânea o tempo médio foi de 1 minuto, 40 segundos e 58 milésimos, para atingir a temperatura de 45§. A pele exteriormente aquecida, por 5 minutos, resultou na elevação de temperatura média de 59,8 graus Celsius, com variação de 54 graus Celsius a 65 graus Celsius, e a exposição por 10 minutos elevou a temperatura sobre a pele de 61 graus Celsius a 71 graus Celsius (média de 65,2 graus Celsius). A temperatura da tela subcutânea atingiu em média 47,7§, quando aquecida durante 5 minutos, e, em média 48,7 graus Celsius, se aquecida por 10 minutos. Conclusão: - A aplicação de moxabustão no ponto VG-14 (Dazhui), durante 10 minutos, não trouxe efeito significante no edema de pata de ratos Wistar, induzido pela carragenina.

Actividad antiinflamatoria y analgésica del piroxicam, tabletas de producción nacional / Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of pyroxicam, national produce tablets

Se estudió comparativamente el piroxicam, tabletas de producción nacional, en relación con el producto de importación FeldeneR. Para ello se evaluó su actividad antiinflamatoria frente al edema por carragenina y la artritis por adjuvant en ratas, así como también la actividad analgésica al inducir contorsiones en ratones por una solución de ácido acético. Se comprobó que ambos productos no difieren significativamente en su efectividad antiinflamatoria y analgésica

Morphology and collagen isotypes of carrageenin granuloma

1. Injection of carrageenin into the liver of rats provoked a focal necrotic-hemorrhagic lesion that evolved through acute inflammation, accumulation of macrophages and fibroblasts and the formation of a relatively large amount of fibrous tissue that underwent resorption. The entire lesion disappeared within15-18 days of the beginning of incolulation. 2. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that carrageenin granules were taken up by macrophages, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts and that signs of formation and degradation of collagen were constant features, the former predominating early and the latter being evident to ward the second half of the evolution of the lesion. 3. The presence of fibronection was prominent during the first days and Type I and type III collagens were present in the extracellular matrix soon after induction of the carrageenin lesion. Both collagen isotypes subsequently underwent progressive and simultaneous resorption. 4. The rapid formation and degradation of both collagen isotypes during the evolution of carrageenin granuloma indicates that collagen stability is not fundamentally dependent on genetic isotype