Implementación de un código de trauma en un servicio de emergencias de un hospital nacional / Implementation of a trauma code

Resumen Objetivo: Desarrollar una propuesta accesible a la realidad local de un hospital general terciario (Hospital Calderón Guardia) para la implementación de un código de trauma, basada en la mejor evidencia médico científica disponible. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía; se buscaron los trabajos de investigación publicados a nivel nacional e internacional sobre la conformación y criterios relativos al código de trauma, su implementación, sus desafíos, y sus limitaciones; mediante 3 buscadores: Scielo, Pubmed y Ovid. Se incluyeron estudios con diversa metodología, disponibles en inglés o español. Resultados: Treinta artículos publicados en revistas indexadas fueron seleccionados y la información se agrupó en las siguientes categorías: Conformación del equipo de trauma en la activación de los códigos para cada hospital, criterios de activación, niveles de activación, experiencia local y limitaciones. Dicha información permitió identificar dos elementos principales para conseguir un beneficio: la conformación de un equipo multidisciplinario de primera respuesta para los pacientes más graves y la estandarización de criterios específicos para la activación de dicho equipo; entonces, se procedió a elaborar y proponer un modelo viable y concordante con las características del servicio hospitalario. Conclusión: La implementación hospitalaria de un modelo de código de trauma supone un impacto positivo en los desenlaces de morbi-mortalidad, a través de dos 2 mecanismo principales: la conformación de un equipo multidisciplinario de primera respuesta para los pacientes más graves y la estandarización de criterios específicos para la activación de dicho equipo; por lo que se elaboró un modelo ajustado a las necesidades y recursos del hospital.

Abstract Objective: To develop a proposal of a trauma code accessible to the local characteristics of a tertiary general hospital (Hospital Calderón Guardia) based on the best clinical evidence available. Methods: A literary search was made of national and international scientific papers regarding several aspects about trauma code, it´s implementation, it´s challenges, main benefits, and it´s limitations in 3 main web search portals: Scielo, PubMed and Ovid. We included paper studies in English and Spanish. Results: Thirty scientific papers from index journals were selected for review and the following data were extracted: Trauma team conformation, trauma team activation criteria, levels for trauma team activation, local experience, and limitations. That information allowed us to identify 2 main beneficial elements: the conformation of the trauma team and the standardization of the specific criteria necessary for its activation. Also, we elaborated a proposal for a viable model in accordance with our resources. Conclusion: According to scientific review, trauma code implementation in any institution associates a positive impact in clinical patient outcomes through 2 main mechanisms: the conformation of a multidisciplinary trauma team response of severe trauma patients, and the standardization of criteria for activation of the trauma teams. With these findings we elaborated a proposal adjusted to the needs and resources of Hospital Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of hernioplasties before and after the implementation of the ACERTO project / Análise da custo-efetividade em hernioplastias antes e após a implementação do projeto ACERTO

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare hospital costs and clinical outcomes in inguinal and incisional hernioplasty before and after implementation of the ACERTO project in a university hospital. Methods: retrospective study of 492 patients undergoing either inguinal hernioplasty (n=315) or incisional hernioplasty (n=177). The investigation involved two phases: between January 2002 and December 2005, encompassing cases admitted before the implementation of the ACERTO protocol (PRE-ACERTO period), and the other phase, with cases operated between January 2006 and December 2011, after the implementation of the protocol (ACERTO period). The main outcome variable was the comparison of the mean hospital costs between the two periods. As secondary endpoints, we analyzed the length of stay, the surgical site infection rate and mortality. We used the cost method suggested by Public Sector Cost Information System. Results: surgical site infection was higher (p = 0.039) in the first phase of the study for both inguinal hernia operations (2 (1.6%) versus 0 (0%) cases) and incisional hernioplasty (5 (7.6%) versus 3 (2.7%) cases). The length of stay decreased one day after the implementation of the ACERTO protocol (p=0.005). There was a reduction in costs per patient from R$ 4,328.58 per patient in the first phase to R$ 2,885.72 in the second phase (66.7% reduction). Conclusion: there was a reduction in infectious morbidity, length of stay and hospital costs in hernioplasty after the implementation of the ACERTO protocol.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar custos hospitalares e desfechos clínicos em hernioplastias inguinal e incisional antes e após a implementação do projeto ACERTO, em hospital universitário. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo com 492 pacientes submetidos à hernioplastias inguinais (n=315) ou incisionais (n=177). A investigação envolveu duas fases: entre janeiro de 2002 e dezembro de 2005, englobando casos internados antes da implantação do protocolo ACERTO (período PRÉ-ACERTO), e outra, com casos operados entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2011, após a implantação (período ACERTO). A variável de desfecho principal foi o custo médio de internação comparando-se os dois períodos estudados. Como desfecho secundário, analisou-se tempo de internação, infecção de sítio cirúrgico e mortalidade. Foi utilizado o método de custeio do Sistema de Informação de Custos do Setor Público. Resultados: a ocorrência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico foi maior (p=0,039) na primeira fase do estudo tanto para hernioplastias inguinais (2 (1,6%) versus 0 (0%) casos) quanto para incisionais (5 (7,6%) versus 3 (2,7%) casos). O tempo de internação diminuiu em um dia após a implementação do protocolo ACERTO (p=0,005). Houve redução no custo por paciente indo de R$ 4.328,58 por paciente na 1ª fase para R$ 2.885,72 na 2ª fase (redução de 66,7%). Conclusão: o conjunto de dados mostrou que houve redução da morbidade infecciosa, tempo de internação e custos hospitalares em hernioplastias após a implementação do protocolo ACERTO.

Trauma quality indicators: a way to identify attention points in the treatment of elderly trauma patients / Filtros de qualidade: uma maneira de identificar pontos de atenção no atendimento ao idoso traumatizado

ABSTRACT Purpose: to trauma quality indicators as a tool to identify opportunities of improvement in elderly trauma patient's' treatment. Methods: prospective analysis of data collected between 2014-2015, and stored in the iTreg software (by Ecossistemas). Trauma victims, aged older than 60 years and trauma quality indicators were assessed, based on those supported by SBAIT in 2013: (F1) Acute subdural hematoma drainage after 4 hours from admission, in patients with GCS<9; (F2) emergency room transference without definitive airway and GCS <9; (F3) Re-intubation within 48 hours from extubation; (F4) Admission-laparotomy time greater than 60 min. in hemodynamically uinstable patients with abdominal bleeding; (F5) Unprogrammed reoperation; (F6) Laparotomy after 4 hours from admission; (F7) Unfixed femur diaphyseal fracture; (F8) Non-operative treatment for abdominal gunshot; (F9) Admission-tibial exposure fracture treatment time greater than 6 hours; (F10) Surgery after 24 from admission. The indicators, treatments, adverse effects and deaths were analyzed, using the SPSS software, and the chi-squared and Fisher tests were used to calculate the statistical relevance. Results: from the 92 cases, 36 (39,1%) had complications and 15 (16,3%) died. The adequate use of quality indicator's were substantially different among those who survived (was of 12%) compared to those who died (55,6%). The incidence of complications was of 77,8% (7/9) in patients with compromised indicators and 34,9% (28/83) in those without (p=0.017). Conclusions: trauma quality indicators are directly related with the occurrence of complications and deaths, in elderly trauma patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a utilidade de "filtros de qualidade" pré-estabelecidos para a identificação de oportunidades de melhora no atendimento ao idoso traumatizado. Método: análise prospectiva dos dados coletados entre 2014-2015 e armazenados em software iTreg (Ecossistemas). Foram revisados vítimas de trauma maiores de 60 anos e filtros de qualidade propostos, baseados naqueles idealizados pela SBAIT em 2013: (F1) Drenagem de hematoma subdural agudo após 4 horas da admissão em pacientes com ECG<9; (F2) transferência da sala de emergência sem via aérea definitiva e ECG<9; (F3) Reintubação em até 48 horas da extubação; (F4) Tempo admissão-laparotomia exploradora maior que 60 min. em pacientes instáveis com foco abdominal; (F5) Reoperação não programada; (F6) Laparotomia após 4 horas da admissão; (F7) Fratura de diáfise de fémur não fixada; (F8) Tratamento não operatório de ferimento abdominal por PAF; (F9) Tempo admissão-tratamento de fraturas expostas de tíbia superior a 6 horas; (F10) Operação após 24 horas da admissão. Foi analisada relação dos filtros com tratamentos, complicações e óbitos, pelo software SPSS, utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado e Fisher para calcular a relevância estatística. Resultados: dos 92 casos, 36 (39,1%) tiveram complicações e 15 (16,3%) morreram. A frequência da quebra dos filtros foi de 12% em pacientes que sobreviveram e 55,6% nos entre os que faleceram (p=0,005). A incidência de complicações foi de 77,8% (7/9) nos doentes com FQ comprometido, contra 34,9% (28/83) nos não comprometidos (p=0,017). Conclusões: o comprometimento dos filtros de qualidade se relaciona diretamente com a ocorrência de complicações e óbitos em idosos traumatizados.

Fisioterapia nos pacientes politraumatizados graves: modelo de assistência terapêutica / Physiotherapy in severe polytrauma patients: a therapeutic care model

Objetivo: Conhecendo-se o alto grau de complexidade que o paciente politraumatizado representa à equipe multiprofissional na elaboração e execução do seu plano assistencial na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), aliado à carência de evidencias sobre o tema, o presente estudo sugere um modelo de assistência fisioterapêutica precoce aos pacientes críticos politraumatizados com base na experiência clínica dos últimos anos. Método: O modelo foi elaborado a partir das práticas verificadas nos registros de 6388 sessões de fisioterapia realizadas em 198 pacientes internados entre dezembro de 2009 e setembro de 2011 em UTI especializada em politrauma. As atividades/cuidados foram inseridas no modelo após aprovadas em discussão com a equipe multiprofissional. Todos os pacientes atendidos tinham idade igual ou maior que 18 anos e eram vítimas de trauma grave de acordo com o Injury Severity Score (ISS). Resultados: O modelo proposto foi estruturado de forma que as atividades/cuidados da assistência fisioterapêutica fossem organizadas de acordo com a região corpórea lesada do paciente (traumatismo cranioencefálico, fraturas de face, fraturas de coluna, trauma torácico, trauma abdominal, fratura de pelve e fraturas de extremidades). A rotina da unidade apregoava discussões diárias com a equipe médica para se conhecer as particularidades de cada caso clínico, estabelecer meta terapêutica e traçar o programa de reabilitação. Conclusão: O modelo proposto se tornou rotina e consolidou a atuação fisioterapêutica na respectiva unidade assistencial. A equipe de fisioterapia passou a atuar 24 horas por dia. O modelo possibilitou padronização da assistência fisioterapêutica e maior segurança para o paciente politraumatizado grave

Objective: In view of the high degree of complexity that the polytrauma patient represents to the multiprofessional team in the elaboration and execution of their care plan in the intensive care unit (ICU), combined with the lack of evidence on the subject, this study suggests a model of early physiotherapeutic assistance to critical polytrauma patients based on the clinical experience of recent years. Method: The model was elaborated based on the practices verified in the records of 6,388 physiotherapy sessions performed in 198 patients hospitalized between December 2009 and September 2011 in polytraumas-specialized ICU. The activities/care were inserted in the model after approved in discussion with the multiprofessional team. All patients enrolled were aged 18 years or older and were victims of severe trauma according to the Injury Severity Score (ISS). Results: The proposed model was structured in such a way that the physical therapy activities/care were organized according to the injured body region (traumatic brain injury, face fractures, spine fractures, thoracic trauma, abdominal trauma, pelvic fracture and extremities fractures). The routine of the ICU encouraged daily discussions with the medical team to know the particularities of each clinical case, to establish therapeutic goal and to design the rehabilitation program. Conclusion: The proposed model became routine and consolidated the physiotherapeutic action in the respective care unit. The physiotherapy team started working 24 hours a day. The model made possible the standardization of physical therapy assistance and greater safety for the severe polytrauma patient

Evaluating trauma care capabilities in Mexico with the World Health Organization's Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care publication

OBJETIVO: Identificar formas asequibles y sustentables de reforzar los recursos para la atención de heridos en México aplicando las pautas contenidas en Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care [Pautas para el tratamiento básico de los heridos], publicación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y de la Sociedad Quirúrgica Internacional que contiene recomendaciones sobre los componentes de la atención de heridos que deben poseer los servicios de salud de distintos niveles en todos los países. MÉTODOS: Las pautas publicadas (Guidelines) sirvieron de base para llevar a cabo evaluaciones de las necesidades en tres estados mexicanos en 2003 y en 2004. Los estados se escogieron con la idea de que estuviese representada la amplia variedad de condiciones geográficas y económicas del país: Oaxaca (en el sur y de estrato económico inferior), Puebla (en el centro y con un estrato económico mediano) y Nuevo León (en el norte y con un estrato económico más alto). Se evaluaron dieciséis centros entre los cuales había puestos de salud rurales, hospitales pequeños y hospitales grandes. Se hicieron visitas a todos los centros para llevar a cabo la inspección directa de los recursos físicos en cada uno y entrevistar a miembros clave del personal administrativo y clínico. RESULTADOS: Los recursos humanos y físicos destinados a la atención de heridos eran de calidad satisfactoria en los hospitales, especialmente los más grandes. La encuesta reveló algunas deficiencias, tales como una escasez de succionadores rígidos, oxímetros de pulso y algunos medicamentos usados para tratar heridos. En todos los puestos se observaron dificultades con los equipos básicos de reanimación, a pesar de que algunos recibían un número bastante alto de heridos. En los centros de todos los niveles había margen para mejorar las funciones administrativas a fin de conseguir una atención de calidad que incluyese el mantenimiento de registros de heridos, programas para mejorar la atención de estos pacientes y uniformidad en el adiestramiento del personal durante el desempeño de sus funciones. CONCLUSIONES: En este estudio se identificaron varias formas baratas de reforzar la atención de pacientes heridos en México. También se subrayó la utilidad de las pautas recomendadas en la obra Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care como modelo estandarizado para evaluar los recursos para el tratamiento de heridos que poseen los países en cualquier parte del mundo.

Epidemiological and Trauma Injury and Severity Score (TRISS) analysis of trauma patients at a tertiary care centre in India.

BACKGROUND: An observational study was done to obtain the epidemiological profile of Indian trauma patients. We used the Trauma Injury and Severity Score (TRISS) and survival evaluation methodologies to compare the mortality with norms established by the Major Trauma Outcome Study of the USA to assess the quality of emergency medical care provided to trauma patients at our centre. This would allow comparisons and may help propagate the routine use of trauma scales. METHODS: An instrument to collect detailed epidemiological and TRISS data was created and validated. All patients with trauma who were admitted to the surgery service were included in the study. The details of all patients were recorded and they were followed till discharge or death during a 6-week period. RESULTS: Of the 180 trauma patients studied, 123 were men (70.3%) with a mean age of 24.7 years; 143 patients had blunt injuries while 32 patients had penetrating injuries. A nearly equal percentage of men were injured on the road (39.8%) as at home (39.0%), while most women (65.4%) were injured at home. The mortality rate was 31.4%. TRISS methodology was applied to 88.6% of patients. All the 113 survivors had a probability of survival > or = 0.5 and were considered expected survivors. Among the 42 deaths, 32 had a probability of survival > or = 0.5 and were considered unexpected deaths, while 10 of the deaths had a probability of survival <0.5 and were expected deaths. The reasons for the unexpected deaths were septicaemia, mannitol nephrotoxicity, aspiration and a direct result of the injury, especially in patients with burns. CONCLUSIONS: Our centre has a high rate of unexpected deaths. Although it is the major trauma referral centre in the region, the care provided to trauma patients needs to be improved.

Potential role for advanced trauma life support programme in improving trauma care in Jamaica

Data from the Road Safety Unit in the Ministry of Transport and Works, Jamaica, show an increase in road traffic accidents from 7861 in 1991 to 11,010 in 1999. The average number of deaths annually was 380 +/- 48 (SD) while injuries averaged 3320 +/- 262 per year. This represents an injury to death ratio of 8.7 compared with 24.9 for Trinidad and Tobago and 40 for Canada. During the period 1991 to 2000, an average of 796 +/- 159 (SD) murders were committed annually. The number of murders increased by over 280 per cent between the decade of the seventies and the nineties. Data from the trauma registry of the University Hospital of the West Indies showed that 29.6 per cent of all admissions to the surgical ward between January 1998 and December 31, 2000, were due to injuries. There were 97 deaths (3) during this period and 33 occurred in the Accident and Emergency Department with 70 per cent occurring within 120 minutes of their arrival. The Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Programme emphasizes the resuscitation and stabilization of injured patients in the first few hours after injury. Most Emergency Departments in Jamaica are staffed by relatively junior medical officers and the low injury to death ratio among victims of motor vehicle accidents may be due to suboptimal care. Introduction of an ATLS programme in Jamaica may reduce the number of preventable deaths and also stimulate interest in trauma care thus increasing preventative measures to decrease the high incidence of trauma in Jamaica

Study on performance following Key Performance Indicators for trauma care: Khon Kaen Hospital 2000.

This study was conducted in 2000-2001 in order to improve the quality of trauma care by establishing the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) as a guideline in providing trauma care service and to study the personnel's performance following 27 indexes of KPIs for trauma care in Khon Kaen Hospital. After the implementation of the KPIs by the method of participatory action research (PAR), the trauma preventable death rate was decreased to 1.3 per cent which was statistically different from the preventable death rate in 1997 (2.0%).

six months evaluation of the trauma admissions in Assiut University Hospital

This study was done in Assiut University Hospital from January 1994 till the July 1st, 1994 and included all patients admitted in the trauma unit. The study aims at evaluation of the magnitude of this problem and proceeding to further evaluation of the needs of that center. This study included 1178 cases with 777 [66%] males and 401 [34%] females. The type of trauma varied, but it can be collectively classified into five categories. The major cause is falling from a height: 696 cases [59%], the second is road traffic accidents: 351 cases [29%], the third is fire injuries: 31 cases [2.6%], the fourth is stab wound injuries: 27 cases [2.3] and lastly other causes which account for 6.3% of the causes. Age and sex incidence varied in each type of trauma

Organización institucional para la asistencia inicial del traumatizado: el área de admisión / Institutional organization for the initial attention of trauma: the admission area

Se presenta el concepto de área de admisión de un centro de trauma y los requisitos que debe reunir la misma. Se hacen consideraciones estadísticas