Cervicitis necrótica por co-infección de virus herpes simplex 2 y Mycoplasma genitalium / Necrotic cervicitis for co-infection of herpes simplex virus 2 and Mycoplasma genitalium

Resumen Las cervicitis es una condición frecuente causada principalmente por agentes de transmisión sexual. Su presentación clínica varía desde cuadros asintomáticos hasta procesos inflamatorios extensos, que incluso asemejan un tumor maligno. Presentamos el caso de una adolescente que presentó úlceras genitales, síntomas generales y cérvix necrótico con aspecto tumoral. Los estudios de laboratorio confirmaron una co-infección por virus herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2) y Mycoplasma genitalium. El estudio histológico descartó una neo- plasia. Evolucionó favorablemente al tratamiento antimicrobiano, con recuperación progresiva del aspecto del cérvix. La cervicitis en raras ocasiones se presenta con compromiso necrótico. La co-infección por HSV-2 y M. genitalium, en este caso, pudo ser el determinante del daño cervical y la necrosis. Una evaluación acuciosa y estudio con exámenes diagnósticos de alta sensibilidad y especificidad permitieron hacer un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado.

Abstract Cervicitis is a frequent condition caused mainly by sexually trans- mitted agents. The clinical spectrum varies from absence of symptoms to extensive inflammatory processes that may simulate a malignant neoplasm. We present a clinical case of an adolescent with genital ulcers and systemic disease. Speculoscopy revealed a tumoral-looking cervix. Laboratory studies confirm infection with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and Mycoplasma genitalium, together with a histological study that ruled out neoplasia. It progresses favorably to antimicrobial treatment, with recovery of the appearance of the cervix. Cervicitis rarely presents with necrotic involvement. Co-infection with HSV-2 and M. genitalium infection may have been the determinant of cervical damage and the necrotic appearance. A thorough evaluation and study with highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests allowed an adequate diagnosis and treatment.

Prevalence of micronuclei in exfoliated uterine cervical cells from patients with risk factors for cervical cancer / Prevalência de micronúcleos em células esfoliativas do colo uterino de pacientes com fatores de risco para o câncer de colo uterino

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Pap smears are the most common and inexpensive screening method for cervical cancer. We analyzed micronucleus prevalence in exfoliated cervical mucosa cells, to investigate associations between increased numbers of micronuclei and risk factors for cervical cancer. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study, at Instituto de Pesquisa em Oncologia (IPON). METHODS: Exfoliated cervical cells were obtained from 101 patients between September 2004 and November 2005. Patients' ages, habits (passive or active smoking, alcoholism and numbers of sexual partners), age at first sexual intercourse, contraceptive methods used, histories of sexually transmitted diseases, use of hormone replacement therapy, numbers of pregnancies and abortions, inflammatory cytology and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were obtained. Cells were collected using Ayre spatulas, transferred to vials containing 0.9 percent saline solution for micronucleus tests and analyzed at 1000x magnification. The number of micronuclei in 1,000 epithelial cells per patient sample was counted. RESULTS: Comparisons between groups with active (7.9 ± 7.8) and passive (7.2 ± 10.6) smoking versus no smoking (3.7 ± 5.1); with/without alcoholism (7.8 ± 1.4 and 6.9 ± 10.1); with/without inflammatory cytology (10.7 ± 10.5 and 1.3 ± 1.7); and with CIN I, II and III and no CIN (respectively 4.3 ± 4.3, 10.6 ± 5.3, 22.7 ± 11.9 and 1.3 ± 1.4) found elevated micronucleus prevalence (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the prevalence of micronuclei in exfoliated uterine cervical cells was greater in patients with one or more risk factors for uterine cervical cancer than in patients without risk factors.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O câncer do colo uterino é uma das mais freqüentes neoplasias na mulher. O exame de Papanicolaou é o método mais comum e econômico para rastreamento. As células esfoliativas epiteliais podem ser úteis para o monitoramento de pacientes expostas a fatores de risco para o câncer. O objetivo foi analisar a prevalência de micronúcleos em células esfoliativas da mucosa cervical uterina e associar com fatores de risco para o câncer de colo uterino. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal analítico, no Instituto de Pesquisa em Oncologia (IPON). MÉTODOS: Células esfoliativas do colo uterino foram obtidas de 101 pacientes ambulatoriais entre setembro/2004 e novembro/2005. As células foram coletadas usando espátula de Ayre e transferidas para um tubo de ensaio com soro fisiológico 0,9 por cento para o teste do micronúcleo. Informações obtidas das pacientes foram: idade, hábitos (fumo e número de parceiros sexuais), métodos contraceptivos, história de doença sexualmente transmissível e uso de terapia hormonal. Células foram analisadas com magnificação de 1000 X e os micronúcleos contados em 1.000 células epiteliais por paciente. RESULTADOS: A comparação do grupo de pacientes fumantes ativas (7,9 ± 7,8) e passivas (7,2 ± 10,6) versus não fumantes (3,7 ± 5,1); alcoolismo e não alcoolismo (7,8 ± 1,4 e 6,9 ± 10,1); citologia inflamatória e citologia normal (10,7 ± 10,5 e 1,3 ± 1,7); neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) I, II e III e a ausência de NIC, respectivamente, (4,3 ± 4,3; 10,6 ± 5,3; 22,7 ± 11,9 e 1.3 ± 1.4) mostrou maior prevalência de micronúcleos (P < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de micronúcleo nas células esfoliativas do colo uterino foi maior no grupo de pacientes com pelo menos um dos fatores de risco para câncer do colo uterino do que no grupo controle (sem fatores de risco).

p53 status and human papillomavirus infection in Thai women with cervical carcinoma.

Loss of p53 function has been implicated in a wide variety of human malignacies. Many studies suggest that in cervical carcinoma p53 function is inactivated either by gene mutation or by complex formation with E6 oncoprotein product of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). The aim of this study was to determine the status of HPV infection and p53 gene mutation as well as their correlation in cervical carcinomas. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 12 cervicitis, 21 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3) and 17 squamous cell carcinomas were determined for the presence of HPV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and dot blot hybridization. The status of p53 mutations in exons 5-8 was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and confirmed by direct nucleotide sequencing. HPV infections were detected in all CIN 3 and squamous cell carcinomas (100%). Mutations of p53 were present in 3 of 38 HPV-positive samples: one with an ATG-->TTG transversion (Met-->Leu) in codon 237 of exon 7; and the others with a TGC-->TGG transversion (Cys-->Trp) in codon 242 of exon 7, and a CGT-->CCT transversion (Arg-->Pro) in codon 273 of exon 8, respectively. Our findings show that the frequency of p53 mutation is low in primary cervical carcinoma and that the p53 gene mutation and HPV infection are not mutually exclusive events in the development of cervical cancer. Thus, other genetic events independent of p53 inactivation may also significantly contribute to the carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix.

Study of the role of cervical chilamydia infection in unexplained ingertility and mucopuruluent cervicitis

Objectives to analyse the prevalence of cervical chlamydia infection in women with unexplained infertility [VI] and its share among other aetiological factors; and in patients with mucopuruluent cervicitis [MPC] and its, place among other microorganisms correlated with it. Subjects and methods- the incidence of cervical chlamydia infection was studied, by collecting endocervical specimens and detecting chlamydial antigens using direct immunofluorescent antibody [IFA] test among three groups of cases: a group diagnosed to have UI [60 women], a group with MPC [20 women], and a control group [32 asymptomatic fertile women]. Cases found to have cervical chlamydia infection were treated with doxycyline and followed up after two weeks in MPC for evidence of cure and after 6 months in UI for evidence of pregnancy. Results- about 33% of women with UI were found to have cervical chlamydia infection. The corresponding precentage were 60% and 12.5% respectively in MPC and control cases. Yellow and red cervical swab tests had 83% and increased polymorphnuclear leucocytes [PMNS] in endocervical swabs had 67% positive prediction for cervical chlamydia infection in cases with MPC. Results of treating cases with UI having cervical clamydia infection were encourging and for cases with MPC results were satisfactory. Conclusions-the study indicates that cervical chlamydia infection is a common and a significant finding in cases with UI and MPC, thus it should be considered while investigating these cases. Treatment of C. trachomatis infection on presumptive grounds, based on finding positive cervical swab test and increased PMNS on gram stain, is recommended as these methods are available and found in this study to have a reasonable positive prediction

Incidencia de quiste ovarico en el Hospital Enrique Garcés-1995

El presente trabajo es un estudio retrospectivo de la incidencia de quiste ovárico en el servicio de Gineco-obstetricia del Hospital "Enrique Garcés", en el período comprendido de enero a agosto de 1995. Se encuentra un número total de 20 pacientes hospitalizados, observando que los meses, en los que hubieron más ingresos fueron: enero, febrero con 25 por ciento (n=5) pacientes; y abril, junio en un 15 por ciento (n=3) pacientes. Su procedencia fue mayormente en Quito, en el 50 por ciento (n=12) pacientes y el 40 por ciento (n=8) pacientes de otras ciudades. Además encontramos que el 70 por ciento (n=14) pacientes, no tenía antecedentes de enfermedad. El 60 por ciento n=12 pacientes de nuestro estudio se encuentran entre los 21 a 40 años de edad y con un nivel de instrucción bajo; el cuadro clínico prevalente fue de dolor en el 95 por ciento (n=19) pacientes, masa palpable en el 80 porciento n=16 pacientes, el diagnostico fue de quiste ovárico, el que es confirmado por el ecosonograma. El tratamiento fue netamente quirurgico en el 100 por ciento n=29 pacientes, por diagnostico histopatológico de cistoadenoma seroso simple en el 55 por ciento (n=11) pacientes y el 30 por ciento (n=6) pacientes, fue de hidatide de Morgagni, cistoadenoma papilar quiste endometriosico, cuerpo amarillo hemorragico, cervicitis crónica quistica y apendicitis catharral.

Tuberculous cervicitis: a clinicopathological and bacteriological study.

Seven cases of tuberculous cervicitis were detected out of 91 culturally and histologically established cases of uterine tuberculosis. There was simultaneous infection of cervix and endometrium in 4 cases and only cervical lesion in 3 cases. Two women gave a definite past history of primary extragenital tuberculosis-peritonitis in one and pulmonary lesion in the other. Clinically, cervix was predominantly hypertrophied in 4 cases and predominantly ulcerative in 3 cases. Acid-fast bacilli (Myco tuberculosis) were recovered from 5 cases, in abundance from 2 hypertrophied lesions and in sparse number from the 3 predominantly ulcerative lesions. Histological examination revealed pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia with poor cellular response in the hypertrophied cervix and non-caseating tuberculous granuloma in predominantly ulcerative cervix. All the patients were from Darjeeling hills where endemic tuberculosis is high. An awareness of this entity is necessary while dealing with the cervical lesion of these patients.

Manejo de la rotura prematura de membranas en embarazos menores de 34 semanas / Management of premature rupture of membranes in pregnacies under 34 weeks

Se presentan los resultados maternos y perinatales de 19 casos de rotura prematura de membranas en embarazos menores de 34 semanas, que ingresaron al Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología del Hospital San Juan de Dios entre los meses de mayo y noviembre de 1993. En la conducta terapéutica se considera el uso de corticoides, cultivos bacteriológicos endocervicales y del fondo de saco vaginal posterior, uso de antibióticos en caso de cultivos positivos y al momento de decidir la interrupción del embarazo. La evaluación del bienestar fetal se efectúa con perfil biofísico fetal y registro basal no estresante. De los resultados destaca la buena evolución materna durante el puerperio, con un tiempo de hospitalización similar al de pacientes que no han presentado rotura prematura de membranas. El peso de los recién nacidos fluctuó entre 1.100 y 2.110 g. El tiempo de latencia osciló entre 6 horas y 36 días con un promedio de 15 días. El tiempo promedio de hospitalización de los recién nacidos fue de 43 días, sin mortalidad. Dos embarazdas que ingresaron antes de las 22 semanas de gestación terminaron en abortos

Endometrite e cervicite tuberculosa associadas a carcinoma in situ do colo uterino na pós-menopausa: relato de um caso / Postmenopausal tuberculosis cervicitis and endometritis with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix

É relatado um caso de endometrite e cercicite tuberculosa associadas a carcinoma in situ do colo uterino numa mulher na pós-menopausa. A paciente havia se submetido a uma amputaçäo de colo uterino por carcinoma in situ e durante o seguimento foi observada recidiva do processo, após um ano da cirurgia. Foi entäo realizada uma histerctomia total com anexectomia bilateral, cujo resultado histopatológico revelou a associaçäo de endometrite e cervicite tuberculosa com carcinoma in situ do colo uterino. As trompas e os ovários näo estavam afetados pelo processo tuberculoso. É ressaltada a raridade do caso, e feita uma revisäo da literatura sobre o assunto

Estudio microbiológico de vaginitis y cervicitis / Microbiological study of vaginitis and cervicitis

Se estudiaron 261 pacientes con leucorrea, desde el punto de vista clínico y bacteriológico, encontrandose que en 31% de los casos la leucorrea era producida por una vaginitis; en 21% de las pacientes, ésta se originaba en una cervicitis, y en el 33% de los casos totales, el síntoma que analizamos se debía a una asociación de ambas patologías, es decir, se trataba de cérvico-vaginitis. Solamente en 15% de los casos estudiados no fue posible precisar el punto de origen de la leucorrea, ni hubo hallazgos microbiológicos que confirmaran la infección. Con respecto a etiología de la vaginitis, se estableció que ésta era debida a Gardnerella vaginalis en 33,7%, a Candida Albicans en 25,3% y a Trichomonas vaginalis en 19,3%. Las asociaciones de patógenos vaginales se presentaron en 21% de los casos de vaginitis, siendo la más frecuente la constituida por Gardnerella vaginalis y Trichomonas vaginalis, ya que se presentó en 10,8% del total de los casos. En todos estos aspectos las diferencias entre el grupo en estudio y el grupo control fueron estadísticamente significativas (p < = 0,005). El análisis de las muestras cervicales reveló 29,9% de aislamiento de Ureaplasma urealyticum, 5,6% de Mycoplasma hominis y 16,8% de asociaciones de estos Mycoplasmas. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo en estudio y el grupo control (p > = 0,10). Chlamydia trachomatis fue cultivada en 9,3% de los casos de cervicitis, ya sea sola o asociada a otros, microorganismos de ubicación cervical. Neisseria gonorrhoeae fue pesquisada en, 3,7% de los cultivos cervicales, siempre formando parte de asociaciones de agentes microbianos. Se precisa y se insiste en la importancia de la participación cervical como punto de origen de la leucorrea, demostrándose que 54% de las pacientes estudiadas presentaban una cervitis pura o asociada a vaginitis. Se enfatiza el valor epidemiológico que tiene el estudio de los agentes relacionados con las infecciones cervicales, ya que el endocérvix desempeña un papel importantísimo como reservorio de estos microorganismos, cuyo papel patógeno ya es conocido, y los cuales se transmiten, fundamentalmente a través del contacto sexual