Efficiency of sanitary management of litter in Eimeria spp. control in poultry housing of Western Paraná, Brazil / Eficiência dos manejos sanitários de cama no controle de Eimeria spp. em aviários no Oeste do Paraná, Brasil

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the control of coccidiosis in the litter of commercial poultry housing in the Western region of Paraná, Brazil, which adopts sanitary management to control Salmonellosis. Three litter treatments were selected, proposed by an integrating company in the region: fermentation associated with liming (FL); liming (L) and fermentation (F). Stool samples were collected from 18 poultry housing, in a completely randomized experimental design, testing different collection areas in the sheds, from the 5th day of the birds' housing, repeated weekly until the 40th day, during five successive flocks. The incidence of coccidiosis was determined by oocysts count in feces (OoPG), testing the interactions between treatment, age of birds and the number of flocks housed. Samples were selected to identify, through the Multiplex PCR, species of the genus Eimeria. circulating in the shed. The results showed that in litter where fermentation was adopted, the efficiency to control the sporulation of Eimeria spp. was significantly (p <0.05) higher than in the other treatments. The use of the Multiplex PCR technique requires improvements in the preparation of samples for the extraction of genetic material.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos manejos sanitários aplicados à cama de aviários comerciais para o controle da salmonelose nas criações de frango de corte, na região Oeste do Paraná, e verificar seu efeito no controle da coccidiose. Foram selecionados três tratamentos de cama: a fermentação associada à calagem (FL); calagem (L) e fermentação (F). As amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 18 aviários, com um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, testando-se diferentes áreas de coleta. As coletas foram realizadas a partir do 5° dia do alojamento e se repetiram semanalmente até o 40° dia, durante cinco lotes sucessivos. A incidência da parasitose foi determinada pela contagem de oocistos por grama de fezes (OoPG), testando as interações entre tratamento, idade das aves e número de lotes alojados. Amostras de fezes foram selecionadas para identificar os oocistos esperulados das espécies do gênero Eimeria circulantes no galpão, por meio do Multiplex PCR. Observou-se que a fermentação foi significativamente (p<0,05) mais eficiente, comparando-se o mesmo lote ao longo de todos os observados. A utilização da técnica de PCR Multiplex, precisa ser padronizada para amostras de campo.

Mulberry extract as an ecofriendly anticoccidial agent: in vitro and in vivo application / Extrato de amoreira como agente anticoccidiano ecologicamente correto: aplicação in vitro e in vivo

Abstract Natural products are ecofriendly agents that can be used against parasitic diseases. Eimeria species cause eimeriosis in many birds and mammals and resistance to available medications used in the treatment of eimeriosis is emerging. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of Morus nigra leaf extracts (MNLE) against sporulation of oocysts and infection of mice with Eimeria papillata. Phytochemical analysis of MNLE showed the presence of seven compounds and the in vitro effects of MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalin, ethanol, and phenol were studied after incubation with oocysts before sporulation. Furthermore, infection of mice with E. papillata induced an oocyst output of approximately 12 × 105 oocysts/g of feces. MNLE significantly decreased oocyst output to approximately 86% and the total number of parasitic stages in the jejunum by approximately 87%. In addition, the reduction in the number of goblet cells in the jejuna of mice was increased after treatment. These findings suggest that mulberry exhibited powerful anticoccidial activity.

Resumo Os produtos naturais são agentes ecologicamente corretos que podem ser usados ​​contra doenças parasitárias. As espécies de Eimeria causam eimeriose em muitas aves e mamíferos e a resistência aos medicamentos disponíveis usados ​​no tratamento da eimeriose está emergindo. Foram investigadas as atividades in vitro e in vivo dos extratos de folhas de Morus nigra (MNLE) contra esporulação de oocistos e infecção de camundongos com Eimeria papillata. A análise fitoquímica do MNLE mostrou a presença de sete compostos e os efeitos in vitro do MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalina, etanol e fenol foram estudados após incubação com oocistos antes da esporulação. Além disso, a infecção de camundongos com E. papillata induziu uma produção de oocistos de aproximadamente 12 × 105 oocistos / g de fezes. O MNLE reduziu significativamente a produção de oocistos para aproximadamente 86%, e o número total de estágios parasitários no jejuno em aproximadamente 87%. Além disso, a redução no número de células caliciformes no jejuno de camundongos aumentou após o tratamento. Esses achados sugerem que a amoreira exibia uma poderosa atividade anticoccidiana.

Development of high-performance liquid chromatography methods for the anticoccidials: toltrazuril and diclazuril

This study was undertaken to develop new analytical methods for assessment of anticoccidials. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was found to be a fast, reliable, and practical method. The anticoccidials used in this experiment were toltrazuril and diclazuril, and the analysis factors were specificity, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, and intermediate precision. The linearity of each anticoccidial was better than 0.99, and the accuracies were 99.5% and 99.1% with relative SD of 0.5 and 0.4, respectively. To assess whether the developed HPLC method could be effectively applied, toltrazuril and diclazuril post-market veterinary products (five products) that are currently sold were tested. The results revealed no non-compliant items and the method was applied successfully. Therefore, the newly developed HPLC method for anticoccidial assessment described in this study may be useful as a reference method in the Korean Standards of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals for the analysis of toltrazuril and diclazuril.

Efficacy of treatments with toltrazuril 7. 5% and lasalocid sodium in sheep naturally infected with Eimeria spp / Eficácia de tratamentos com toltrazuril 7, 5% e lasalocida sódica em ovinos naturalmente infectados com Eimeria spp

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental formulation of toltrazuril 7.5% + Trimix™ on a naturally acquired infection of Eimeria spp. in suckling lambs kept on pasture and, in another trial, evaluate the comparative efficacy between lasalocid and toltrazuril 7.5% + Trimix™ in newly weaned sheep under feedlot conditions that had been naturally infected with Eimeria spp. In the first experiment, 30 suckling lambs were divided into two groups: A - treated with toltrazuril 7.5% + Trimix™ and B- control. In experiment 2, 30 weaned sheep were divided into three groups: I - treated with toltrazuril 7.5% + Trimix™, II - treated with lasalocid and III - control. Treatment group A showed an efficacy of 90, 99.4 and 87.3% on days 5, 10 and 20, respectively. Treatment group I had an efficacy of 98.2, 92.6 and 94.5%, while group II had an efficacy of 72.7, 81.6 and 95.9% on days 7, 21 and 42, respectively. Eight Eimeria species were identified; E. ovinoidalis was the most common. Treatment with the toltrazuril 7.5% +Trimix ™ formulation was effective against Eimeria spp. in suckling lambs in field conditions and lambs weaned in under feedlot conditions.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de uma formulação experimental de toltrazuril 7,5% + Trimix™ em cordeiros mantidos em pastagem com infecção naturalmente adquirida por Eimeria spp. e, em outro teste, a eficácia comparativa entre lasalocida sódica e toltrazuril 7,5% + Trimix™ em ovinos recém-desmamados, naturalmente infectados com Eimeria spp. em condições de confinamento. No primeiro experimento, 30 cordeiros lactantes foram divididos em dois grupos: A - tratados com toltrazuril 7,5% + Trimix™; e B - controle. No experimento 2, 30 ovinos desmamados foram divididos em três grupos: I - tratados com toltrazuril 7,5% + Trimix™; II - tratados com lasalocida sódica; e III - controle. O grupo A (tratado) obteve uma eficácia de 90, 99,4 e 87,3% nos dias 5, 10 e 20, respectivamente. O grupo I teve eficácia de 98,2, 92,6 e 94,5%, enquanto o grupo II teve uma eficácia de 72,7, 81,6 e 95.9% nos dias 7, 21 e 42, respectivamente. Foram identificadas oito espécies de Eimeria sendo E. ovinoidalis a mais comum. O tratamento com a formulação de toltrazuril 7,5% + Trimix™ foi eficaz contra Eimeria spp. em cordeiros em lactação em condições de campo e em ovinos desmamados em confinamento.

In-vitro anticoccidial potential of Saccharum officinarum extract against Eimeria oocysts / Potencial in vitro anti coccidial de un extracto de Saccharum officinarum contra oocistos de Eimeria

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of aqueous methanolic extract from Saccharum officinarum on the sporulation and morphology of oocysts of four Eimeria species (Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix, E. mitis, E. brunetti) of poultry. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was used to evaluate the activity of Saccharum officinarum extract (SOE) on the sporulation of coccidian oocysts. In this assay, unsporulated oocysts were exposed to six concentrations of S. officinarum in 10 percent dimethyl sulfoxide solution (w/v; 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 and 0.31 percent) while DMSO and potassium dichromate solution (K2Cr2O7) served as control groups. The Petri dishes were partially covered to allow the passage of oxygen and incubated at 25-29° C for 48 h, providing 60-80 percent humidity. The sporulation of the oocyst was confirmed by examining sporocysts under inverted microscope at 40x. Results showed anticoccidial activity of SOE against all Eimeria species as proved by its ability to inhibit the sporulation of the oocysts under laboratory conditions. Inhibition of sporulation was observed in dose dependent manner. S. officinarum extract at higher dose also damaged the normal morphology and shape of oocysts of Eimeria species.

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo para evaluar el efecto del extracto metanólico acuoso a partir de Saccharum officinarum en la esporulación de los ooquistes y la morfología de cuatro especies de Eimeria tenella (Eimeria, E. necatrix, E. mitis, E. brunetti) de aves de corral. Bioensayos de la inhibición de la esporulación se utilizaron para evaluar la actividad de extracto de Saccharum officinarum (SOE) en la esporulación de ooquistes de coccidios. En este ensayo, los ooquistes no esporulados se expusieron a seis concentraciones de S. officinarum en solución de dimetil sulfóxido 10 por ciento (w / v; 10, 5, 2,5, 1,25, 0,625 y 0,31 por ciento), mientras DMSO y una solución de dicromato de potasio (K2Cr2O7) sirvió como grupos de control. Las placas de Petri se cubren parcialmente para permitir el paso de oxígeno y se incubaron a 25-29° C durante 48 h, proporcionando el 60-80 por ciento de humedad. La esporulación de los ooquistes fue confirmado mediante el examen de esporoquistes bajo microscopio invertido a 40x. Los resultados mostraron actividad anticoccidial de SOE contra todas las especies de Eimeria como se ha demostrado por su capacidad para inhibir la esporulación de los ooquistes en condiciones de laboratorio. Se observó una inhibición de la esporulación de manera dependiente de la dosis. Extracto de S. officinarum en dosis más alta también dañó la morfología normal y la forma de ooquistes de las especies de Eimeria.

Anti-Toxoplasma activities of methanolic extract of Sambucus nigra (Caprifoliaceae) fruits and leaves / Actividad anti-Toxoplasma de extractos metanólicos de frutos y hojas de Sambucus nigra (Caprifoliaceae)

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals and humans. Considering the severity of toxoplasmosis, side effects of current treatments, and the contribution of the ethnopharmacological knowledge for the treatment of parasitic infections, the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of methanolic extracts from the fruits and leaves of Sambucus nigra against tachyzoite of T. gondii. For this, fruits and leaves of S. nigra were collected from Mazandaran province, Iran, were dried under the shade, and powdered using a commercial electrical blender. For extractions, methanol was used as solvent. Virulent RH strain of T. gondii was maintained in mice and macrophages containing tachyzoites were aspirated from the peritoneal cavity. Four concentrations (5, 10, 25 and 50mg/mL) of S. nigra extract were incubated with infected macrophages for 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes and the viability of the tachyzoites were evaluated by trypan blue staining. Results showed that S. nigra fruit extracts at the concentrations of 5 and 10mg/mL killed 100% of T. gondii tachyzoites after 60 and 120 minutes, respectively; and concentrations of 25 and 50mg/mL killed 100% of the tachyzoites after 30 minutes. Additionally, extract of S. nigra leaves, at the concentrations of 5, 10 and 25mg/mL after 180 minutes, and concentration of 50mg/mL after 60 minutes, resulted with the highest efficacy. Our results showed that S. nigra has acceptable efficacy in vitro and the parasiticidal effect of fruit extract was significantly better than leaf extract. However, in vivo efficacy of this extract needs further investigation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (1): 7-12. Epub 2015 March 01.

Toxoplasma gondii es un parásito intracelular obligatorio que infecta a una gran variedad de animales y seres humanos. Teniendo en cuenta la gravedad de la toxoplasmosis, los efectos secundarios de los tratamientos actuales, y la contribución de los conocimientos etnofarmacológicos para el tratamiento de infecciones parasitarias, el objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la eficacia de los extractos metanólicos de los frutos y hojas de Sambucus nigra contra el taquizoito de T. gondii. Para esto, se recogieron frutos y hojas de S. nigra en la provincia de Mazandaran, Irán, se secaron a la sombra, y se pulverizaron con una batidora eléctrica comercial. Para las extracciones, se empleó metanol como disolvente. La cepa virulenta RH de T. gondii se mantuvo en ratones y los macrófagos con taquizoitos se aspiraron de la cavidad peritoneal. Cuatro concentraciones (5, 10, 25 y 50mg/ mL) de extracto de S. nigra se encubaron con los macrófagos infectados durante 30, 60, 120 y 180 minutos y la viabilidad de los taquizoitos se evaluó mediante tinción con azul de tripano. Los resultados mostraron que los extractos de frutos de S. nigra en las concentraciones de 5 y 10mg/mL mataron al 100% de los taquizoitos de T. gondii después de 60 y 120 minutos, respectivamente; y las concentraciones de 25 y 50mg/mL mataron al 100% de los taquizoitos después de 30 minutos. Además, el extracto de hojas de S. nigra, en concentraciones de 5, 10 y 25mg/mL después de 180 minutos, y una concentración de 50mg/mL después de 60 minutos, resultaron más eficientes. Nuestros resultados mostraron que S. nigra tiene una eficacia aceptable in vitro y el efecto parasiticida del extracto de frutos fue significativamente mejor que el del extracto de hoja. Sin embargo, la eficacia in vivo de este extracto necesita más investigación.

Effect of Diclazuril on the Bursa of Fabricius Morphology and SIgA Expression in Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella

The effects of diclazuril on the bursa of Fabricius (BF) structure and secretory IgA (SIgA) expression in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella were examined. The morphology of the BF was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, while ultrastructural changes were monitored by transmission electron microscopy. E. tenella infection caused the BF cell volumes to decrease, irregularly arranged, as well as, enlargement of the intercellular space. Diclazuril treatment alleviated the physical signs of damages associated with E. tenella infection. The SIgA expression in BF was analyzed by immunohistochemistry technique. The SIgA expression increased significantly by 350.4% (P<0.01) after E. tenella infection compared to the normal control group. With the treatment of diclazuril, the SIgA was relatively fewer in the cortex, and the expression level was significantly decreased by 46.7% (P<0.01) compared with the infected and untreated group. In conclusion, E. tenella infection in chickens induced obvious harmful changes in BF morphological structure and stimulated the expression of SIgA in the BF. Diclazuril treatment effectively alleviated the morphological changes. This result demonstrates a method to develop an immunological strategy in coccidiosis control.

Evaluating the resistance of eimeria Spp. field isolates to anticoccidial drugs using three different indices

In this study, the presence of resistance to diclazuril, amprolium+ethopabate and salinomycin, representing some of the commonest anticoccidials in Iran's poultry industry, against three mixed Eimeria field isolates were investigated. Three Eimeria field isolates, collected from typical broiler farms in Iran, were propagated once, inoculated to 480 broilers, comprising 30 chicks in each treatment. The non-medicated or medicated diets containing one of the above mentioned anticoccidials were provided ad-lib. Drug efficacy was determined using the Global index [GI], Anticoccidial Sensitivity Test [AST] and Optimum Anticoccidial Activity [OAA]. None of the field isolates were fully sensitive to the selected anticoccidials. All isolates showed reduced sensitivity/partial resistance to salinomycin. Resistance to amprolium+ethopabate was evident and partial to complete resistance was recorded for diclazuril. Limited efficacy of the selected anticoccidials is obvious. Considering the cost of continuous use of anticoccidials in the field, altering the prevention strategy and rotation of the anticoccidials with better efficacy, would prevent further economic losses induced by coccidiosis.

GC/MS analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography fractions from Sophora flavescens and Torilis japonica extracts and their in vitro anti-neosporal effects on Neospora caninum

We analyzed alcoholic extracts of herbs possessing anti-neosporal activity against Neospora (N.) caninum. To identify the chemical components of Sophora (S.) flavescens and Torilis (T.) japonica associated with anti-neosporal activity, specific fractions were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro activity of the fractions against N. caninum was then assessed. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify and quantify specific anti-neosporal molecules in the herbal extracts. Almost all HPLC fractions of S. flavescens and T. japonica had higher levels of anti-neosporal activity compared to the not treated control. Active constituents of the extracts were sophoridane, furosardonin A, and tetraisopropylidene-cyclobutane in S. flavescens; 5,17-beta-dihydroxy-de-A-estra-5,7,9,14-tetraene, furanodiene, and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-(CAS,1) in T. japonica.

Cyclospora cayetanensis: Un coccidio emergente / Cyclospora cayetanensis: An emerging coccidian / Cyclospora cayetanensis: Um coccídio emergente

Cyclospora cayetanensis es un protozoo coccidio con diversa prevalencia a nivel mundial que causa cuadros con diarrea acuosa y voluminosa tanto en pacientes inmunocompetentes como inmunocomprometidos. En estos últimos, además de producir cuadros entéricos más severos, puede cursar con compromisos biliares. Su distribución es cosmopolita, jugando un rol importante en su transmisión, el suelo, el agua y los alimentos contaminados, especialmente las verduras ingeridas crudas. El hombre, único reservorio constatado hasta el presente, elimina con las heces ooquistes inmaduros, que evolucionan en el ambiente transformándose en ooquistes maduros infectivos. Como otros coccidios, presenta un ciclo evolutivo complejo con formas sexuada y asexuada de reproducción en un único hospedador. El diagnóstico se basa fundamentalmente en el hallazgo de ooquistes ácido alcohol resistentes variables en materia fecal. Se han desarrollado métodos moleculares para su detección tanto en muestras fecales como ambientales y de alimentos.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoon with several prevalence worldwide that causes watery and voluminous diarrhea conditions both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. In the latter, apart from originating more severe enteric diseases, it can occur with billiary involvement. Its distribution is cosmopolitan, with soil, water and contaminated food, especially consumption of raw vegetables, playing an important role in its transmission. Man, the only reservoir recorded so far, eliminates immature oocytes in feces, which evolve in the environment becoming infective- mature oocytes. Like other coccidians, it presents a complex evolutionary cycle with sexed and unsexed forms of reproduction in a single host. Diagnosis is mainly based on findings of variable acid-alcohol resistant variables in feces. Molecular methods have been developed for its detection in fecal samples and in environmental and food samples as well.

Cyclospora cayetanensis é um protozoo coccídio com diversa prevalência em nível mundial que causa quadros com diarreia aquosa e volumosa tanto em pacientes imunocompetentes como imunocomprometidos. Nestes últimos, além de produzir quadros entéricos mais severos, pode cursar com compromissos biliares. Sua distribuição é cosmopolita, tendo um papel importante na sua transmissão o solo, a água e os alimentos contaminados, especialmente as verduras ingeridas cruas. O homem, único reservatório constatado até o presente, elimina com as fezes oocistos imaturos, que evoluem no ambiente transformando-se em oocistos maduros infectivos. Como outros coccídios apresenta um ciclo evolutivo complexo com formas sexuada e assexuada de reprodução num único hospedeiro. O diagnóstico se baseia fundamentalmente no achado de oocistos ácido-álcool resistentes variáveis em matéria fecal. Foram desenvolvidos métodos moleculares para sua detecção tanto em amostras fecais quanto ambientais e de alimentos.

Use of coccidiostat in mineral salt and study on ovine eimeriosis / Uso de coccidiostático no sal mineral e estudo da eimeriose ovina

Coccidiosis is a serious obstacle to sheep production, which is becoming a limiting factor, especially with regard to lamb production. However, there are few studies on this parasite in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of decoquinate, added to mineral salt, for controlling Eimeria infection in lambs, and to identify which species are infecting sheep in the eastern region of the state. This study was carried out from August 2009 to January 2010, and used 76 animals. These were divided into two treatment groups: one with common mineral salt, and the other with mineral salt enriched with 6% micronized decoquinate. Fecal samples and body weight measurements were taken every 14 days for parasitological diagnosis, weight gain follow-up and quantitative analysis. The study showed that there was a significant difference in OPG only at the 7th collection, but no significant difference in weight gain. The Eimeria species found were E. ahsata. E. crandallis. E. granulosa. E. intrincata. E. ovina. E. faurei. E. ovinoidalis. E. pallida and E. parva. It was concluded that addition of decoquinate to mineral salt gave rise to lower oocyst elimination, thus favoring eimeriosis control in sheep.

A coccidiose constitui-se num sério obstáculo à ovinocultura, a qual vem se tornando um fator limitante para a exploração, especialmente para a produção de cordeiros precoces. Porém, poucos são os estudos com esse parasito no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação do decoquinato, adicionado ao sal mineral, no controle da infecção causada por parasitas do gênero Eimeria em cordeiros, e identificar quais as espécies infectam ovinos na região leste Potiguar. O trabalho foi desenvolvido entre agosto de 2009 e janeiro de 2010, e foram usados 76 animais, distribuídos em dois tratamentos, um com sal mineral comum e o outro com sal mineral enriquecido com decoquinato a 6% micronizado. Amostras fecais e pesagens dos animais foram feitas a cada 14 dias para o diagnóstico parasitológico, acompanhamento do ganho de peso ponderal e análise quantitativa. O estudo evidenciou que houve diferença significativa na redução do OoPG apenas na 7º semana de experimento, mas não houve diferenças significativas para ganho de peso dos animais. As espécies encontradas foram E. ahsata. E. crandallis. E. granulosa. E. intrincata. E. ovina. E. faurei. E. ovinoidalis. E. pallida . E. parva. Conclui-se que a adição de decoquinato ao sal mineral propiciou uma menor eliminação de oocistos favorecendo o controle da eimeriose ovina.

Anticoccidial activity of hydrochloric acid (HCl) against Eimeria tenella in broiler chickens

The present study was planned to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of the different concentrations of the HCl against Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens in comparison with the amprolium anticoccidial. For this purpose, a total of 198 chicks were placed 11 per pen with three pens per treatment. The different concentrations of HCl (1000ppm, 2000ppm and 3000ppm) and amproilum (at the dose rate of 125ppm) were given to the experimental groups in drinking water from 10 to 19th days of age. One group was kept as infected non medicated control and one as non infected non medicated control. At the 12th day of age, all the groups were inoculated orally with 75,000 sporulated oocysts except non infected non medicated control. Anticoccidial activity was evaluated on the basis of performance (weight gain, feed conversion ratio) and pathogenic (oocyst score, lesion score and mortality percentage) parameters. Among HCl medicated groups, the maximum anticoccidial effect was seen in the group medicated with 1000ppm HCl followed by 2000ppm and 3000ppm HCl medicated groups. Amprolium and 1000ppm HCl were almost equivalent in suppressing the negative performance and pathogenic effects associated with coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) challenge. In summary, the lower doses of HCl have the potential to be used as alternative to chemotherapeutic drugs for Eimeria tenella control. It is therefore suggested that further studies should be carried out to determine the possible minimum safe levels of HCl with least toxic effects to be used as anticoccidial.

Effect of treatment with neem [azadirachta indica] compared with baycox drug on the caecum of chicken experimentally infected with eimeria tenella

The study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of Neem herb in chicken experimentally infected with E. tenella compared to Baycox as a reference anticoccidial drug. 120 broiler chicks were enrolled, randomly divided to 4 groups, [A, B, C and D] non-infected non-treated [naive control], [B] infected with 10[4] E. tenella oocysts [infected control], [C] infected and treated with Baycox [7 mg/kg b.w. for 2 days] and [D] infected and treated with Neem leaves water extract [100 mg/kg b.w. for 9 days]. Evaluation was by clinical signs, performance data [gain weigh, food consumption oocyst shed/gram feaces [OPG]], in addition to histopathological changes in all chickens. The results revealed that chicks of GA had the best performance data compared to GB, GC and GD. In GC and GD there were a remarkable improvement in the data performance, clinical signs, gross and microscopically cecal lesions compared to GB. The efficacy of Baycox [GC] was shown to be superior to that of Neem [GD] compared to GB but an additive histopathological toxic effect besides those produced by E. tenella infection could be recorded. In contrast, Neem appeared to have a remarkable improvement on cecal integrity

Drug resistance evaluation of some commonly used anti-coccidial drugs in broiler chickens

The study investigated some anticoccidial resistance for Amprol, Toltrazuril and sulfaclozine in experimental infected broiler. Eimeria identification depended on necropsy and coproscopic examination. 140 day-old chicks allotted into 7 groups and infected with Eimeria in 2[nd] day of age. G1: neither infected nor treated [negative control], G2: infected but not treated [positive control], Infected and treated with toltrazuril [G3], or with Amprol+Allicin [G4], or with Amprol+ethobabate [G5], or with Amprol [G6] or with Sulfaclozine [G7]. Eimeria infection caused decrease in body gain, total protein, albumin but increase in FCR, ALT, AST, Uric acid, Creatinine. Treatment decreased the harmful effect of infection but some significant differences were between infected treated groups and non infected non-treated one

Anti-coccidial effect of commiphora molmol in the domestic rabbit [Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus L.]

This study investigated the effect of oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora molmol Engler [Family: Burceraceae] known as Myrrh and the commercial extract known as Mirazid as a treatment against hepatic coccidiosis induced by the parasite Eimeria stiedae in domestic rabbits. Rabbits were infected with 1000 parasite sporulated oocysts and subjected to two treatment regimens, using crude myrrh suspension and the oleo-resin extract, mirazid, each administered at 500 mg/kg rabbit body weight. Treatments of infected rabbits resulted in significant reduction of the mean oocyst numbers in rabbit faeces by 52.38 % in the crude-treated rabbits and by 90.90 % mirazid-treated rabbits, compared to the untreated infected rabbits at day 21 post-infection [pi]. At day 28 pi no oocysts parasite were observed in the faeces of rabbits. Both treatments resulted in significant recovery of infected rabbits from all symptoms of infection compared to the untreated infected group and healthy control groups. Histopathological examination of liver showed remarkable improvement in all histopathological parameters in G5 and G8 compared with the infected untreated G2. These included an almost complete healing of the hemorrhagic tissue and partial healing of the endothelial lining and hepatocytes encircling the central vein, the hepatocytes laminate regained their original radial shape and disappearance of fat vacuoles from the tissue and remarkable reduction in lymphocytes infiltration, decreased hyperplasia of the epithelial cells with significant decreasing of the parasite stage numbers. Results also indicate that mirazid was more effective than crude myrrh, probably due to higher content of purified active ingredients

Salinomicina e semduramicina associadas em diferentes concentrações no controle da eimeriose em frangos de corte / Salinomycin and semduramicin in different concentrations on the broilers eimeriosis control

O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a associação de salinomicina e semduramicina, em diferentes doses, frente à infecção mista controlada de Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima e E. tenella em frangos de corte. Oitocentas aves foram divididas em 5 grupos (T1: ração não medicada; T2: 30 ppm de salinomicina e 12,5 ppm de semduramicina; T3: 30 ppm de salinomicina e 15 ppm de semduramicina; T4: 40 ppm de salinomicina e 12,5 ppm de semduramicina e T5: 40 ppm de salinomicina e 15 ppm de semduramicina) e inoculadas aos 15 dias de idade com oocistos esporulados de E. acervulina, E. maxima e E. tenella, em inóculo misto, via ração. Parâmetros produtivos e escore de lesões foram registrados. Todos os grupos tratados apresentaram estatisticamente melhores ganhos de peso cumulativo aos 21 dias de vida. Aos 35 dias de vida, somente o grupo T3 apresentou diferença significativa. A conversão alimentar cumulativa apresentou diferença estatística nos grupos T4 e T5. O tratamento T5 foi mais eficaz no controle de E. tenella. T3 e T5 obtiveram diferenças estatísticas no escore médio de lesão das três espécies. O uso de salinomicina, associada a semduramicina, em baixas doses demonstrou uma opção viável no controle da coccidiose neste experimento.

This study aimed to investigate the association of salinomycin and semduramicin, in different doses, against controlled mixed infection of Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella in broiler chickens. Eight hundred birds were divided into 5 groups (T1: not medicated feed; T2: 30 ppm of salinomycin and 12.5 ppm of semduramicin; T3: 30 ppm of salinomycin and 15 ppm of semduramicin; T4: 40 ppm of salinomycin and 12,5 ppm of semduramicin and T5: 40 ppm of salinomycin and 15 ppm of semduramicin) and inoculated at 15 days of age with sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella in a mixed suspension, through the feed. Performance data and lesion scores were recorded. All treated groups showed statistically better cumulative weight gain at 21 days old. At 35 days old only the T3 group showed significant difference. Cumulative feed conversion showed statistical difference in the groups T4 and T5. The treatment T5 was more effective in the coccidiosis control of E. tenella. T3 and T5 achieved statistical differences in the average lesion scores of the three analyzed species. The association of salinomycin and semduramicin used in lower doses than the usual, showed to be an option in the coccidiosis control in this experiment.

Accidental and experimental salinomycin poisoning in rabbits / Intoxicações natural e experimental por salinomicina em coelhos

An outbreak of salinomycin poisoning in rabbits is described. At least 27 out of 2,000 rabbits reared on a farm died after the coccidiostatic drug sulfaquinoxaline was substituted by salinomycin in the feed. An average of 26.9ppm salinomycin was detected in the ration given to the rabbits. Clinical signs included anorexia, apathy and bradykinesia, which progressed to incoordination and recumbency. Gross lesions consisted of pale areas in the skeletal muscles. The histopathological findings showed severe necrotic degenerative myopathy in association with infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. One rabbit exhibited similar alterations in the myocardium. Mineralization was observed in the affected skeletal muscles in some cases. In order to verify if the poisoning was due to salinomycin, 20 rabbits were divided into five groups and a ration containing the drug at doses of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100ppm was given. The administration of doses higher than 50ppm resulted in manifestation of the clinical signs seen in the outbreak of poisoning. It was concluded, that probably an error related to the mixture of salinomycin in the feed was the cause of deaths in the spontaneous outbreak of poisoning on the rabbit farm.

Relata-se, pela primeira vez, um surto de intoxicação por salinomicina em coelhos. De 2000 animais, no mínimo 27 morreram após troca do coccidiostático sulfaquinoxalina pela salinomicina. A análise de parte da ração detectou 26,9ppm de salinomicina. Os sinais clínicos observados foram anorexia, apatia e lentidão com evolução para incoordenação dos movimentos e decúbito. As lesões macroscópicas consistiram de áreas pálidas na musculatura esquelética. O exame histopatológico evidenciou miopatia degenerativo-necrótica. Adicionalmente, verificou-se reação inflamatória constituída por neutrófilos e macrófagos. Um coelho apresentou lesões similares no miocárdio. Em alguns casos, mineralização estava presente nos músculos esqueléticos afetados. Vinte coelhos experimentais foram divididos em 5 grupos que receberam 10, 25, 50, 75 e 100ppm de salinomicina por via oral, com a finalidade de reproduzir a intoxicação. Os animais que receberam a partir de 50ppm de salinomicina apresentaram sinais clínicos semelhantes aos observados no surto espontâneo. Nossos resultados indicam que, provavelmente, erro na mistura da substância à ração causou a morte dos coelhos.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from broiler chickens / Sensibilidade antimicrobiana de estirpes de Clostridium perfringens isoladas de aves de corte

Clostridium perfringens is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract of chickens as well as a potential pathogen that causes necrotic enteritis and colangio hepatitis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of seven different compounds used for therapy, growth promotion or prevention of coccidiosis was determined by agar dilution method for 55 C. perfringens strains isolated from the intestines of broiler chickens. All strains showed high susceptibility to penicillin, avilamycin, monensin and narasin. Only 7.3% of the strains showed an intermediated sensitivity to lincomycin, and 49 (89.1%) were considered susceptible. For tetracycline and bacitracin, 41.8% and 47.3% of strains, respectively, were considered resistant.

Clostridium perfringens é um habitante normal da microbiota intestinal de frangos, sendo um agente potencialmente patogênico, causador de enterite necrótica e colangio-hepatite.A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de sete drogas utilizadas na terapêutica, como agentes promotores de crescimento ou na prevenção de coccidiose foi determinada pelo método de diluição em ágar para 55 estirpes de C. perfringens isoladas do intestino de frangos de corte. Todas as estirpes revelaram alta sensibilidade à penicilina, avilamicina, narasin e monensina, apenas 7,3% demonstraram CIM intermediário para lincomicinae 89.1% foram consideradas sensíveis. Para tetraciclina e bacitracina, 41,8% e 47.3% das amostras, respectivamente, foram consideradas resistentes.

Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos em animais:[revisão] / Ionophore poisoning in animals: [review]

O uso terapêutico de antibióticos ionóforos em medicina veterinária difundiu-se muito nos últimos anos, com conseqüente aumento no risco de intoxicação em animais. Antibióticos ionóforos são usados como coccidiostáticos e como aditivo em alimentos para animais, com o propósito de estimular o desenvolvimento e o ganho de peso. Os ionóforos mais utilizados na alimentação de animais são a monensina, lasalocida, nasarina e salinomicina. Há uma grande variação na susceptibilidade dos efeitos tóxicos dos ionóforos de acordo com a espécie animal. A intoxicação pode ocorrer quando dosagens elevadas de ionóforos são adicionadas aos alimentos, ou quando ionóforos são incluídos inadvertidamente ou acidentalmente em dosagens não corretas para determinada espécie animal. Casos de intoxicação têm sido descritos em bovinos, ovinos, suínos, eqüinos, cães e aves. Para os eqüinos os ionóforos são extremamente tóxicos. São considerados seguros quando usados nas espécies-alvo, dentro das dosagens recomendadas pelo fabricante.

The therapeutic use of ionophores in veterinary medicine has grown in the last years, with resultant increase in the risk of poisoning in animals. Ionophores are used as food additives as coccidiostacts in several animal species and growth promoter and bloat prevention in ruminants. The most often used ionophores are monensin, lasalocid, narasin and salinomycin. There is a great variation in the susceptibility to the toxic effect of ionophores in different animal species. Poisoning can occur when the dosage is too high or when not correct doses for a certain animal species are given. Cases of poisoning have been described in sheep, swine, horses, dogs and poultry. For horses ionophores are extremely toxic. The use of ionophores is only safe when used accordingly to the instructions of the manufacturer and especially for each animal species. In this paper the most important data regarding clinical-pathological and pathogenic aspects, and also the conditions in which the poisoning may occur are critically reviewed.

Evaluation of herbal coccidiostat 'Coxynil' in broiler.

Anticoccidial efficacy of "Coxynil" a polyherbal preparation was tested against Eimeria tenella in broilers. Body weight of birds challenged with E. tenella in Coxynil treated groups was higher as compared to Coxynil untreated. Oocyst out put, lesion score, HI titres against New Castle disease virus were significantly higher in Coxynil supplemented groups in comparison to Coxynil un-supplemented groups. Examination of ceaca of the birds, revealed that the Coxynil interfered with life cycle of coccidia. The typical second generation schizonts were absent in ceacal section of Coxynil treated groups. The results indicate that Coxynil is effective herbal coccidiostat.