Conflitos ambientais e as águas do rio São Francisco / Environmental conflicts and the waters of the São Francisco river

Este artigo apresenta um estudo de conflitos ambientais por água nos estados diretamente envolvidos e que se contextualizam no Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco, partindo de uma abordagem orientada pela determinação social da saúde envolvendo relações entre o uso de recursos naturais, dominação política e apropriação econômica que estão na base dos processos de injustiça ambiental. Procedeu-se a um estudo exploratório de caráter descritivo, observacional, transversal. A base de dados para a produção de informações foi a da Comissão Pastoral da Terra que monitora os conflitos por água. Tomou-se como a área de estudo os estados do Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte. Caracterizou-se os conflitos segundo estados, situação do conflito e números de famílias afetadas. Verificou-se a existência de conflitos em todos os estados investigados, principalmente no Ceará e Pernambuco. Conclui-se que o projeto de transposição das águas do São Francisco agudiza conflitos ambientais envolvendo populações indígenas e outros grupos vulnerados radicados nos territórios e que reinvindicam o acesso e uso da água.

Abstract This article presents a study on the environmental conflicts over water in states directly involved in the context of the Integration Project of the San Francisco River in Northeastern Brazil. It is based on an approach guided by the social determination of health involving the relationships between the use of natural resources, political domination and economic ownership that underlie the processes of environmental injustice. A transversal, descriptive, and observational study was carried out. The database from the Pastoral Land Commission-which monitors conflicts over water-was used as a source of information. The states of Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte were chosen as scope for the study. The conflicts were characterized according to state, status and the number of affected families. We observed that conflicts existed in all states studied, but especially in Ceará and Pernambuco. We, thus, concluded that the water transposition project for the São Francisco river worsens environmental conflicts involving indigenous populations and others vulnerable groups rooted in the territories that demand access to the water.

Corporate governance and proactive environmental management in Novo Hamburgo and neighbouring cities, Brazil / Governança corporativa e manejo ambiental pró-ativo em Novo Hamburgo e cidades vizinhas, Brasil

This study compiled data on environmental auditing and voluntary certification of environment-friendly businesses of the Commercial and Industrial Association of Novo Hamburgo, Campo Bom and Estância Velha and analysed them according to classical environmental management principles: sustainable development and corporate governance. It assessed the level of application of the concepts of corporate governance to everyday business in companies and organisations and estimated how the interconnection and vertical permeability of these concepts might help to make bureaucratic environmental management systemic, proactive and evaluative, changes that may add great value to the operations evaluated. Results showed that, when analysing only audited items not directly defined in legislation, no significant changes were identified. The inclusion of more advanced indices may promote the transition from bureaucratic management, which meets regulated environmental standards only satisfactorily, into proactive and systemic environmental management, which adds value to companies and helps to perpetuate them. Audited and analysed data did not reveal actions that depend on the internal redistribution of power and the interconnection or verticality of attitudes that may materialize concepts of corporate governance.

O presente estudo é uma compilação dos dados resultantes das ações de auditoria ambiental da certificação ambiental voluntária empresa amiga do meio ambiente da Associação Comercial e Industrial de Novo Hamburgo, Campo Bom e Estância Velha, os quais são analisados, considerando as premissas mais clássicas da gestão ambiental, quais sejam, o desenvolvimento sustentável e governança corporativa. O objetivo é avaliar o nível de aplicação das concepções de governança corporativa no cotidiano das empresas, empreendimentos ou organizações e verificar o quanto a permeabilidade e imbricação vertical destes conceitos poderia auxiliar na transformação da gestão ambiental burocrática numa ação de gestão ambiental sistêmica, proativa e valorativa, trazendo maior valor agregado para as operações avaliadas. Os resultados demonstram que quando são analisados itens auditados que não estejam diretamente relacionados com legislação e sanções aplicáveis, não ficam claros os possíveis indicativos de melhorias de gestão e processos. A inclusão de indicadores mais avançados significaria a passagem de uma gestão ambiental burocrática, que atende apenas satisfatoriamente normas regulamentadas a uma gestão ambiental sistêmica e proativa, que possa trazer maior valor agregado e perenização aos empreendimentos. Todas as ações que depende mais de redistribuição interna de poder e imbricação vertical ou permeabilidade de atitudes que materializem concepções de governança corporativa não são identificadas pelos dados auditados e analisados.

Environment and society: the Sinos River Basin and public policies / Meio Ambiente e sociedade: a Bacia do Rio dos Sinos e políticas públicas

This study discusses the tensions and conflicts in the relationship between environment and society in the Sinos River Basin, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. An environmental disaster in 2006, which resulted in the death of 100 tons of fish in the Sinos River, is the dividing line for this study. A review of documents and field interviews with representatives of the municipal government and companies in the region were used to analyze the impact of public policies on the environment and which deficiencies remain¹1

We thank Malcon Naor Voltz and Ana Arnoldo, undergraduate research grant holders, for their participation in data collection for this study.

Este estudo discute as tensões e conflitos na relação entre meio ambiente e sociedade na Bacia do Rio dos Sinos, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Um desastre ambiental ocorrido em 2006, o qual resultou na morte de 100 toneladas de peixes no Rio dos Sinos, é a linha divisória para este estudo. Uma análise de documentos e entrevistas de campo com representantes do governo municipal e empresas da região foram usados para analisar o impacto das políticas públicas sobre o meio ambiente e quais deficiências permanecem.

Costa Rica’s Marine Protected Areas: status and perspectives

With 51 100km2 of terrestrial area and 589 000km² of national waters, Costa Rica is considered one of the countries with the greatest biodiversity. It has approximately 3.5% of the world marine species. In the last four decades, Costa Rica has done a considerable effort to create a representative system of Protected Areas (PA), mainly terrestrial. We present an assessment of the current situation of the Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in Costa Rica, through an historical analysis, and an evaluation of their distribution, coverage and management categories. Costa Rica has 166 protected areas covering 50% of the coastline; of these 20 are MPAs, classified as National Parks (90.6%), National Wildlife Refuges (6.6%), Wetlands (1.5%), Biological Reserves (1%), and one Absolute Natural Reserve (0.3%). According to IUCN criteria, 93.7% correspond to category II, 5% to IV and 1.3% to I. The marine protected surface is 5 296.5km², corresponding to 17.5% of the territorial waters and 0.9% of the Exclusive Economic Zone. The median distance between MPAs is 22.4km in the Pacific and 32.9km along the Caribbean. The median size is close to 54km². The main threats to MPAs are the lack of coordination between governmental agencies, limited economic resources, restricted patrolling and control, poor watershed management, and rampant coastal alteration.

Con 51 100km2 de área terrestre y 589 000km² de aguas jurisdiccionales, Costa Rica es considerado uno de los países con mayor biodiversidad. Posee aproximadamente 3.5% de las especies marinas del mundo. En las últimas cuatro décadas, Costa Rica ha dedicado un esfuerzo significativo para la creación de Áreas Protegidas (AP), principalmente terrestres. Aquí presentamos un diagnóstico de la situación actual de las Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMP) en Costa Rica, a través de un análisis histórico, su distribución, cobertura y categorías de manejo. Costa Rica posee 166 áreas protegidas que cubren 50% de la línea de costa, de las cuales 20 son AMP clasificadas como Parque Nacionales (90.6%), Refugios de Vida Silvestre (6.6%), humedales (1.5%), Reservas Biológicas (1%) y una Reserva Natural Absoluta (0.3%). De acuerdo a los criterios de la UICN, 93.7% corresponden a la categoría II, 5% a la IV y 1.3% a la I. El área marina protegida es de 5 296.5km², correspondiendo al 17.5% de las aguas territoriales y al 0.9% de la Zona Económica Exclusiva. La distancia promedio entre AMP es de 22.4km en el Pacífico y 32.9km en el Caribe. El tamaño medio está cercano a los 54km². Las amenazas principales son la falta de coordinación entre agencias gubernamentales, recursos económicos limitados, control y patrullaje restringido, pobre manejo de cuencas y una acelerada alteración costera.

Resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos em instituições de ensino superior: estudo de caso e diretrizes para elaboração de plano de gestão integrada / Electrical and electronic equipment waste in Higher Education Institutions a case study and guidelines for the development of an integrated management plan

Introdução: no Brasil, ainda não há legislação específica, em nível nacional, sobre resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (REEE). Com a regulamentação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, as instituições de ensino superior (IES) no país se deparam com a necessidade de criar sistemas de gestão integrada que incluam logística reversa e disposição desses equipamentos ao final de sua vida útil. Objetivo: estudar a geração, fluxo e destino dos REEE de IES e propor diretrizes para a gestão institucional desses resíduos. Estudou-se o caso de duas IES, em dois cenários distintos: A) a Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil), sem influência de legislação específica sobre o tema e que não possui política de resíduos consolidada; B) A Universidade de Cádiz (Espanha), sob influência das Diretivas da União Europeia e de legislação nacional e que conta com política de resíduos e sistemas integrados de gestão de REEE. Método: análise quali/quantitativa em ambas as IES que constou de: I) Diagnóstico da geração, fluxo e destino dos REEE. Técnica utilizada: levantamento dos dados censitários dos bens que sofreram processo de baixa em um período de dez anos, no sistema de informação da Administração Patrimonial; II) Criação de nova base de dados, com inclusão de classificação dos REEE por tipo, peso médio e periculosidade; III) Pesquisa participativa com os responsáveis por setores envolvidos com a gestão interna de REEE; e IV) Observação sistemática, com registros fotográficos e de dados obtidos, em locais de destino de REEE e em nove Sistemas de Gestão Integrada de REEE (SIG-REEE) da Espanha. Resultados: o diagnóstico foi apresentado aos responsáveis por setores envolvidos com a gestão interna desses resíduos nas instituições, com objetivo de coletar sugestões para um plano de gestão de REEE que atendesse às suas necessidades e expectativas. Os resultados desta pesquisa levaram à proposta de diretrizes para a gestão institucional de REEE, orientando a execução das ações de controle de seus impactos econômicos, sociais, ambientais e de saúde de forma integrada e que seja sustentável e possa ser adaptado a quaisquer tipos de instituição, com flexibilidade para atender a diferentes necessidades e realidades. Conclusão: I) Os procedimentos adotados atualmente nas IES estudadas não atendem aos requisitos fundamentais de sustentabilidade. II) Constatou-se que fatores internos determinam os caminhos da gestão externa do REEE. III)>

Government conservation policies on Mexican coastal areas: is "top-down" management working?

Marine and terrestrial ecosystems are declining globally due to environmental degradation and poorly planned resource use. Traditionally, local government agencies have been responsible of the management of natural reserves to preserve biodiversity. Nonetheless, much of these approaches have failed, suggesting the development of more integrative strategies. In order to discuss the importance of a holistic approach in conservation initiatives, coastal and underwater landscape value and biological/environmental indicators of coral reef degradation were assessed using the study case of Zihuatanejo, Guerrero coastal area. This area shelters representative coral reef structures of the Eastern Pacific coast and its terrestrial biodiversity and archaeology enhance the high value of its coastal area. This study explored the landscape value of both terrestrial and marine ecosystems using the geomorphosite approach in two sites on the Zihuatanejo coastal area: Caleta de Chon and Manzanillo Beach. Sedimentation rate, water transparency, chlorophyll and total suspended solids were recorded underwater in each site for environmental characterization. 50 photo-quadrants on five transects were surveyed between 3-4m depth to record coverage (%) of living corals, dead corals, algae, sand and rocks. The conservation status of coral reefs was assessed by the coral mortality index (MI). Landscape values showed that both terrestrial and marine ecosystems had important scientific and aesthetic values, being Manzanillo Beach the site with the highest potential for conservation initiatives (TtV=14.2). However, coral reefs face elevated sedimentation rates (up to 1.16kg/m2d) and low water transparency (less of 5m) generated by coastal land use changes that have increased soil erosion in the adjacent coastal area. High coverage of dead corals (23.6%) and algae (up to 29%) confirm the low values in conservation status of coral reefs (MI=0.5), reflecting a poorly-planned management. Current conditions are the result of "top-down" conservation strategies in Zihuatanejo, as Federal and Municipal authorities do not coordinate, disregard local community in coral reef management, and ignore the intimate relationship between the coastal and marine realms. This work confirms the importance of conservation strategies with a holistic approach, considering both terrestrial and marine ecosystems in coastal areas; and that these initiatives should include local coastal communities in management and decision-taking processes done by government authorities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1487-1501. Epub 2011 December 01.

Las estrategias integrales son clave para lograr efectividad en la conservación de las áreas costeras. Para discutir la importancia de las estrategias holísticas en iniciativas de conservación, usamos como caso de estudio los arrecifes coralinos de Zihuatanejo Guerrero. En primer lugar, analizamos el valor paisajístico terrestre y marino de la zona costera y posteriormente usamos indicadores biológicos y ambientales de degradación en arrecifes coralinos. El valor paisajístico mostró que Manzanillo Beach tiene el mayor potencial para desarrollar iniciativas de conservación (TtV=14.2). No obstante, ambos arrecifes se enfrentan a elevados niveles de sedimentación (hasta 1.16kg/m2d) y baja transparencia del agua (<5m) causados por el aumento de la erosión de la costa, como consecuencia del cambio de uso del suelo. La alta cobertura de corales muertos (23.6%) y algas (hasta un 29%) en los arrecifes reflejan su manejo inadecuado. Estas condiciones son resultado de las estrategias de conservación usadas principalmente por las autoridades gubernamentales, que en muchos casos no se encuentran coordinadas y no consideran a la población local en el manejo de los recursos. Estos resultados confirman la importancia de las estrategias de conservación con una visión holística del ecosistema terrestre-marino en las áreas costeras. Estas iniciativas deben incluir a la población local en el manejo y la toma de decisiones.

Garantías Ambientales en la Constitución: Un nuevo modelo ecológico-político para Costa Rica y el resto del mundo

Environmental Guarantees in the Constitution: a new ecological-political model for Costa Rica and the rest of the world. In the last thirty years significant changes to protect the environment have been introduced in the judicial, administrative and social systems. Costa Rica is a well known international model in the field of sustainable development, and here I present a proposal for adding environmental gaurantees to the Costa Rican Constitution. One of the most important changes in the Costa Rican judicial system has been the introduction of an environmental amendment in the Constitution (Article 50). However, it is still fundamental to introduce a Title of Environmental Guarantees in the Constitution of Costa Rica, with these components: first, the State, the public and the private sector have the duty of defending the right to a safe environment; second, public domain over environmental issues, and third, the use of the environment should be regulated by scientific and technical knowledge. If current efforts succeed, Costa Rica will be the first country in the world to include Environmental Guarantees in its Constitution. This would be an example to other nations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 461-472. Epub 2009 September 30.

La Constitución Política de Costa Rica incluye un párrafo sobre el derecho a un ambiente sano, la responsabilidad del Estado a garantizar, defender y preservar ese derecho, así como la acción popular (Artículo 50). Sin embargo, es fundamental incluir en la Constitución un título de Derechos y Garantías Ambientales donde el Estado garantice, defienda y preserve el derecho a un ambiente biofísico y humano ecológicamente sostenible, donde se mantenga el dominio público sobre los elementos del ambiente, y se regule su uso y aprovechamiento de conformidad con las reglas de la ciencia y la técnica. Costa Rica sería el primer país en el mundo con un título constitucional de Derechos y Garantías Ambientales y daría el ejemplo a otras naciones en materia ambiental. Las Garantías Ambientales serán un instrumento ágil y eficiente para proteger el ambiente.

The importance of the marine ornamental reef fish trade in the wider Caribbean

The marine ornamental fish trade began in the 1930s in Sri Lanka, spread to Hawaii and the Philippines in the 1950s, and expanded to a multi-million dollar industry in the 1970s with fisheries established throughout the tropical Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Currently, 45 countries supply global markets an estimated 14-30 million fish annually, with an import value of US$28-44 million. The largest suppliers are Indonesia and the Philippines, followed by Brazil, Maldives, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Hawaii. In the tropical Western Atlantic, 16 countries have export fisheries, including the U.S. (Florida and Puerto Rico). The U.S. is the world's largest buyer, followed by the European Union and Japan. The global trade consists of over 1400 species of reef fishes, of which only about 25 are captive bred on a commercial scale. Damselfish, anemonefish, and angelfish constitute over 50% of the global volume; butterflyfish, wrasses, blennies, gobies, triggerfish, filcfish, hawkfishes, groupers and basselets account for 31% of the trade, and the remaining 16% is represented by 33 families. The most important fishes from the Caribbean are angelfish (six species), seahorses (two species), royal gramma, jawfish, queen triggerfish, redlip blenny, puddingwife, bluehead wrasse, and blue chromis. The Caribbean currently supplies a small percentage of the global trade in marine ornamental species, but ornamental fisheries in this region represent important emerging industries. It is critical that effective ornamental fishery management plans and regulations are developed and enforced, and fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data are collected and utilized in decision making processes to ensure sustainable ornamental fisheries throughout the region

Development of management policy for the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate fishery in puerto rico: a case study

In recent years the collection of tropical marine organisms for the aquarium trade has become perceived as an activity with an unsustainable history as well as obvious potential for rehabilitation through resource-based fisheries management and consumer-oriented product certification. In the case of Puerto Rico, collection of ornamentals has existed for decades, though unregulated due to a weak fisheries law dating from the 1930's. The new Fisheries Law 278 of 1998 enabled new regulatory approaches for marine ornamentals, which were met with serious challenges rooted in (1) an information gap concerning the fishery regarding participant numbers, collection methods and export volumes, and (2) the absence of consultation of fishers by agency regulators. The information gap led to worst-case assumptions of impact by regulators, and a closure of the fishery, which set the stage for threatening personal confrontations and lawsuits, the latter leading to de facto resource management by judicial order. To redress these issues and move management back into the arena of science and public policy, regulators have initiated a three-phase program: (1) characterize fisher numbers, methods and exports, (2) describe populations and biology of commercial species, and (3) propose appropriate fisheries management approaches. This paper describes only the first phase of this program

Organization and operation of the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate export fishery in Puerto Rico

This fishery was examined utilizing public records, stakeholder interviews, and operational site visits to describe the fishery for the Puerto Rico Coral Reef Advisory Committee as a first step toward development of policies for the effective management of these natural resources. The fishery is not large, including fewer than 20 licensed fishers operating primarily on the west end of the island. Only three operators export product, with the remaining fishers providing specimens to the exporters based upon customer orders. Most collection of coral reef species occurs over hard rubble zones mixed with relic reef structures and rock, or on the sides and frontal areas of active reefs. Other species are collected from among mangrove prop root zones, tidal flats, and seagrass beds. Collections are made using simple barrier and dip nets for fish and motile invertebrates such as shrimp. Invertebrates such as crabs, starfish, and sea cucumbers are commonly collected by overturning small rocks, gathering the specimens, and then replacing the rocks in their original positions. Specimens are carried to the boat and transferred to individual cup holders to maximize survival. Although statements concerning former use of chemicals to assist capture were noted, no evidence of current chemical use was observed. Specimens are held in re-circulating seawater systems onshore until collections are aggregated and shipped. The fishery strives to operate with mortality of<1%, as mortalities of>3% are described as unacceptable to customers. More than 100 fish species are collected in this fishery, but the top ten species account for >70% of the total numbers and >60% of the total value of the fishery, with a single species, Gramma loreto (Royal Gramma), comprising >40% of the numbers. More than 100 species of invertebrates are collected, but this fishery is also dominated by a handful of species, including anemones, hermit crabs, turbo snails, serpent starfish, and feather duster polychaetes

Requirements of an international legal framework on nature based tourism

Nature based tourism [NBT] as an effective instrument for sustainable use of biodiversity is an interesting issue to be studied in order to evaluate response the of international community to the interaction between developmental and environmental pillars of sustainable development. Various international endeavours have been carried out with considerable outcomes to address NBT in different forms and manifestations. As a result, the international community has attained many successful achievements and valuable experiences. There is an urgent need for an internationally accepted instrument to address the existing gaps and overlaps appropriately. Such an instrument should respond to lake of adequate environmental and developmental rules and regulations at international scale. Careful study of major international environmental and developmental achievements related to NBT could provide the international community with an appropriate legal framework to address such an environmentally fragile, economically viable, and a culturally sensitive issue

Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservaçäo (SNUC): uma análise à luz da legislaçäo vigente (lei federal 9985 de 18 de julho de 2000) / National System of Protected Areas: an analysis in the light of the current legislation (federal law 9985 of July 18, 2000)

Analisa a Lei 9.985 de 18 de julho de 2000 que criou o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservaçäo. Para tanto, utiliza-se dos seus antecedentes históricos e legais, da doutrina jurídica pátria, do direito comparado, como também da literatura técnica pertinente, nacional e internacional. A dissertaçäo trata inicialmente do conceito de Unidade de Conservaçäo, do ponto de vista legal e do doutrinário, de como ele permanece indeterminado até a promulgaçäo da Lei do SNUC. Em seguida estuda o SNUC propriamente dito. Analisa o conceito de sistema; as circunstâncias da elaboraçäo da lei, onde intervieram duas correntes distintas de ambientalistas: os conservacionistas e os socioambientalistas; seus objetivos e estrutura; as duas categorias básicas de Unidades de Conservaçäo: de Proteçäo Integral e de uso Sustentável. Quanto às Unidades de Conservaçäo, o trabalho ainda trata dos requisitos para sua criaçäo e implantaçäo; da sua gestäo, onde tem papel relevante as populaçöes tradicionais; da questäo da desapropriaçäo das áreas e sua indenizaçäo e dos aspectos relativos às sançöes penais e administrativas. O trabalho busca entäo estudar cada uma das modalidades de Unidades integrantes do SNUC, suas origens, características atuais, qualidades e deficiências. Finalmente, nas conclusöes gerais faz-se um apanhado geral sobre os erros e acertos do SNUC

Características y perspectivas de la regulación agraria / Characteristics and prospects of the agrarian regulation

En este capítulo se trata sobre las características de la regulación agraria

A abordagem ecossistêmica aplicada ao licenciamento de vegetaçäo natural: o caso do município de Descalvado, SP / The ecosystemic approach applied to the licensing of natural vegetation: the case study in the municipality of Descalvado, State of Säo Paulo, Brazil

Acrescenta uma visäo ecossistêmica aos procedimentos de licenciamento para uso e exploraçäo dos recursos de vegetaçäo natural, realizando um estudo de caso, com uma metodologia com instrumentos de geoprocessamento (imagens de satélite, Sistema Geográfico de Informaçäo - SIG e "Global Positioning System" - GPS). Analisa a legislaçäo afeta à matéria no sentido de identificar lacunas legais que podem comprometer a proteçäo de áreas de vegetaçäo natural relevantes, pela supressäo de "habitats". Efetua a caracterizaçäo ambiental do município de Descalvado (SP), através do levantamento de dados primários e secundários obtidos, entre outros, pelo levantamento das áreas com vegetaçäo natural utilizando a imagem de satélite TM Landsat 1997 e vistorias em campo com GPS. Analisa aspectos ambientais qualitativos da área de estudo, e quantitativos, com relaçäo ao tamanho e número dos fragmentos, com uma abordagem voltada para a conservaçäo da biodiversidade. Paralelamente, analisa a legislaçäo relacionada à proteçäo das florestas. Dentre os resultados obtidos, salienta-se o quadro de fragmentaçäo apresentado pela análise da imagem de satélite, pela qual constatou-se que as áreas de vegetaçäo natural vêm sofrendo fortes pressöes decorrentes da atividade antrópica. Contabiliza, na área de estudo, 684 fragmentos de vegetaçäo natural, sendo que a maioria dos mesmos (58,19 por cento) com tamanho reduzido (entre 1 e 5 ha). Conclui que a utilizaçäo da metodologia proposta apresenta facilidades e acrescenta a visäo ecossistêmica necessária à atividade de licenciamento dos recursos naturais, e que a cobertura de vegetaçäo natural da área de estudo encontra-se extremamente fragmentada e sob forte pressäo negativa pela atividade antrópica. com relaçäo à legislaçäo, verifica que muitas formaçöes importantes de vegetaçäo natural (cerrado e campos de várzea) näo encontram proteçäo legal suficiente

Direito ambiental brasileiro / Brazil environmental law

Apresenta a legislaçäo comentada sobre meio ambiente no Brasil (CAC)

La proteccion del manglar en Venezuela y sus consecuencias para la gestion ambiental: retrospectiva / The protection of mangroves in Venezuela and its consequences for environment management: retrospective

Venezuela, the law protects mangroves specifically. This paper is a retrospective review of the existing regulations on mangrove to find out: how has it been protected?; which have been the results of different approaches followed to do so?; which could be the problems for its protection in the near future? The result from the analysis indicates that regulations should not protect a specific mangrove species. The focal point on the regulation should be the protection of mangrove, as well as the vital relationships between this landscape unit and the existing others. Therefore, decisions of mangrove should be proposed as part of a plan for the basin where it belongs. Intervention on mangrove must be based on expert judgment, due to high uncertainty about the success of corrective or mitigative actions