Diagnóstico precoce de acetonemia subclínica em vacas holandesas por mensuração de corpos cetônicos / Early diagnosis of subclinical acetonemia in holstein cows by measuring ketone bodies / Diagnóstico precoz de acetonemia subclínica en vacas holstein mediante la medición de cuerpos cetónicos

O trabalho foi realizado em uma fazenda de exploração leiteira em Castrolanda, no município de Castro ­ PR. O sistema de manejo é free-stall, com 220 vacas da raça Holandesa com RHA305 de 6.740 litros. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 18 vacas de pré-parto, 4 dias antes da data prevista para o parto; e nos dias 4, 7 e 12 pós-parto, mediante punção venosa coccígea, utilizando-se SnapTest digital Ketovet®, constituindo 72 amostras, no período de fevereiro a maio de 2020. Em 4 vacas o BHB do sangue total apresentou-se acima do limite para cetose subclínica no quarto dia após o parto e 17 apresentaram-se acima do limite no sétimo dia, declinando em seguida, principalmente devido às intervenções clínicas. As médias e desvios-padrão foram: D - 4: 0,89 ± 0,257061; D 4: 1,05 ± 0,283279; D 7: 1,81 ± 0,456131; e D 12: 1,19 ± 0,437762. O benefício do monitoramento de BHB foi a imediata intervenção clínica, evitando-se a severidade por instalação de quadro clínico e as enfermidades concomitantes.(AU)

The study was carried out on a dairy farm in Castrolanda, in the county of Castro - PR. The management system is free stall, with 220 Holstein cows with RHA305 of 6,740 liters. Blood samples were collected from 18 pre-calving cows, 4 days before the expected date of calving; and on days 4, 7 and 12 postpartum, by means of coccygeal venipuncture, using SnapTest digital Ketovet®, constituting 72 samples, from February to May 2020. In 4 cows the BHB of whole blood was shown above the limit for subclinical ketosis on the fourth day after delivery and 17 presented above the limit on the seventh day, then declining mainly due to clinical interventions. The means and standard deviations were D -4: 0.89 ± 0.257061; D 4: 1.05 ± 0.283279; D 7: 1.81 ± 0.456131; and D 12: 1.19 ± 0.437762. The benefit of monitoring BHB was immediate clinical intervention, avoiding clinical ketosis and concomitant illnesses.(AU)

El estudio se realizó en una explotación lechera de Castrolanda, en la comarca de Castro - PR. El sistema de manejo es estabulación libre, con 220 vacas Holstein con RHA305 de 6.740 litros. Se recogieron muestras de sangre de 18 vacas pre- parto, 4 días antes de la fecha prevista de parto; y en los días 4, 7 y 12 postparto, mediante venopunción coccígea, utilizando SnapTest digital Ketovet®, constituyendo 72 muestras, desde febrero a mayo de 2020. En 4 vacas la BHB de sangre total se mostró por encima del límite para cetosis subclínica en el cuarto día después del parto y 17 presentaron por encima del límite en el séptimo día, disminuyendo después debido principalmente a intervenciones clínicas. Las medias y desviaciones estándar fueron D -4: 0,89 ± 0,257061; D 4: 1,05 ± 0,283279; D 7: 1,81 ± 0,456131; y D 12: 1,19 ± 0,437762. El beneficio de monitorizar la BHB fue la intervención clínica inmediata, evitando la cetosis clínica y las enfermedades concomitantes.(AU)

Potential implications of ketone body metabolism changes and ketogenic therapy in the treatment of heart failure / 中华危重病急救医学

Heart failure (HF) has become a major challenge in the treatment of global cardiovascular diseases. Great progress has been made in the drug treatment of HF, however, rehospitalization rate and mortality of patients with HF are still high. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore new treatment strategy and new underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In recent years, some researchers have suggested that regulation of ketone body metabolism may become a potentially promising therapeutic approach for HF. Some studies showed that the oxidative utilization of fatty acids and glucose was decreased in the failing heart, accompanied by the increase of ketone body oxidative metabolism. The enhancement of ketone body metabolism in HF is a compensatory change during HF. The failing heart preferentially uses ketone body oxidation to provide energy, which helps to improve the body's cardiac function. This review will discuss the potential significance of ketone body metabolism in the treatment of HF from three aspects: normal myocardial ketone body metabolism, the change of ketone body metabolism in HF, the effect of ketogenic therapy on HF and its treatment.

Sodium butyrate activates HMGCS2 to promote ketone body production through SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation / 医学前沿

Ketone bodies have beneficial metabolic activities, and the induction of plasma ketone bodies is a health promotion strategy. Dietary supplementation of sodium butyrate (SB) is an effective approach in the induction of plasma ketone bodies. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this study, SB was found to enhance the catalytic activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a rate-limiting enzyme in ketogenesis, to promote ketone body production in hepatocytes. SB administrated by gavage or intraperitoneal injection significantly induced blood ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in mice. BHB production was induced in the primary hepatocytes by SB. Protein succinylation was altered by SB in the liver tissues with down-regulation in 58 proteins and up-regulation in 26 proteins in the proteomics analysis. However, the alteration was mostly observed in mitochondrial proteins with 41% down- and 65% up-regulation, respectively. Succinylation status of HMGCS2 protein was altered by a reduction at two sites (K221 and K358) without a change in the protein level. The SB effect was significantly reduced by a SIRT5 inhibitor and in Sirt5-KO mice. The data suggests that SB activated HMGCS2 through SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation for ketone body production by the liver. The effect was not associated with an elevation in NAD+/NADH ratio according to our metabolomics analysis. The data provide a novel molecular mechanism for SB activity in the induction of ketone body production.

Muerte súbita por cetoacidosis alcohólica en etilistas crónicos: reporte de 3 casos / Sudden death by alcoholic ketoacidosis in chronic alcoholics: report of 3 cases

Resumen En Patología Forense es común estudiar cadáveres de individuos con antecedente de alcoholismo crónico, que son encontrados fallecidos y cuyo deceso no fue presenciado; por lo que en gran cantidad de autopsias la determinación de la causa de muerte es compleja. La cetoacidosis alcohólica constituye un síndrome complejo derivado de una alteración del metabolismo en el contexto de un consumo excesivo de alcohol e ingesta calórica insuficiente. Se trata de un diagnóstico diferencial importante como causa de muerte en alcohólicos crónicos que fallecen posterior a un ayuno de algunos días, secundario a molestias abdominales como gastritis inducida por etanol, usualmente asociada a vómitos. Clínicamente estas personas presentan además dolor abdominal, taquicardia y alteraciones respiratorias. El diagnóstico postmortem se confirma mediante la presencia de cuerpos cetónicos, especialmente beta-hidroxibutirato, en sangre, humor vítreo u orina. A continuación se presentan tres casos de muerte súbita por cetoacidosis alcohólica con historia de abuso crónico de bebidas etílicas; se discute su fisiopatología, hallazgos al momento de la autopsia y resultados de exámenes complementarios (análisis toxicológico y estudio histopatológico).

Abstract In the forensic pathology setting, it is frequent to study corpses of individuals that were known to be chronic alcoholics and suffered a sudden death. Therefore, many autopsies are performed, in which determining the cause of death is a complex task. Alcoholic ketoacidosis refers to a complex syndrome derived from a metabolic disarrangement, related to excessive consumption of alcohol and an insufficient caloric intake. It is an important diagnosis that should be considered in sudden deaths of chronic alcoholics with a recent history of fasting, due to abdominal complains such as gastritis induced by alcohol and usually associated with recurrent vomiting. Clinically these patients present with abdominal pain, tachycardia and respiratory anomalies. The diagnosis can be confirmed when elevated ketone bodies, especially beta-hydroxybutyrate, are found in blood, vitreous humour or urine. In this paper we present three cases of sudden death by alcoholic ketoacidosis with a history of chronic abuse of alcohol, discussing it´s pathophysiology, autopsy findings and the results of additional studies (toxicologic screening and histopathology).

Effects of Low-carbohydrate and High-fat Diet Supplemented with Ketogenic Drink on Cognitive Function and Physical Performance in the Elderly at High Risk for Dementia / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Reduced glucose utilization in the main parts of the brain involved in memory is a major cause of Alzheimer's disease, in which ketone bodies are used as the only and effective alternative energy source of glucose. This study examined the effects of a low-carbohydrate and high-fat (LCHF) diet supplemented with a ketogenic nutrition drink on cognitive function and physical activity in the elderly at high risk for dementia.METHODS: The participants of this study were 28 healthy elderly aged 60-91 years showing a high risk factor of dementia or whose Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score was less than 24 points. Over 3 weeks, the case group was given an LCHF diet with nutrition drinks consisting of a ketone/non-ketone ratio of 1.73:1, whereas the control group consumed well-balanced nutrition drinks while maintaining a normal diet. After 3 weeks, K-MMSE, body composition, urine ketone bodies, and physical ability were all evaluated.RESULTS: Urine ketone bodies of all case group subjects were positive, and K-MMSE score was significantly elevated in the case group only (p=0.021). Weight and BMI were elevated in the control group only (p<0.05). Grip strength was elevated in all subjects (p<0.01), and measurements of gait speed and one leg balance were improved only in the case group (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that adherence to the LCHF diet supplemented with a ketogenic drink could possibly influence cognitive and physical function in the elderly with a high risk factor for dementia. Further, we confirmed the applicability of this dietary intervention in the elderly based on its lack of any side effects or changes in nutritional status.

A Rare Cause of Life-Threatening Ketoacidosis: Novel Compound Heterozygous OXCT1 Mutations Causing Succinyl-CoA:3-Ketoacid CoA Transferase Deficiency

Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) deficiency is a rare inborn error of ketone body utilization, characterized by episodic or permanent ketosis. SCOT deficiency is caused by mutations in the OXCT1 gene, which is mapped to 5p13 and consists of 17 exons. A 12-month-old girl presented with severe ketoacidosis and was treated with continuous renal replacement therapy. She had two previously unrecognized mild-form episodes of ketoacidosis followed by febrile illness. While high levels of ketone bodies were found in her blood and urine, other laboratory investigations, including serum glucose, were unremarkable. We identified novel compound heterozygous mutations in OXCT1:c.1118T>G (p.Ile373Ser) and a large deletion ranging from exon 8 to 16 through targeted exome sequencing and microarray analysis. This is the first Korean case of SCOT deficiency caused by novel mutations in OXCT1, resulting in life-threatening ketoacidosis. In patients with unexplained episodic ketosis, or high anion gap metabolic acidosis in infancy, an inherited disorder in ketone body metabolism should be suspected.

Performance Evaluation of the Autokit Total Ketone Bodies

In this study, the Autokit Total Ketone Bodies kit (Wako Pure Chemical, Japan), a total ketone measurement assay using an enzymatic method, was evaluated using a Roche Cobas e702 instrument (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). Precision, linearity, carryover, and reference range verification were evaluated with reference to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Standard materials provided by the manufacturer and patient samples were used for the evaluation. The precision and carryover of the evaluation result satisfied the acceptance criteria. Linearity was also acceptable at more than 0.99. The quantitative Autokit Total Ketone Bodies kit is precise, and can be widely used in clinical laboratories.

Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis When Reducing Insulin Dosage in Patients Taking Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor / 이화의대지

Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor has been recently reported of diabetic ketoacidosis due to accumulation of ketone bodies in patients with severe dehydration caused from such like diarrhea even though the patient had normal glucose level. This is a case of ketoacidosis in normal glucose level as production of ketone bodies is stimulated in liver with increased secretion of glucagon by stimulation of α cells in pancreas due to increase of lipolysis caused from reducing insulin and by SGLT2 inhibitor among patients who are under concurrent insulin and SGLT2 inhibitor. Thus, insulin dosage reduction requires caution in order to control blood glucose level on combined treatment of SGLT2 inhibitor in a patient who is administering insulin because the patient may be caused ketoacidosis in normal blood glucose level.

SGLT2 Inhibitors and Ketoacidosis: Pathophysiology and Management / 대한내과학회지

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are antidiabetic drugs that increase urinary glucose excretion by inhibiting proximal tubular reabsorption of glucose in the kidney. Some sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have been shown to afford effective glycemic control and to decrease the risks of major adverse cardiovascular events. However, these drugs may increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. This is a rare complication that occurs in less than 0.1% of treated patients with type 2 diabetes. The condition may be euglycemic, and is triggered by controllable precipitating factors such as surgery, infection, and insulin reduction or omission. It is important to understand individual patient profiles and to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis by appropriate prescribing, by withholding sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors when indicated, and by counseling patients on sick day management.

Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes with Robust Recovery in Insulin Secretion in a Pregnant Woman as an Initial Manifestation of Third-Trimester Intrauterine Fetal Death

Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus (FT1DM) is a clinical entity in which the process of beta-cell destruction and subsequent progression of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis are extremely rapid. A 34-year-old woman without any known risk factor for diabetes mellitus experienced a sudden stillbirth at 30 weeks of gestation. She had normal oral glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. Her blood glucose level was 974 mg/dL. Her urine test for ketone bodies was positive. Her hemoglobin A1c level (6.8%) was near normal range at the first emergency room visit. These findings suggested a very recent onset of diabetes mellitus. Her serum C-peptide level was very low. Islet-related autoantibodies were undetectable. Her clinical course, biochemical, and immunological profiles were consistent with FT1DM. After fluid and insulin based management, beta-cell was rescued with insulin therapy during the evolution of FT1D. At 10 days after admission, maintenance dose of insulin was just 8 unit of insulin once daily. This is the first case of FT1DM with robust recovery in insulin secretion in a pregnant woman who had an initial manifestation of 3rd-trimester intrauterine fetal death in Korea.

Protocolo del Hospital Metropolitano sobre dieta cetogénica / Protocol of the Metropolitan Hospital on a ketogenic diet

La epilepsia es la principal patología neurológica en los niños y, de estos casos, aproximadamente el 30% son fármaco-resistentes. La dieta cetogénica es un tratamiento alternativo, no farmacológico y efectivo para el manejo de los pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia refractaria. El servicio de Neuropediatría, en consenso, aprobó el protocolo de dieta cetogénica sustentándose en la bibliografía publicada y experiencia clínica en el Hospital Metropolitano para el manejo de los pacientes pediátricos diagnosticados de epilepsia refractaria.

Epilepsy is the principal neurological pathology in children, approximately 30% of these cases are drug-resistant. The ketogenic diet is a non-pharmacological effective treatment for the management of pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy. The consensus Neuropediatrics service approved this protocol based on published literature and clinical experience to implement the use of Ketogenic Diet in the Metropolitan Hospital for the management of pediatric patients with a diagnosis of refractory epilepsy.

A novel mutation of ABCC8 gene in a patient with diazoxide-unresponsive congenital hyperinsulinism / 소아과

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare condition that can cause irreversible brain damage during the neonatal period owing to the associated hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia in CHI occurs secondary to the dysregulation of insulin secretion. CHI has been established as a genetic disorder of islet-cell hyperplasia, associated with a mutation of the ABCC8 or KCNJ11 genes, which encode the sulfonylurea receptor 1 and the inward rectifying potassium channel (Kir6.2) subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, respectively. We report the case of a female newborn infant who presented with repetitive seizures and episodes of apnea after birth, because of hypoglycemia. Investigations revealed hypoglycemia with hyperinsulinemia, but no ketone bodies, and a low level of free fatty acids. High dose glucose infusion, enteral feeding, and medications could not maintain the patient's serum glucose level. Genetic testing revealed a new variation of ABCC8 mutation. Therefore, we report this case of CHI caused by a novel mutation of ABCC8 in a half-Korean newborn infant with diazoxide-unresponsive hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

Neurobiochemical mechanisms of a ketogenic diet in refractory epilepsy

A ketogenic diet is an important therapy used in the control of drug-refractory seizures. Many studies have shown that children and adolescents following ketogenic diets exhibit an over 50% reduction in seizure frequency, which is considered to be clinically relevant. These benefits are based on a diet containing high fat (approximately 90% fat) for 24 months. This dietary model was proposed in the 1920s and has produced variable clinical responses. Previous studies have shown that the mechanisms underlying seizure control involve ketone bodies, which are produced by fatty acid oxidation. Although the pathways involved in the ketogenic diet are not entirely clear, the main effects of the production of ketone bodies appear to be neurotransmitter modulation and antioxidant effects on the brain. This review highlights the impacts of the ketogenic diet on the modulation of neurotransmitters, levels of biogenic monoamines and protective antioxidant mechanisms of neurons. In addition, future perspectives are proposed. .

Evaluation of the T-KB-H and 3-HB Kits for the Measurement of Serum Ketone and beta-Hydroxybutyric Acid

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus and alcohol consumption are the most common causes of ketoacidosis in adults. Recently, beta-hydroxybutyric acid (betaHBA) was reported to be a potential serum biomarker in the diagnosis and monitoring of ketoacidosis. We evaluated the performance of T-KB-H and 3-HB kits for the measurement of ketone bodies [acetoacetate (AcAc)+betaHBA] and betaHBA, respectively. METHODS: Quantitative enzymatic assays were performed using the T-KB-H and 3-HB kits (Nittobo Medical Co., Japan) and the Architect ci16200 Integrated System (Abbott Laboratories, USA). Simultaneously, the ketone body levels in these serum samples were determined by gas chromatography-mas spectrometry (GC-MS). We evaluated precision and linearity of these kits and correlation with GC-MS, and established reference intervals in children and adults. RESULTS: The coefficients of variation for the T-KB-H and 3-HB kits were less than 4.0% at analyte levels of 50, 100, and 400 micromol/L. Linearity was observed for AcAc and betaHBA over a 0-1,000 micromol/L range (R2<0.99). Results from the T-KB-H and 3-HB kits were in good agreement with those from the GC-MS analysis, with correlation coefficients of 0.94 for AcAc and 0.96 for betaHBA. Reference intervals determined for the T-KB-H kit were 9.8-270.1 micromol/L and 18.5-531.8 micromol/L in children and adults, respectively. For the 3-HB kit, the reference intervals were 6.4-234.0 micromol/L and 16.0-437.2 micromol/L in children and adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The T-KB-H and 3-HB kits displayed good precision, clinically acceptable linearity, and reliable correlation with an established assay. This indicates that the kits can be used clinically for measuring serum ketone bodies.

Ingestion of silver nanoparticles leads to changes in blood parameters

The silver nanoparticles, being very small size, can permeate the cellular membrane and interfere in the cell's natural process. In the present study, the effects of time, the dosage of these particles and their use on blood molecules and hormones, the volume of drinking water, and the urine parameters were analyzed. Thirty six rats of the Wistar race, as subjects, were divided into six groups [one control group: C and five test groups: T1-T5]. In the test groups, drinking water was replaced by the Nanosilver [NS] solution with concentrations of 5, 20, 35, 65, 95[ppm]. After three and six months, three rats were chosen randomly from each group, and their blood was collected. Various blood parameters were measured instantly, and the results were processed by one-way analyses of variance and Tukey's test. The animal's uptake of water increased significantly in parallel with the increasing of the particles' concentration. Ketone bodies were noticed to be present in the urine of the female rats received high doses of the particles. The level of T4 decreased considerably [p<0.05] in parallel with the time and the concentration of the received particles. Depending on the dosage, and the time of use, blood testosterone increased, and the level of blood cortisol decreased. The observed effects were more evident in the proceedings with the concentration of 35ppm. Ingestion of NS particles, especially by high doses and in long terms, can cause high blood pressure, tissue injury-particularly liver injury-and endocrine glands

An Unusual Presentation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Familial Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome: A Case Report

A 21-year-old man with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) displayed short and clubbed fingers and marked eyebrow, which are typical of Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome (HCS). Laboratory findings confirmed type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). After conservative care with hydration and insulin supply, metabolic impairment was improved. Examinations of bone and metabolism revealed osteoporosis and craniofacial abnormalities. The mutation (c.6443T>G) of the NOTCH2 gene was found. The patient was diagnosed with HCS and DM. There may be a relationship between HCS and DM, with development of pancreatic symptoms related to the NOTCH2 gene mutation.

Clinical evaluation of nervous ketosis induced by isopropanol in sheep / Manifestações clínicas da cetose nervosa induzida por isopropanol em ovinos

Twelve healthy Santa Ines sheep, non-pregnant and non-lactating underwent a protocol of experimental induction of nervous ketosis for studying the symptoms in ketosis and Pregnancy Toxaemia (PT) disease. Eight animals were subjected to infusion of 150 mL of isopropanol (IPA) at 35% in the jugular vein and four sheep were treated identically with isotonic saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) during 40 minutes. The animals treated with IPA showed increased heart rate (HR) after 40 minutes of infusion and decreased ruminal movement from the 10 minutes infusion with IPA and remaining low up to 10 minutes from the end of the infusion. Ruminal atony appeared in three animals, which showed slight meteorism gas. Infusion of IPA caused the appearance of nervous symptoms as depression, staggering, adduction of hind limbs, head pressing, teeth grind and blindness almost always accompanied by a decreased pupillary reflex and nystagmus. All the animals exhaled ketosis breath with strong odor within few minutes of the start of induction that helped the elimination of the IPA from the organism. The present results strongly suggest that part of the nervous symptoms observed in PT may be derived from the action of IPA. These present findings open new perspectives for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of PT in sheep...

Doze ovelhas hígidas, não prenhes e não lactentes foram submetidas a um protocolo de indução experimental de cetose nervosa para a avaliação de sintomatologia nos quadros de cetose e Toxemia da Prenhez. Neste protocolo, oito animais foram submetidos a infusão de 150 mL de solução de isopropanol a 35% na veia jugular, constituindo o grupo Tratado (GT), e quatro ovinos foram tratados identicamente com solução salina isotônica (NaCl 0,9%), constituindo o grupo Controle (GC) no decorrer de 40 minutos. Os animais do GT apresentaram aumento da frequência cardíaca (FC) aos 40 minutos de infusão e redução no movimento ruminal a partir dos 10 minutos de infusão com isopropanol, o qual permaneceu diminuído ate 10 minutos do termino da infusão. A atonia ruminal ocorreu em três animais, que manifestaram em seguida leve meteorismo gasoso. A infusão de isopropanol provocou o surgimento de sintomas nervosos como, depressão e sonolência, cambaleios, adução de membros posteriores, pressão da cabeça em obstáculo, ranger de dentes e cegueira quase sempre acompanhada de diminuição do reflexo pupilar e nistagmo. Todos os animais exalaram forte odor cetótico com poucos minutos do inicio da indução, fato que ajudou a eliminação do isopropanol do organismo. Os presentes resultados sugerem que parte dos sintomas nervosos verificados na Toxemia da Prenhez possa ser oriunda da ação do isopropanol. Estes resultados abrem novas perspectivas para o melhor entendimento da patogenia da Toxemia da Prenhez em ovinos...

EFECTO DE EXTRACTOS CETÓNICOS DE HIGUERILLA (Ricinus communis LINNEO) SOBRE EL NEMATODO BARRENADOR [Radopholus similis (COBB) THORNE] EN CONDICIONES IN VITRO / EFFECTS OF CASTOR-OIL PLANT (Ricinus communis LINNEO) KETONE EXTRACTS ON THE BURROWING NEMATODE [Radopholus similis(COBB) THORNE] UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS

Los nematicidas utilizados para el control de nematodos fitoparásitos son costosos y contaminan los ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos, debido a ello se buscó otra alternativa para su manejo, como fue evaluar el efecto de extractos cetónicos (metodología de Soxhlet) de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos de higuerilla (Ricinus communis) en tres concentraciones de 25, 50 y 100%, comparándolos con los testigos agua y químico (Carbofuran) sobre R. similis en condiciones in vitro. Se aplicaron 2 mL de cada extracto sobre 50 hembras de R. similis depositadas en cajas de Petri. Después de 48 h, se evaluó el efecto nematicida y nemostático de los extractos bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. En los tres tiempos de lectura, los tratamientos delos extractos cetónicos de frutos, raíces y hojas de higuerilla en la concentración de 100%, tuvieron un efecto nematicida entre 73 y 89%, sin diferencias estadísticas significativas al testigo químico que tuvo valores entre 82 y 98%;estos tratamientos presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas con el testigo agua que presentó valores menoresentre 0,7 y 12%. La prueba de Bradford permitió conocer la presencia de proteínas en los extractos cetónicos de los tejidos de higuerilla, confirmando que el extracto cetónico de frutos tuvo una cantidad alta de Albúmina,probablemente ricina, que influyó en la mortalidad mayor de R. similis.

Nematicides used for phytoparasite nematodes control are expensive and pollute land and water ecosystems. Because of this, an alternative for their handling was looked for, as it was the evaluation of the effect of ketone extracts (Soxhlet's method) in higuerilla (Ricinus communis) roots, stems, leaves and fruits in three concentrations of 25, 50 and 100%, comparing them to water and chemical (Carbofuran) controls on R. similis in vitro conditions. Two mL of each extract were applied on 50 female R. similis placed on Petri dishes. After 48 h, the extracts nematicide and nemostatic effect under a completely randomized experimental design was evaluated. In the three reading times, the higuerilla fruits, roots and leaves ketone extracts in the 100%, concentration had a nematicidal effect between 73 and 89% without significant statistic differences with the chemical control which had values between 82 and 98%. These treatments presented differences statistically significant with the water control which showed lower values between 0.7 and 12%. Bradford's test allowed to detect the presence of proteins in higuerilla ketone tissues extracts confirming that the ketone fruit extract had a high amount of albumin, possibly caster oil, which influenced the increased mortality of R. similis.

Evaluation of the Clinical Significance of Ketonuria

BACKGROUND: Urine ketone test is commonly used to screen for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Ketonuria also develops in patients with disease conditions other than DKA. However, the prevalence of DKA in patients with ketonuria is not known. We investigated the prevalence of ketonuria and characteristics of patients with ketonuria and estimated the prevalence of DKA among them to study the clinical significance of ketonuria as an indicator of DKA. METHODS: We studied 1,314 adult and 1,027 pediatric patients who underwent urinalysis. The prevalence of ketonuria in the different groups of patients, classified according to the types of their visits to the institution, was investigated, and the relationships between ketonuria and albuminuria, glycosuria, and bilirubinuria were evaluated. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of ketonuria was 9.1%. The prevalences of ketonuria in adult and pediatric patients were 4.3% and 15.2%, respectively. The prevalences of ketonuria were the highest in the adult (9.7%) and pediatric (28%) patients in the group that had visited the emergency department. Among patients with ketonuria, 7% adult and 3.8% pediatric patients showed glycosuria. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the prevalence of DKA in patients with ketonuria, defined as the simultaneous presence of ketone bodies and glucose in urine, was only 7%. Therefore, we concluded that ketonuria might be clinically significant as an indicator of acute or severe disease status rather than of DKA.

Reduction of Food Intake by Fenofibrate is Associated with Cholecystokinin Release in Long-Evans Tokushima Rats

Fenofibrate is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activator and is prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia. The mechanism through which PPARalpha agonists reduce food intake, body weight, and adiposity remains unclear. One explanation for the reduction of food intake is that fenofibrate promotes fatty acid oxidation and increases the production of ketone bodies upon a standard experimental dose of the drug (100~300 mg/kg/day). We observed that low-dose treatment of fenofibrate (30 mg/kg/day), which does not cause significant changes in ketone body synthesis, reduced food intake in Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO) rats. LETO rats are the physiologically normal controls for Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, which are obese and cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptor deficient. We hypothesized that the reduced food intake by fenofibrate-treated LETO rats may be associated with CCK production. To investigate the anorexic effects of fenofibrate in vivo and to determine whether CCK production may be involved, we examined the amount of food intake and CCK production. Fenofibrate-treated OLETF rats did not significantly change their food intake while LETO rats decreased their food intake. Treatment of fenofibrate increased CCK synthesis in the duodenal epithelial cells of both LETO and OLETF rats. The absence of a change in the food intake of OLETF rats, despite the increase in CCK production, may be explained by the absence of CCK-A receptors. Contrary to the OLETF rats, LETO rats, which have normal CCK receptors, presented a decrease in food intake and an increase in CCK production. These results suggest that reduced food intake by fenofibrate treatment may be associated with CCK production.